Landscape Management of Public Open Space in Bogor Heritage City

Public open space landscape plays important role in Bogor Heritage City. Although these spaces can carry various kind of public activities and enhance environment quality, they are fragile to disturbance and changing due to city development. Therefore, as an effort to maintain public open space landscape in 8 zones within Heritage City of Bogor, management of public open space landscape is necessary. Syntesys of public open space landscape management had held by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The AHP result showed public open space landscape in Palace and Botanical Garden of Bogor zone (20%) is in high priority to be maintained. The other zone are Situ Gede (16,9%), Plan Karsten (12,3%), European Settlement (12%), Suryakencana (11,2%), Batu Tulis (10,2%), Empang (9.2%) and West Development (8,2%). Ecological function (34,8%) becomes the most important function to be maintained (34.8%) then social culture (31.2%), economic (17%), and aesthetics (17%).


Introduction
The history of Bogor began from a resting place of Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies called Buitenzorg in the former capital of the Pajajaran Kingdom in 17th Century. In 1817 Stamford Raffles built a botanical gardens in Buitenzorg as a major research center for agriculture and horticulture. After Dutch reoccupied Buitenzorg from British, they developed Buitenzorg as modern city in 19th Century. The city landscape was designed to highlight the beauty of the rivers and views of Mount Salak. The remain of Buitenzorg which can still be seen today are city spatial pattern, historical buildings and some public open spaces such as streets, parks, square and waterfront.
In 2012 the Directorate General of Spatial Planning Ministry of Public Works and Indonesian Heritage Preservation Council (BPPI) initiated Planning and Preservation of Heritage Cities Program (P3KP). Bogor was chosen as one of 10 pilot project of Heritage Cities in Indonesia. The term of Heritage City used to define a city that puts heritage conservation activities as a key strategy into sustainable cities. Heritage can be natural heritage, cultural heritage (physical and non-physical) and landscape heritage. Through this program spatial plan which is owned by the city is expected to boost the quality and quantity of Heritage Region. Since  Public open space is an important element in urban environment that contributes positively to the quality of life in the city [1]. Beside enhancing the identity and shape of the city, public open space is also a social infrastructure, improving economic conditions, aesthetic, ecological protection, and containers of cultural activity [2]. Public open space is fragile to disruptions and changes that occur in the city. The aim of this study is to propose a landscape management strategy of public open space in Heritage Region of Bogor.

Study Area
The study was conducted in 8 zones in Heritage City of Bogor, West Java, Indonesia ( Figure 1). Six   Specialists who were asked to participate in assessing the AHP are: 1) the experts from Regional Development Planning Departement of Bogor (BAPPEDA), 2) City Park Department of Bogor (DKP), and 3) Cultural Community of Bogor.

Result and discussion
From 8 zones of study location, the European settlement zone has more diverse forms of public open space than the other zones (Table 1). Pedestrian path, waterfront path, parks and waterfront parks are forms of public open space which is almost exist in each zone. Bike path, plaza, playground and sport field are still rare to be built. Linear shaped of public open space i.e pedestrian paths, bike path, waterfront paths and plazas that exist today are mostly situated in historical value street that has existed since the Dutch colonial era. Some parks, waterfront parks and sports field are renovated parks from the old ones that also has existed since Dutch colonial era. positive impact to rivive the old heritage region [3]. Taman Air Mancur and Taman Kencana are actively used as social and cultural spaces. Alun -alun, a historical square park in Empang zone is in bad condition because of lack management. A landscape management strategy is proposed to maintain these public open space by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on the AHP combined results, public open space landscape of Palace and Botanical Garden of Bogor zone (20%) is the first priority to be maintained ( Figure 2). Another zones are Situ Gede (16.9%), Karsten Plan (12.3%), European settlement (12%), Suryakencana (11.2%), Batu Tulis (10.2%), Empang (9.2%), and West Development (8.2%).   (Table 3). Public open space on the edge of the river serves as a water catchment, forms a protective nature and biodiversity conservation. Parks and street greenery also serves as a water catchment and create a comfortable temperature/climate in Heritage Region. These public open spaces need to be maintained and enhanced in order to make a better quality of ecological function of Bogor Heritage City in the future.
Social  alternative of social culture function in the Heritage Region (Table 3). Some parks that have been renovated now actively used to carry out various social and cultural activities. Economic and aesthetic function of public open space in Heritage Region take the third priority to be managed (Table 3). After the establishment of the Bogor Heritage Cities, tourism as an important contributor sector to the heritage city's economy can be increased by improving the quality of the public open space around the historical and cultural sites. Pedestrian path, plazas and parks need to be improved in order to give comfort to the travellers. Public open space at Heritage Region also needs to be managed to empower informal economy industries related to preserve the cultural heritage products such as traditional food and crafts. Management of public open space around natural site and historical/cultural site will also enhance the beauty of the urban environment and architectural of the Heritage City. Creativity of citizen is needed to enhance the environment beauty of Heritage Region. Adding the element of public space that represents the uniqueness of each zone can be done to highlight the aesthetic in each zone. To highlight the traditional character in the Empang zone could be done by restoring Alun -alun square park into new public open space. The existence of the Alunalun as a public open space will make the visual character of the Muslim region can be easily recognized [4]. These public open spaces need to be enhanced in order to make a better quality of ecological function in Bogor Heritage City. Tourism as an important contributor sector to the heritage city's economy can be increased by improving the quality of the public open space around the historical and cultural sites. Management of public open space around natural site and historical/cultural site will also enhance the beauty of the urban environment and architectural of the Heritage City. Adding the element of public space that represents the uniqueness of each zone can be done to highlight the aesthetic in each zone.