Diversity and Utilization of Bamboo Plants in The Area of Hotel in Kedewatan Village, Ubud, Bali

Bamboo or tiying (Balinese language) is a widely used non-timber plant in Indonesia especially in Bali. The presence of bamboo appertains to its ethno-botanical function of bamboo especially for rituals. However, there are other utilization of bamboo which is naturally grown or intentionally planted. Kedewatan as a famous place in northern Ubud, Bali have many lavish hotels with its natural environment and appealing place. The aims of this study is to invent bamboo species diversity and bamboo utilization on private areas of hotel in Kedewatan. Methods used in this study was field survey with observation and interview technic. Observation was implemented by purposive sampling methods by selecting hotel which adjacent to Ayung and Wos rivers. Interview was conducted with some key persons in charge on managing hotel garden. In addition, bamboo species identification was established through literature study. The results show that there are eleven bamboo species found on the survey area with most commonly employed species in the area were tiying tali (Gigantochloa apus (J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Kurz.) and tiying gading (Phyllostachys sulphurea (Carr.) A. e.t. C. Riv.) which were belong to exotic species. The areas which bamboo cultivated were welcome area as a hedgerow and near hotel lobby, between, outside and inside villa buildings, and naturally grown in the riverbanks with a good landscaping arrangement. Bamboo plantations were utilized to adorn and support the quality of the hotel building as well as to conserve soil and water along Ayung and Wos river canyons. The other utilization of bamboo was to facilitate ritual activity in Kedewatan village. They are allowed to ask for limited amount of bamboo culms with condition not to damage the physical appearance and function that desired by the hotel manager or hotel owner.


Introduction
Bali as one of famous tourist destinations locally and internationally has numerous tourist accommodation such as hotels, cottages and bungalows. The hotel growth rate in Bali was reaching up to 65% during five years since 2009 [1]. The existence of the hotel in tourist industry becomes a necessity for tourists who come and stay in Bali for specified period of time. There are several factors for tourist to determine the rate of accommodation facilities such as hotels. One of them is the quality of service and facilities. Therefore, the ability to maintain the quality of the environment, in this case is arrangement of landscape in the hotel, become major component to attract tourist to stay. The Environmental factors, particularly visual quality, has separate image for tourists especially for new visitors to determine lodging accommodation [ Ubud district is an area that has many lavish hotel accommodations which is equal to thirteen fivestar hotels and 336 non-star hotel. The number was highest among the other districts in Gianyar. And Kedewatan village as part of Ubud district is also acknowledge to hotel landscaping to improve the quality of services for tourists. The hotel landscaping are composed by hardscape and softscape elements. Bamboo as type of softscape element has important involvement to the hotel beautification in general.
Bamboo or tiying in Balinese language is one of non-timber plantation that widely used by Indonesia people and Balinese community in particular. The presence of bamboo in Bali is essential for Balinese Hindu's ritual. There are at least 49 types offering product that utilize bamboo [3] or nearly 55 types of bamboo were utilized in the rituals of Balinese Hindu ceremony [4]. However, there are also other functions of bamboo plantation in addition to the functions mentioned above. It is interesting because of the abundant of bamboo found in Bali either deliberately grown on private land or naturally grown.
The focus of this study was to inventory bamboo plantations that are deliberately planted on private land of hotel and also to identify the function of bamboo plantation as softscape element in hotel, particularly for physical, ecological, and aesthetics functions. By composing the landscape, especially the utilization of bamboo be able to support the quality of the existing hotel. Besides, the geographical location of the village of Kedewatan ecologically appropriate for the growth of bamboo plants.
Kedewatan is stretched from north to south and flanked by two big rivers namely Ayung river and Wos river. The village covered about 4,35 ha of land which is almost of area was agricultural land (56% of the total area). There is no forest found in Kedewatan, but the growing plants were forming small forest adjacent to both river [5].
There were three phase implemented in this study. First was pre-inventory and inventory phase. This phase begin by conducting interviews with local government officer of area (head of the village or perbekel and head of sub-village or kelian banjar) to determine the location of observations. Once the location was determined then it continued by selecting the sites. Later it followed by conducting visual observations in hotel and interviews with hotel managers to obtain information about the types of bamboo planted, recording morphological and ecological characteristics of observed bamboo as well as its function in the hotel landscape. Bamboo botanical names were checked through literature study.
The next step continued by recording ecological data for bamboo evaluation and assessment by recording bamboo functions in term of amenities (temperature, humidity, wind, glare), architectural (forming space, curtain, privacy), engineering quality of the environment (erosion, hydrology, air, aroma, wildlife) and aesthetic (complementary, unite, put pressure, welcoming, soften, framing). Data presented in tabulation and then analyzed descriptively. The last phase was synthesis which undertake to develop conclusions based on research objectives that have been made at the beginning of the study.

Study area and local people of Kedewatan
The population in Kedewatan village was reaching as much as 6.812 which 611 people constituted to productive age group (ranging from 35 to 39 years old). The main livelihood of the people were traders (1.197 people) and farmers (1.004 people). Because almost half of the people were farmer, it shaped the landscape of village become a rural agricultural landscape. Beside agriculture, forming small forest adjacent to the river had potential to support tourism industry of the village (Figure 3).   (Table 1).  Table 1 illustrates that there were twenty tourism businesses in the form of hotels, home stays, as well as lodgings and bars that grouped into four categories, namely category A to category D. The category A contributed more than other categories and so on. From these groupings, then we selected eight hotels which represents hotel which has bamboo plantation also and the location also represent geographical location of the village which was adjacent to Wos river and Ayung river (Figure 4). Finally eight hotels were selected, four hotel located on eastern of the village or adjacent to Wos river (Komaneka, The Payogan, Uma Ubud, and Pitamaha) and the others were located on western of the village or adjacent to Ayung river (The Royal Pitamaha, Kupu-kupu Barong, Amandari, and Mandapa).

Inventory and function of bamboo in hotel area
Overall, eleven bamboo species were identified and used by hotels in specific arrangement for managing the hotel landscape.