An overview of environmental impacts of lighting products at the end of life stage through life cycle impact assessment

Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) of lighting products is a methodology that analyses and evaluates environmental impacts throughout their total life cycle, from the extraction and processing of raw materials, design, construction, transportation, distribution, use, recycling and re-use of materials, and last their final disposal. According to the results of a large number of LCIAs, lighting products have a substantial environmental impact in multiple areas, as for example in primary energy, toxicological effects, the effect on global warming, the level of environmental acidification, etc. All of those impacts could result in more efficient products by enhancing the product design process (using Ecodesign). At the initial design stage of lighting products, the manufacturer should also take into consideration circular economy aspects at the End of Life stage (EoL) such as repair, reuse, remanufacturing, retrofitting, recycling, and upcycling and not only the energy savings from the use stage or the selection of raw materials. The scope of this paper is to collect and present an overview of all environmental impacts of LCIA analyses focusing at EoL stage of lighting products. Those impacts could be used as data input into a future model that determines which lighting products are more environmentally friendly.