Improvement of land management mechanisms for specially protected areas and objects by the example of the Khabarovsk Territory

The Russian Federation possesses significant natural areas, whose legal status is often ambiguous, and the natural recreational and tourist potential is not fully utilized. Specially protected natural areas are often located on land plots that fall into different categories of land, which entails the emergence of various management issues that require the most optimal solutions. The article presents material that concerns the process of transforming forest lands into lands of other categories in the Russian Federation, with the aim of developing and improving the system of state forest management and ensuring its international obligations in the field of environmental protection. This process is considered by the example of the protected area “Shantar Islands” in the Khabarovsk Territory. The practical significance lies in the fact that the developed proposals for the spatial development of the protected area provide for the creation of a tourist center.


Introduction
Recently, interest in the problem of rational land use and land management in specially protected natural areas (hereinafter -SPNA) has grown significantly, the range of studies has expanded and a number of works have been published.
In domestic and foreign scientific research, more and more attention has been paid to the problems of land use efficiency and land management. Nevertheless, the issues of the effectiveness of land management in protected areas, their registration in the Unified State Register of Real Estate (hereinafter -USRN) are not sufficiently disclosed and require further development.
The solution to this problem is especially important for the development of land management science in general, as it includes a study of the role of the USRN and land monitoring in information support for rational land use. The object of research in this work is specially protected natural areas of the Khabarovsk Territory. The subject of the research is the effective mechanisms of land management in protected areas.
In the process of research, the Laws of the Russian Federation, Decrees of the President of the Russian Federation and Resolutions of the Government of Russia, regulatory documents of the Khabarovsk Territory, cadastral, reporting economic and statistical information, special scientific literature were used. It should be noted that the works of scientists and researchers from different parts of the world are devoted to the issues of optimal organization of specially protected areas [1][2][3][4].

Materials and methods
The process of converting forest lands into lands of other categories is a traditional and effective form of environmental protection and land management in the Russian Federation. Development and improvement of the system of state management of forest lands in this area ensure the fulfillment by the Russian Federation of international obligations in the field of environmental protection.
According to the decree of the Government of the Khabarovsk Territory "On the approval of the territorial planning scheme of the Khabarovsk Territory" dated 10.07.2012 No. 232-pr [5], it is possible to organize an ecological network of protected areas in the territory of the region without damaging the main forest and agricultural activities of the region due to the transition to new forms of protected areas and an increase in areas of protected areas with a special protected status up to 10 percent of the territory of the region. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is the fundamental laws of the development of nature and society, the works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of cadastre, land management, legal and economic regulation of land relations and land management in regions, municipalities, as well as their information support. The article uses economic and statistical, monographic, abstract -logical and experimental research methods.

Research on changing the category of a land plot from the category of forest lands to the category of lands of specially protected areas and objects
This process is considered by the example of the protected area "Shantar Islands" in the Khabarovsk Territory. The territory of the SPNA National Park "Shantar Islands" was formed on the lands of the forest fund of the Chumikanskoye forestry of the Shantar basin in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 30, 2013 No. 1304 "On the establishment of the Shantar Islands national park", the forestry scheme is shown in Figure 1.
The island complex exists in harsh conditions and is easily vulnerable even with a small anthropogenic impact. The park was created on a rare combination of various species of plants and animals, unique in terms of abundance. In order to preserve the unique nature and improve the management system of this SPNA, it is required to change the category of the land plot from the category of forest lands to the category of lands of specially protected areas and objects.
In accordance with the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the transfer of land or land plots from one category to another" of 21.12.2004 N 172-FL [6] to initiate the transfer procedure, the interested person submits required documents to the authorized executive body of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Natural Resources of Khabarovsk territory) [7]. A schematic representation of the translation procedure in the absence of document returns is shown in table 1. -coordination of the activities planned on the transferred land plot with the executive authorities or copyright holders of objects on such a plot, in cases stipulated by federal laws; -documentation confirming the state or municipal importance of the object, if the transfer of a land plot belonging to the lands of the forest fund under protective forests is carried out for the placement of such an object; -a document confirming the organization of protected areas in the event that for the organization of such protected areas, a transfer of a land plot related to the lands of the forest fund occupied by protective forests is carried out; -the scheme of the object located on the land plot, drawn up taking into account the territorial planning documents approved in accordance with the requirements of the legislation on urban planning activities, and agreed with the architecture and urban planning authorities.
Land transfer issues. In the case of considering the transfer of the protected areas of the Shantar Islands national park, this territory as a real estate object was formed by creating a structural unit -the forestry of the Shantar Islands national park with cadastral number 27: 15: 0001201: 17. The information in the USRN was entered on 12/13/2017 earlier, which was part of the Shantar basin of the Chumikansky forestry. Figure 3 shows the boundaries of the islands of the multi-contour land plot [9].
It should be noted that during the formation of this land plot, its boundaries were determined by the cartometric method in the MSK- Improving the efficiency of land management in protected areas. The specifics of determining the efficiency of land management in protected areas is that the indicators of economic efficiency cannot always characterize the result of managing these lands, since the purpose of creating and using lands in this case is to preserve natural diversity, flora and fauna [10]. When using recreational and other resources, economic, environmental, organizational, technological, social effects can be obtained, each of which can be characterized by a system of indicators (table 2). Table 2. System of indicators of the use of land resources of protected areas by type of effect

Effect type Indicator
Economical effect Investment value of the land plot; costs for the formation of the site; recoupment of costs for the preservation of the natural area; labor intensity and cost of work; net income; differential income; lost profit; loss of production [9].

Ecological effect
Ecological diversity; number and area of land contours per 1 hectare; the number and species composition of woody vegetation; the length of ecotones per 1 km 2 ; number and average size of ecologically sustainable areas by type of land, units, ha; coefficient of forest cover of the territory; indicators of the territorial distribution of linear elements; the amount of soil washout, t / ha; the amount of precipitation runoff; the amount of losses of humus and nutrients, t / ha; soil compaction, g / cm 3 ; capital expenditures for environmental protection measures; annual costs of maintaining environmental structures [10].

Social effect
Population growth; reducing the incidence of the population; an increase in the life expectancy of the population; employment growth (number of jobs); regional infrastructure development.

Organizational and technological effect
Reducing the cost of land surveying, state cadastral registration and registration of rights to real estate; transfers to the budget from the collection of fines for violations of the environmental management regime.
The overall effect of land management in protected areas (economic, ecological, social) is defined as the sum of the effect of direct use, indirect use, the existence of protected areas and information support of land use [11] is represented by the formula: where Em SPNA -the overall effect of land management in protected areas; E dir -the effect of the direct use of the protected area; E indir -the effect of the indirect use of the protected area; E ex -the effect of the existence of protected areas; E inf -the effect of information support for land management in protected areas.

Conclusion
The main issues in improving the management mechanisms of protected areas include the territorial organization of land use within the boundaries of protected areas, the establishment of their legal status, monitoring. Thus, only after the implementation of improvement measures, it is possible to assess their economic efficiency. For example, based on the analysis of the tourism potential of the region, as well as positive and negative factors, the Territorial Planning Scheme for the Khabarovsk Territory provides, including: -creation of a system of tourist and recreational zones within large urban agglomerations of the region (Khabarovsk), focused on tourism, the main specialization of which is a recreational type; -in the Tuguro-Chumikansky municipal district -the creation of a seasonal center for receiving tourists, the development of tourist infrastructure on the basis of the Shantar Islands National Park.
We believe that after the transfer of the Shantar Islands National Park, this territory will be able to fully function as a tourist center and bring funds for the development of the regional and federal budgets.