Renewable Energy Sources In Rajasthan For Sustainable Development

Globally, energy consumption is increasing drastically due to the economic growth, rapid industrialization and increasing domestic comforts. Also energy is now considered to be important criteria for sustainable development of any country. Melting of ice caps, overabundance of greenhouse gases, global warming and other drastic climatic changes worldwide, has turned attention towards environmental issues. Exploiting the enormous potential of renewable energy sources could be one of the alternatives of total dependency on the conventional energy resources. In India, the population is sparsely scattered in vast geographic location, because of which the government often cannot provide electric power to the entire citizen through the centralized national grid. In that case, renewable energy is a good option to as it can be used as a stand-alone distributed generation system. In this paper, the availability and current status of renewable energy in Rajasthan is summarized. This summary of available resources helps researchers, investors and developers to find probability of improvement in technologies to harness renewable energy and to map out further expansion of renewable energy generation.


I. Introduction
Exponential growth in population, increasing per capita consumption of energy and drying up of natural resources has forced to look for alternative sources of energy. Looking towards global environmental problems, various countries around the world came together with climatic negotiations, namely, UNFCCC. India is an active participant of this novel drive and decided to generate clean, green and carbon free energy [1,2]. India has the largest population in the world after China. The government is making impressive progress to increase electricity generation as per growing demand as well as reducing carbon emissions by producing clean energy for balanced development of the country. In the last few years, from 2014, renewable energy generation in India has grown significantly, with more than 89.22 GW of renewable energy installed in different part of the country. India is on track to reach the goal of 100 GW by 2022. Currently India has the world's third largest installed renewable energy capacity after USA and Brazil [3]. Rise in the energy consumption in recent years is frightening. Due to consistent growth in India GDP, consumer purchase power has increased which resulted in increased use of energy in domestic comfort. Domestic energy consumption is 24.6% of total energy consumption in India.
According to IEA report 2017, one-third of total energy produced worldwide is produced from coal and 40% of which is consumed in electricity generation and remaining in industrial use. Growing energy demands requires an increase in generation capacity and generation from coal means increase in carbon emission and harmful gases. Coal has been the main source of electricity generation and replacing coal with other natural resources requires infrastructural changes that result in an increase in costs and delays [4,5]. Figure 1 shows India's source-wise electricity generation capacity in MW.
Electricity generation from renewable energy sources stated in 1997, the total installed capacity at that time was 900 MW, later it was 7760 MW in 2007, and it was raised to 57244 MW in 2017 and further increased to 69022 in 2018 and reached 87027.68 MW in 2020 [6].   [6]. Alongside these five states, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana and Uttar Pradesh are the other most important Indian state of installed renewable capacity. These nine states account for 91.655% of total Indian installed capacity [7,8]. Table 1 shows growth in total grid connected installed capacity of India in year 2019 and 2020. which is 45 % of total power generation capacity and generates 56.5% of total grid-connected generation while 43.5% of installed capacity is from renewable energy sources which produce 17.6% of total on-grid generation as shown in Fig.2  MW, which is 21.06% share of total capacity as shown in Table 2. India has planned to assist solar power projects in many states through solar parks. Barmer, Bikaner, Jaisalmer and Jodhpur are the core areas of high

b) Wind energy
Wind energy is combined effect of several phenomena like earth's rotation, solar energy, ocean's cooling effects, difference in temperature gradient of land and sea etc. It is broadly dispersed sources of energy. Wind energy is emerging out as a bright source of energy due to technological advancements in turbine system. India stood fourth in introducing a wind power limit on the planet with the total installed capacity of 38.124 GW in 2020 [17].

c) Biomass Energy
India is an agrarian country with tropical location, bountiful sunshine and rains that makes ideal conditions for Biomass production. The present installed capacity of biomass in India is around 1 GW and further planned to increase it 10 GW. Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Rajasthan are the major states producing electricity from biomass. Some new capacities of biomass are added by Punjab and Chhattisgarh too [22,23].

1.2
Kaminpura, Sriganganagar Biomass d) Small Hydropower India is world's fifth country for installed hydroelectric power capacity. The total installed utility scale hydroelectric capacity of India is 45699 MW, which is 12.35% of total capacity and 4380 MW small hydroelectric power units have been installed which is 1.3% of total generation capacity [29]. SHP is the projects of generation capacity of 2 to 25 MW capacity. India has huge potential for small hydro plants too. The assessed capability of SHP is 20 GW and MNRE set an objective of 5 GW by 2022 and the out this 4.7 GW has been accomplished before the end of the year 2020 [ 30]. Government of Rajasthan has also installed around 24 MW small hydropower capacity in the state.

III. Conclusion
With the correct investments in green innovations, India is all around situated to accomplish sustainable power targets. Rajasthan is one of the leading states that pursuit towards cleaner energy which is an essential function in empowering the nation's change to a completely supportable energy framework. There are estimates that suggest that renewable energy installations would reach 860 GW by the year 2030. Advancements in renewable energy in India will create jobs for locale, rural electrification and promote electric mobility too. But there are several challenges in utilizing renewable energy such as a mismatch in supply-demand, lack of financial support for the high initial cost of off-grid applications, risk perception, lack of policies for developer's credit. Also, if power generated from renewable sources is not properly utilized, the ambitious targets of India may be proven unfruitful. In this paper, an attempt is made to summarize the availability and utilization of renewable energy sources in Rajasthan. The current status, installed capacity, government policies to promote them, major achievements, and subsequent development are discussed in this paper. The data collected in this paper will enable researchers and developers to identify a scope of improving technologies to harness renewable energy and chart a path for further expansion of renewable energy production. From the above-discussed status of the state, the following points can be concluded: x Due to the intermittent nature of Renewable Energy generation, its large-scale integration into the grid is a difficult task. It requires up-gradation of transmission and distribution infrastructure.
x To meet the future energy demand of the state, there is a need for proper assessment of optimal generation mix of renewable and non-renewable energy sources with all technological options considered.
x Social recognition of renewable energy is still not very promising in urban India. Awareness is the crucial factor for the uniform and broad use of renewable energy. Information about renewable technology and its environmental benefits should reach society.
x To enhance the faster adoption of renewable energy sources, the government should encourage manufacturing in the state by promoting the transfer of ideas between industry, academia, and policymakers from around the world.
x For effective utilization of transmission, hybrid projects should be promoted which include renewable resources along with conventional sources and battery storage systems. It will optimize the production as well as provides power at competitive prices.
x Although the government is providing financial support to enhance renewable power generation it is not sufficient. The government should provide enough budgets for the encouragement of green energy generation.