Recognizing the life of Aborigin Australia before the Europeans arrival

This article seeks to provide understanding or information related to the life of Aboriginal people in Australia before the arrival of Europeans, known as pre-colonialism. As it is known, the continent of Australia was once occupied by Britain, which was originally a place for the laying of prisoners because at that time the prisons in England were full. Aboriginal is the name for the indigenous people who inhabited Australia for the first time. Aboriginal is the name of a tribe that was given by accident by the Europeans who saw it for the first time in Australia and this name applies to the designation of indigenous Australians to this day. The name of the Aboriginal tribe is a gift from Europeans who visited Australia and were surprised to see that the continent was inhabited. The term “Abo” means an astonishment of European society, and “origin” means authentic. The origin of the Aboriginal people is believed to have come from Asia who later occupied Australia for 45,000-50,000 years. The description of Aboriginal people is almost the same as the physical characteristics of the Papuans, the Toala people in Sulawesi, the Sakai people in Malaysia, the Veddas people in Sri Lanka, and the indigenous tribes of South India (Siboro, 1989). Aboriginal life before the arrival of Europe was rough and still very primitive. The way of life that is one with nature as well as various Aboriginal traditions and cultures is very interesting because it takes full advantage of the existing natural systems. For this reason, the study of Aboriginal people is very interesting.


Introduction
It is conventionally believed that Australia is the only continent where all indigenous peoples have survived one kind of adaptation of hunting and gathering into modern times. The Australian Aboriginal people, one of the two groups of Indigenous Australians, the other indigenous Australians are the Torres Strait Islander people. Aborigines are very interesting in terms of their lives, according to anthropologists. Aboriginal Australians have been named as the longest-surviving adherents of religion and art.
According to one of the writings by Ronald M. Berndt [2] , Aboriginal people left Africa about 70,000 years ago, Australian Aborigines are said to be the first humans to migrate out of Africa. It is generally believed that Aboriginal Australians originally originated from Asia through the Southeast Asian archipelago (now Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Timor Leste, Indonesia and the Philippines) and have been in Australia for at least 45,000-50,000 years. Scientists question the initial date of human arrival in Australia, which is based on the use of optically stimulated luminescence (a measurement of the last time the sand was exposed to sunlight), because of the Northern Territory site.
When there is a wider land bridge between Asia and Australia. However, waterboats are thought to have been used for some routes, such as between Bali and Lombok and between Timor and Greater Australia, as they are more than 120 miles (200 km) away. This is the earliest confirmed voyage in the world. About 35,000 years ago all of the continents were occupied, including the southwest and 3rd International Conference on Environmental Geography and Geography Education IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 747 (2021) 012120 IOP Publishing doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/747/1/012120 2 southeast corners (Tasmania became an island when sea levels rose between 13,500 and 8,000 years ago, isolating the Aboriginal people who lived there from the mainland) as well as the highlands of the island of New Guinea. Archaeological evidence suggests that the occupation of the Australian outback by Aboriginal people during the harsh climate regime of the last glacial maximum (between 30,000 and 18,000 years ago) was very dynamic, and all arid landscapes were permanently occupied only about 10,000 years ago.
The description of Aboriginal people is almost the same as the physical characteristics of the Toala people in Sulawesi, the Sakai people in Malaysia, the Veddas people in Sri Lanka, and the indigenous tribes of South India. Physical characteristics of the Aboriginal tribe, namely: brown skin, wavy curly hair, face and growth overgrown with dense fur, narrow or retreating forehead, deep eye sockets, protruding eyebrows, prominent jaw, large mouth, thick skull bones, height the mean is 5 feet and 5/6 inches. According to Elkin (1956) in his writings, it was revealed that the Aboriginal people belong to the Australoid race group.
The social condition of the pre-colonial Aboriginal population was a group system. Their interactions are related to their respective groups which have their respective leaders. The social life of pre-colonial Aboriginal communities depended on religious teachings and kinship which were the main forces regulating interpersonal behavior. Kinship is a system of social relationships expressed in biological idioms through terms such as mother, child, and others. The Aboriginal kinship system is a classification consisting of all known people. The term for a line relative such as the mother's sister is classified as mother.
Aboriginal religious life is known as dreamtime belief or dreaming which means belief that places the ancestors as the god who created the sky, the earth and its contents. With this belief, it's no wonder their lives really respect nature. This is because the dreamtime belief teaches that dead ancestors are not dead in the true sense but they inhabit the earth in other forms and forms such as earth, rocks, trees, etc., so that according to Aborigines, destroying nature is tantamount to opposing the god who created it. The concept of Aboriginal culture is very primitive, where when the Europeans came, many inland Aborigines were still not familiar with clothes, they used nature to cover their bodies. However, there are also Aboriginal groups who are quite better off like wearing jewelery, and are familiar with the weapon that is very well known to this day, namely the boomerang. Almost every group or group of Aborigines has their own language to communicate with. So that the Aborigines are considered to have many languages, namely different ones that are used as a means of communication. For their own economic needs, they make full use of nature, such as hunting and gathering. They also move around in hunting for food

Method
In writing an article entitled "Getting to Know the Life of Australian Aborigines Before the Arrival of Europeans", the research was conducted using historical or historical methods, namely research methods used to describe events that have occurred in the past. Which consists of heuristics, criticism, interpretation and then historiography. The first historical research procedure is heuristic. This stage is the initial stage in processing, finding and collecting sources of information or documents needed and related to the issues discussed. Sources consist of primary and secondary sources. This research uses a lot of sources in the form of books and journals both international and national. How to collect sources to complete the articles I get from Google Scholar, Libgen, International Articles, PDFDrive and Google Books. This article is an amalgamation of sources that I have found, namely more than ten sources.
Furthermore, the second procedure is source criticism, namely critical assessment of historical data and facts or historical evidence. Whether the historical evidence is true or not, this is done to obtain historyical sources that have a high level of validation by studying and comparing historical sources with one another. Articles, journals, books and other sources that I found from various sites on the internet then I analyzed them one by one then adjusted to the sub-discussion I needed as a complement to the article. The process of critique of this source is done carefully so that the article can be maximized.
After criticizing the source, the third procedure is interpretation, namely giving interpretation of the data that has been obtained. The author conducts an analysis related to the sources that have been obtained. After analyzing, the results of the source analysis are then interpreted by the author. Interpretation is carried out by interpreting source statements logically and rationally from the facts 3rd International Conference on Environmental Geography and Geography Education IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 747 (2021) 012120 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/747/1/012120 3 and data that have been collected.The final stage is historiography. According to Louis Gottschalk (1985: 33) historiography is an attempt to synthesize historical data into stories or presentations by writing history books. So after the previous three stages have been completed, the next step is to compile the results of all historical research in written form. Acquisition of topics related to the article are sorted coherently so that it can be a chronological order so that events can be accepted by common sense. In this case the author wrote in the form of an article about the pre-colonial Aboriginal people.

Result and Dicussion
From an astronomical point of view, Australia is located in the Southern Hemisphere, so Australia's latitude is between 10 ° 41'LS and 43 ° 39 'south latitude. Australia is located to the east of the earth, so Australia's longitude position is between 113 ° 9 'East Longitude (East Longitude -153 ° 39' East Longitude). Australia is located in the southern part of the earth, between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Geographically, Australia can also be seen in terms of its territorial boundaries, northern part: directly adjacent to the Timor Sea, Alafalu Sea, Flores Strait, Indonesia and South Papua New Guinea: directly adjacent to the East Indian Ocean: Pacific Ocean, Tasman Sea and West Coral Reef Sea: Indian Ocean.
According to its geographic location, Australia is in the Great Divide Range, stretching from the Cape York region to Tasmania. This mountain range consists of the Alps and the New England Range with its highest peak at Mount Kosciusco. Meanwhile, in the western part, Australia's geology consists of plateaus, commonly called the Australian shield. However, most of central and western Australia is a well-known desert, namely the Gibson Desert and the Victoria Desert. Between the highlands. of the west and the mountains of the east, there are valleys and lowlands and a series of rocks, which are also characteristic of the Australian continent. The valley in question is the Murray-Darling valley, and the lowlands is the lowlands of Lake Eyre. The chain of coral reefs that protect Australia from waves is called the Great Barrier Reef [1]. .
Australia is the name of a country and continent located in the south of the world, also the smallest continent in the world. Australia is located near the Asian continent, but this continent is often called the Western world because most of its population is Westerners and lives in the West. Maybe it is familiar to hear that Australia is a former British colonialism. The country and continent once occupied by Britain has a number of states.The six states are New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania, Western Australia (Western Australia), South Australia (Southern Australia), and two major regions, namely the Notrhern Territory and the Australian. Capital Territory.
The term Australische is the Dutch term for the designation of the new continent in the south. Australia is a part of what the world calls the smallest continent. It is estimated that this small continent began to be used as human habitation since the glacial era about 30,000 years ago. The Aborigines are said to be the original tribes who first lived in Australia. Australia is a continent that has an important and interesting historical story, this is because in its discovery, this area was discovered by people who live far away from this region, namely Europeans. Australia's capital city is now Canberra, but has the largest city in Sydney. Australia uses English as an official language because Australia is a Commonwelth country.
The form of the Australian state is a country in the form of a constitutional monarchy. "Terra Australis Incognita is the first designation for the Australian continent. It was drawn on maps by European geographers in the 15-16th century AD. Initially, since the 2nd century AD, a famous figure named Ptolemy It was suggested that there are still some lands in the southern region which are still unknown and considered to be in balance with the northern part of the earth. The phrase Terra Australis Incognita means a vast land, but this land is still imaginary, because no one has been able to prove its existence near the South Pole. The difference of opinion about "Terra Australis Incognita" occurs between religious people who believe that the earth is flat and scientists who believe that the earth is not flat but round. This debate is the beginning of the history of the Australian continent or what is now known as the Kangaroo Continent.
Since the beginning of the AD century, geographers in the classical period had suspected a southern landmass called Terra Australis Incognita. Religious scholars also opposed this view, and they were also geographers at the time. The latter group considers that the world is flat like a mat, so they believe that the view that proves the existence of the antipodes is wrong. In the Middle Ages, later views dominated, but after that, people began to reconsider Terra Australis Incognita. After the domination of religion began to disappear, European sailors made many voyages to explore the eastern region with various interests. Basically the purpose of this exploration of European countries was to conduct trade transactions throughout the region in order to obtain large profits. Sailors began looking for trade routes to reach the east more quickly. With various missions searching for this route, many sailors intentionally or unintentionally started looking for new areas to trade or just stop by. One of them is the territory of Australia itself which was discovered by Dutch sailors and British sailors. Until recently, British sailor James Cook is believed to be the first European to discover and declare Australia as a British country. Even before him, other sailors found him, including sailors from the archipelago who sailed on outrigger boats.
The history of Australia begins with the history of human immigration from the north to Australia some 40,000 to 50,000 years ago. This period is called the prehistoric period of Australia. Australia's first written history can be traced back to the time when Europeans first saw the country. Then it is divided into two periods: before and after it became the government of the British Empire in 1901. Australia is one of the countries in the region which is socially and culturally classified as a European country. Although geographically far from Europe. Life in Australia is dominated by European culture. Australia has two cultures, namely indigenous culture and culture originating from Europe.
At the intersection between the original culture and the new immigrant culture, primitive culture is marginalized, so that the new immigrant culture eventually dominates. Although Aboriginal people have occupied Australia for tens of thousands of years, for Europeans, the continent's existence is still at the level of speculation (hypothesis). Europeans still disagree with the existence of antipodes.

Origins of Australian Aboriginal society
Australia is a country in the southern hemisphere and is the name of the smallest continent in the world. Its territory includes the entire continent of Australia and several islands around the Indian Ocean and the southern Pacific. Australia's northern neighbors are Indonesia, Timor Leste and Papua. To the northeast, Australia is bordered by the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu Islands and New Colorado Islands (administratively owned by France). At the same time, in southeastern Australia, New Zealand is a neighboring country.
Indigenous Australians are the people who first occupied the territory of Australia. When we talk about the indigenous people of Australia, what we have in mind is the aboriginal people. The indigenous people of Australia actually comprise the Torres Islands and are referred to as Aboriginal people. The people of the Torres Islands are the names of Australian aboriginal people who live in northern Queensland, near New Guinea. Meanwhile, indigenous people are the names for people who live in the main territory of Australia. So why are they actually called Aborigines?
Aboriginal names are not actually the real names of the first peoples to live in Australia. Aboriginal comes from the Latin 'ab' which means from and 'origine' which means beginning or origin. If concluded, the term Aboriginal reveals that Aborigines have existed since the beginning of time (Jens Korff, 2020). The word 'Aboriginal' has the meaning of 'first or earliest known, comes from' the word 'Aborigine (s) is used for a noun while' Aboriginal (s) 'is used to describe an adjective but eventually it is also used as a noun. The word 'Aboriginal' has been used by British society since the 17th century (Amalia Fitriani 2011).
Dit is believed that around 70,000 years ago, Australian Aboriginal peoples were some of the first humans to migrate out of Africa. Historians also believe that the Australian Aboriginal people originally came from the Asian continent through the Southeast Asian islands. This tribe has been in Australia for an estimated 45,000-50,000 years. According to research on the archaeological sites of Nauwalabila I and Madjedbebe in the Northern Territory, some scientists suggest that early humans arrived much faster and possibly around 65,000-80,000 years ago. This opinion is in line with the arguments of researchers that anatomically modern human migration out of Africa and areas adjacent to West Asia, namely South and Southeast Asia via a route called the Southern Route preceded migration to Europe. It is not clear when the calendar of the Aborigines first visited Australia (Ronald M. Berndt 1988).
Manning Clark [3] who is an Australian historian says that according to him Aboriginal ancestors first arrived in Australia around 25,000 years BC during the glacial period (Manning Clark, 1963: 13). At that time the mainland of Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea was attached to the Asian continent, the sea level was shallow and the possible Aboriginal ancestors crossed Indonesian waters to get to Australia. Clark argues that the arrival of the Aborigines consisted of three waves. The first wave was mentioned by Aborigines who came from the Negrito race, then followed by Murayyian people who were related to the Ainu race in Japan. The Murayyian then defeated the first wave, the Negrito race, so that the Negrito race moved to the south, namely Tasmania, Bass Strait islands and Kangararoo Island. The third wave is said to come from the Carpentarian race, which is related to the Cambodian Vedda race. The third wave defeated the Murayyian race so that they moved south and succeeded in controlling northern Australia. After a while the ice melted, causing the territories of Australia, Tasmania, Kangaroo Island, New Guinea, the Indonesian archipelago and the Malayan archipelago to be separated by the ocean [4] .
After the arrival of Europeans to Australia then they met the indigenous people, namely Aborigines, they looked down on the Aborigines. Before the British arrived in Australia, the Dutch were landed in Australia by William Dampier in 1688. Dampier believed that the Aborigines were the saddest people in the world. Dampier made many arguments against indigenous peoples, one of which was that indigenous peoples did not make the transition from barbarism to civilization. There are three views in his book about Australia, namely, "disgust with the aborigine; disgust with the land; and the hope of better things somewhere in its very vastness". Like most European colonies, British naval officer Watkin Tench (Watkin Tench) was also the founder of Australia's first settlement in 1788, and he also expressed his views on Aboriginal society. Teng Qi concluded that the indigenous peoples of Australia are considered to represent European conditions and are referred to as the "state of nature", which represents a picture of primitive human life long before government, law or social development.

Physical characteristics of Aborigins
It is estimated that around 40,000-50,000 years ago, the first humans immigrated to Australia from the north. This period is called the prehistoric period of Australia. Australia's first written history can be traced back to the time when Europeans first saw the country. Then divided into two periods: before and after it became the power of the British Empire in 1901.Australia is one of the countries in a region that is socio-culturally classified as a European country. Even though geographically it is far from Europe. Australian life is a life dominated by European culture. Australia has two kinds of culture, namely indigenous culture and culture originating from Europe. It is not clear when the Aboriginal people first arrived in Australia. According to Clark's opinion, Aboriginal ancestors came to Australia from the north (Indonesia and Southeast Asia) during the glacial era, which is about 25,000 BC (Clark Manning, 1963 page 13). They are the primus inter pares ("dedengkot" or first inhabitants) of Australia. According to Elkin, quoted by Siboro, the Australian Aboriginal people are classified into a separate race, namely Australoid (although it is undeniable that they have similarities with African and Papuan negroid races). Manning Clark who is an Australian historian says that according to him Aboriginal ancestors first arrived in Australia around 25,000 years BC during the glacial period (Manning Clark, 1963: 13). At that time the mainland of Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea was attached to the Asian continent, the sea level was shallow and the possible Aboriginal ancestors crossed Indonesian waters to get to Australia. Clark argues that the arrival of the Aborigines consisted of three waves. The first wave was mentioned by Aborigines who came from the Negrito race, then followed by Murayyian people who were related to the Ainu race in Japan. The Murayyian then defeated the first wave, the Negrito race, so that the Negrito race moved to the south, namely Tasmania, Bass Strait islands and Kangararoo Island. The third wave is said to come from the Carpentarian race, which is related to the Cambodian Vedda race. The third wave defeated the Murayyian race so that they moved south and succeeded in controlling northern Australia. After a while the ice melted, causing the territories of Australia, Tasmania, Kangaroo Island, New Guinea, the Indonesian archipelago and the Malayan archipelago to be separated by the ocean [4]. This Aboriginal tribe has a characteristic brown skin color and tends to be black when it is sunburned, the body has a lot of hair, curly hair, and is not too tall. According to Elkin, this race is similar to the indigenous people in Papua, Sulawesi (Toala tribe), Sri Lanka, Malaysia (Sakai), as well as the indigenous tribes in South India (Siboro, 1966, page 6).  Clark, 1963: 13). At that time, mainland Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea were connected to the Asian continent, sea level was very shallow, and it was possible that the ancestors of Aboriginal people crossed Indonesian waters to reach Australia. Clark argues that the arrival of the Aborigines consisted of three waves. The first wave was mentioned by Aborigines who came from the Negrito race, then followed by Murayyian people who were related to the Ainu race in Japan. The Murayyian then defeated the first wave, the Negrito race, so that the Negrito race moved to the south, namely Tasmania, Bass Strait islands and Kangararoo Island. The third wave is said to come from the Carpentarian race, which is related to the Cambodian Vedda race. The third wave defeated the Murayyian race so that they moved south and succeeded in controlling northern Australia. After a while the ice melted, causing the territories of Australia, Tasmania, Kangaroo Island, New Guinea, the Indonesian archipelago and the Malayan archipelago to be separated by the ocean [4].

Aboriginal Languanges and Dialects
There are an estimated 250 languages of the Aboriginal community that are used daily in communication. Among them are quite well known from the Aboriginal languages, namely Arrernte, Dhuwal, Walpiri, Kriol, and Pitjantjatjara. Differences such as the language and dialect used by Aboriginal people have led historians to conclude that Australia is not actually a region inhabited by a single tribe known as Aborigines, but that there are several different tribes but the names of each of these tribes cannot be identified. It was the term Aboriginal given by the European community which led to the view as if Australia was only inhabited by one ethnic group. The mention of Aborigines by Europeans is based on the origin of their society and the striking differences from the Aborigines at that time [6].
The vowels of Australian Aboriginal languages are more similar to those of Italian or Spanish. Since the arrival of the British, many Australian place names written in English have also been adapted for their pronunciation. For example the place name Sidney Woolloomooloo was originally written as Walla-mool if written in modern Aboriginal orthography, possibly walamul. After the arrival of the Europeans, the Australian language became unsustainable, a study said that as many as 160 languages have become extinct, 70 languages are in decline and only about 20 languages may survive, but may not survive for long. Aboriginal languages have become extinct because since the beginning of the arrival of Europeans and Aboriginal people often come into contact with Europeans, there is an assumption that Aboriginal languages have a lower value than English, then this is also done by the current Australian government in education and work that uses English. thus, it may cause the erosion of the indigenous languages of the various Aboriginal peoples. The government also prohibits Aboriginal people from speaking the language of their ancestors, so that the language cannot be transmitted to current Aboriginal generations [7].

Aboriginal culture
The estimated Aboriginal population varies from 300,000 to over 1,000,000. more than 200 different Aboriginal languages are spoken and hundreds of dialects. Most Aboriginal people are multilingual. The language or dialect of the Aboriginal group is associated with a range of territories. British came to Australia since 1788, at that arrival, the indigenous people of Australia, namely Aborigines, had spread, possibly almost all over Australia. In that year the estimated number of Aboriginal people was 300,000. The Aboriginal people scattered in Australia are not people who share the same culture. This difference is very striking, starting from the customs or traditions, language and rules adopted. Popular Aboriginal groups include the Yolgnu Aborigines in Australia's northern coastal region (Arnhem Land), the Koorie in the Sydney region, and the Larrakeyah in the Darwin region [8].
The differences that exist in each of these Aboriginal community groups have led historians to conclude that Australia is actually not an area inhabited by only one tribe known as Aborigines, but there are several different tribes but the names of each of these tribes cannot be identified. It was the term Aboriginal given by the European community which led to the view as if Australia was only inhabited by one ethnic group. The mention of Aborigines by Europeans is based on the origin of their society and the striking differences from the Aborigines at that time.
In the context of culture, they are familiar with the bomerang, a typical product of traditional weapons that has survived to this day. The bomerang is a weapon used for throwing and this weapon is very attached to the Aboriginal tribe, the bomerang is a throwing weapon and can return to the starting 3rd International Conference on Environmental Geography and Geography Education IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 747 (2021) 012120 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/747/1/012120 7 point. Bomerang has innovated a lot, initially the bomerang was made of wood, then turned into metal, but its nature was still dull and then the bomerang was designed using sharp metal so that its use was more powerful and sharp [9].
Like other inland tribes, Aboriginal tribes are also accustomed to living wearing distinctive clothes, with various accessories such as bracelets, necklaces, and feathers attached to their heads. Their faces are also accustomed to being colored with natural ingredients. Before the arrival of the West, many inland Aborigines did not yet wear cloth. They still use natural (venacular) materials such as tree bark, leaves, and animal skins as their clothing. Hunting has become part of the culture of the Aboriginal community, life that is classified as primitive makes Aborigines still unfamiliar with a food search system other than by hunting in the wild. In the case of Aboriginal hunting using a variety of tools that have become their trademark, namely spears, arrows, boomerangs, and others. The main weapon of the Aborigines is the spear. The length of the spears varies from 1.5 to 5 m (5-18 ft) and weight from 50 grams to 1.8 kilograms. The longer spears are used for fighting, the shorter ones for hunting games such as the kangaroo and emu (one of Australia's large flightless birds). The spear can kill at 27 m (90 ft). Plain wooden javelins with sharp, hard edges are served for hunting and fighting.
According to the testimony of Cook and Banks when stranded in Australia and meeting a group of Aboriginal people, Banks saw that the Aboriginal people were carrying a spear whose tip was a sharp wood and some even had the tip of poisonous stingray thorns. The climate in Australia is uncertain, so Aboriginal tribes sometimes use the skins of their hunted animals for body warmth. Aborigines do not know how to cultivate crops, therefore, their homes usually settle in areas that have food sources such as near river estuaries and others..
Aboriginal communities have a culture in the form of abstractual beliefs called dreamtime. According to Aboriginal belief, all life as it is today consisting of Humans, Animals, Birds, and Fishes is part of a network that has a broad and unchanging connection but can be traced to the ancestors of great spirits in dreamtime. The Dreamtime is an Aboriginal understanding of the world, of its creation, and it is an extraordinary story. Dreamtime is the beginning of knowledge, from which the laws of existence emerge. For survival, this law must be obeyed. At the time of dreamtime the Aborigines believed that the process started from the earth is a flat surface, in darkness. A dead and desolate world.

Aborigin Social Life
The social conditions of the Australian population prior to the arrival of the Westerners were thick with the group system. The indigenous tribes of Asutralia live and interact in groups where each group has its own leader. They, especially the male group, help each other in hunting animals for their food, and make simple houses from twigs and tree bark or what is often called gunyah. Not all indigenous tribes in Australia know each other. This is because there are many tribes and languages. Aboriginal tribes have a variety of language variants, depending on the region where they live. Coastal Aborigines are different from inland Aborigines. Even fellow inland Aborigines are not exactly the same social system [10].
Australian Aboriginal communities are characterized by living with small groups and nomadism. Mobility is carried out regularly due to the lack of permanent housing. However, Aboriginal nomadism used to be very limited geographically, except in the driest areas. Bands are residential groups who live and find food together. Based on research from traditional scholarship, Aboriginal people survive by hunting and gathering food and not farming. Their life depends on their natural environment.
The next main stage of social organization is the ethnic or regional language grouping, usually distinguished by the number hundreds. A 'tribe' is an anthropologist refers to a group of people who share the same linguistic identification and hence a common identification with the area in which that language is traditionally identified. There is a direct relationship between a certain area of the country and a certain area of language planted in the landscape by the Ancestral Beings. For example, the Wardaman people in the Northern Territory are not Wardaman because of the language they speak, but because they are connected through their parents to other places where their language was installed during the creation era. The 600 or so tribes of Australia are primarily loose linguistic groupings with little connection to classical tribes with their permanent settlements, such as the villages of New Guinea. Australian Aborigines used to be both permanent settlements and political units in the form of villages, nor did ethnic members act collectively as social, economic or military units [11].

Conclusion
Australia is a country in the southern hemisphere and is the name of the smallest continent in the world. Its territory includes the entire continent of Australia and several islands around the Indian Ocean and the southern Pacific. Australia's northern neighbors are Indonesia, Timor Leste and Papua. To the northeast, Australia is bordered by the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu Islands and New Colorado Islands (administratively owned by France). At the same time, in southeastern Australia, New Zealand is a neighboring country. Australian historian Manning Clark says that according to him, during the Ice Age, Aboriginal ancestors arrived in Australia around 25,000 BC (Manning Clark, 1963: 13). At that time, mainland Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea were connected to the Asian continent, sea level was very shallow, and it was possible that the ancestors of Aboriginal people crossed Indonesian waters to reach Australia. The description of Aboriginal people is almost the same as the physical characteristics of the Toala people in Sulawesi, the Sakai people in Malaysia, the Veddas people in Sri Lanka, and the indigenous tribes of South India. Physical characteristics of the Aboriginal tribe, namely: brown skin, wavy curly hair, face and growth overgrown with dense fur, narrow or retreating forehead, deep eye sockets, protruding eyebrows, prominent jaw, large mouth, thick skull bones, height the mean is 5 feet and 5/6 inches. According to Elkin (1956) in his writings, it was revealed that the Aboriginal people belong to the Australoid race group.
The social condition of the pre-colonial Aboriginal population was a group system. Their interactions are related to their respective groups which have their respective leaders. The social life of pre-colonial Aboriginal communities depends on religious teachings and kinship which are the main forces regulating interpersonal behavior. Aboriginal people have an abstractual belief called dreamtime. According to Aboriginal belief, all life as it is today consisting of Humans, Animals, Birds, and Fishes is part of a network that has a broad and unchanging connection but can be traced to the ancestors of great spirits in dreamtime.
There are an estimated 250 languages of the Aboriginal community that are used daily in communication. Among them are quite well known from the Aboriginal languages, namely Arrernte, Dhuwal, Walpiri, Kriol, and Pitjantjatjara. The vowels of Australian Aboriginal languages are more similar to those of Italian or Spanish. Since the arrival of the British, many Australian place names written in English have also been adapted for their pronunciation.
In the context of culture, they are familiar with the bomerang, a typical product of traditional weapons that has survived to this day. The bomerang is a weapon used for throwing and this weapon is very attached to the Aboriginal tribe. Aborigines are also accustomed to living in distinctive clothes, with various accessories such as bracelets, necklaces, and feathers attached to their heads. Their faces are also accustomed to being colored with natural ingredients. Before the arrival of the West, many inland Aborigines did not yet wear cloth. They still use natural (venacular) materials such as tree bark, leaves, and animal skins as their clothing.
Australian Aboriginal communities are characterized by living with small groups and nomadism. The social conditions of the Australian population prior to the arrival of the Westerners were thick with the group system. The indigenous tribes of Asutralia live and interact in groups where each group has its own leader. In maintaining their economy, they are accustomed to hunting using simple tools, namely stones, spears and others. The natives before the arrival of the Westerners didn't know how to write, even if they knew the language. Even though they were not familiar with the royal system or modern government, their pre-colonial political life also recognized traditional or tribal leaders, who sometimes served as religious leaders..