Reserves for increasing the productivity of broilers with a large-cage method of keeping

The paper describes the features of growing broiler chickens in conditions of large-group cage keeping at workshop No. 3 Patio of OOO Belgrankorm-Veliky Novgorod, Krestetsky District, Novgorod Region. The study used 2-start (11-20 days, granules), 3-growth (21-33 days, granules) and 4-finishing (34 days before slaughter). Broiler diets in the first period contained 1.26 MJ of metabolic energy (EE), the second – 1.28, the third – 1.30 and the fourth – 1.31 MJ (EE), crude protein, respectively (%) 22.42, 21, 49, 20.04 and 18.65. To increase the usefulness of diets and the use of nutrients and EE, the studied amino acids methionine and glycine, both individually and together in a 1:1 ratio, as well as Undevit vitamins, both individually and together with methionine in a 1:1 ratio (% by weight) were exposed to laser radiation of Hubbard broilers in the chest area through the laser beam of the spatial modulator (PM). Ozonation of air in the halls of the building and the poultry was carried out using a domestic ozonizer Rios of Dekont series (mode 3, productivity 20 g/m3). The feed conversion is quite high in 39 days of growing. The lowest consumption of feed (1.33 g/g) by production was observed in broilers of the third experimental group of the fourth scientific in0house experiment against 1.85 g/g in the analogs of the control group.


Introduction
The quality of life of broiler chickens is largely determined by the growing and feeding conditions. In order to produce domestic tasty, healthy, economically beneficial, environmentally friendly products, it is necessary to be able to improve an integrated system that includes favorable conditions for keeping, growing and using high-grade, most effective feed products, feed additives, equipping poultry enterprises with modern devices and technologies [1,2,3,7,10,11].
To improve the quality of nutrition and growing broiler chickens, to more fully realize their genetic potential, to increase the productivity and use of nutrients in rations and to normalize metabolic processes in the body [3,8,9], the tasks of increasing safety, health, stimulation digestion, growth energy [4,5,6], immune, hormonal functions [4,5], providing favorable conditions for protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and the activity of biomembranes of the central and autonomic nervous systems [6,9,11] in poultry are analyzed.
With the same compound feed, but with the additional use of the biotechnical method of influencing the body, there is a real opportunity to significantly increase the body weight, growth energy, payment for feed with products and training of the intestinal tract [7,10,12]. There are very few experimental materials on growing meat chickens in conditions of large-cage keeping, which prompted the development of a regional system for the production of poultry meat. The purpose of the study is to analyze the reserves for increasing meat productivity of broiler chickens with a large-cage method of keeping. To achieve this purpose, the following objectives shall be met: -to evaluate the broiler chicken cultivation system in the large-cage method of keeping; -to determine the effect of low-level laser radiation (LLLR) of the infrared (IR) range and ozonation (О3) of air in the room (building) on exchange processes, dynamics of the body weight, growth energy, feed efficiency.

Materials and methods.
To fulfill the above objectives, 4 scientific in-house and physiological experiments were carried out.
The study was carried out in the workshop No. 3 Patio of OOO Belgrankorm-Veliky Novgorod, Krestetsky District, Novgorod Region. Selection of clinically healthy Hubbard cross broiler chickens of a day age was carried out according to the principle of the pairs of analogues taking into account the origin and body weight. Each group included 140 chickens, which were kept in cages, the body weight was determined by individual blind weighing (i.e. without sampling) -four times over the entire growing period in the following periods (days): 1, 12, 22 and 39.
Broiler chickens were kept in six-row two-fold large-group cages (i.e. from the wall to the wall of the cage). For scientific in-house and physiological experiments inside the workshop, plastic partitions with holes were built in to pass the air flow and comply with the corresponding microclimate and optimal consumption, accounting for feed and drinking water. Amino acids (methionine and glycine) and Undevit vitamins included a spatial modulator (SM) in the form of a 30x30 mm container of porous white paper weighing 2.0 g attached to two emitters (simultaneously) of Uzor 2K-Super laser. Amino acids and vitamins were purchased from pharmacies in Veliky Novgorod.
The experiments were carried out according to conventional procedures in accordance with the study scheme (Table 1).
Digestibility and nutrient use were studied for each group in the control group.
Physiological experiments were carried out to determine the digestibility and use of nutrients, as well as the balance of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus in the body four days before slaughter (3 heads from each group).
Access to feed and water is free for chickens. The change of feed was carried out four times during the entire growing period.
Meat chickens for slaughter were taken in the morning at 6 o'clock, slaughter was carried out in a slaughter and processing workshop. The studies were carried out using domestic semiconductor lasers Uzor2K-Super with minimum laser operation parameters (wavelength -0.89 μm, pulse power -3 W, pulse frequency -80 Hz) and mobile ozonator Rios-20 (mode 3, capacity 20 g/m 3 ; Penza). After slaughter, biochemical studies of blood serum were carried out in the veterinary laboratory of the poultry farm and the Novgorod Regional Oncology Center

Results and discussion
During 39 days of growing Hubbard broiler chickens, the crude fat content (in diets) increased from 5.84 to 8.75%, raw fiber -from 2.69 to 4.14%, and, conversely, the concentration of crude protein decreased from 22.42 to 18.65%. Over all age periods of growing and feeding, the chickens consumed (ate) only 3,593 g of compound feed and drank 6,472 g of water. The weight of the diet (feed plus drinking water) was 10,065 g, i.e. more than 10 kg. The juiciness of the diet was 1.8:1, which corresponds to one of the most important indicators of its fullness when growing broilers in the conditions of a large-group cage method.
The ratio of crude protein to crude fat in diets ranged from 3.84:1 to 2.43:1, i.e. there was a tendency towards a decrease with increasing age and body weight. A similar trend was observed in the consumption of crude protein and raw fiber in diets, the ratio of which ranged from 8.33:1 to 4.54:1. Minimum indicators in both cases were observed when feeding feed to broilers aged 11-20 days before slaughter. The need to reduce the proportion of a number of components in diets is caused by an increase in their concentration of crude fat and exchange energy.
Therefore, it was necessary to note a new indicator of dietary compliance for this cross, which, unlike the energy-protein ratio, characterizes the energy-fat ratio, and tended to decrease from 51.79 to 35.96.
Diets are balanced in terms of calcium and phosphorus content. Given their balance, the ratio of Ca:P (available) in diets ranged from 1.75:1 to 1.98:1. The ratio of vitamin A:vitamin D3 in diets ranged from 2.9:1 (for start) to 3.3:1 (for finish) is closely associated with the strengthening of ligaments, joints, skeleton and wings when transporting broilers to the slaughter shop.
The balancing of diets according to the concentration of fat (lipid) fodder products led to optimal ratios, for example, crude fat: linoleic acid -from 2.08:1 (for growth) to 2.34:1 (for fattening), crude fat: exchange energy -from 4.6:1 (for prestart) to 6.7:1 (for growth). Such indicator as the ratio of vitamin E:Se in the diets of broilers was 500:1, it is constant and serves the preventive norm for the need for vitamin E and selenium to increase the body weight at the age of 36-39 days.
In addition to controlling the completeness of diets, ventilation modes, temperature, humidity and illumination of broiler chickens, it was necessary to identify metabolic processes using the biotechnical method of exposure.
Nutrient digestibility of diets. When exposed to low-level laser radiation (LLLR) of the infrared (IR) range, which has the main biological and physiological effects on the body, the state of the central and autonomic nervous system is improved through respiratory organs and skin due to an increase in enzymatic, hormonal and immune status, redox potential, functional state, activity of the digestive system of broiler chickens. The action of LLLR is based on the enhancement of the production of free radicals: at the first stage: lipid radicals during photoperoxidation, the second stage -superoxide and NO. More intense NO release is accompanied by dilation of blood vessels and improved blood circulation.
Ozonation (О3) of air oxygen with an exposure of 5 minutes was taken for the sanitization of buildings and poultry.
It was possible to detect the difference in nutrient digestibility of diets in the broilers of the control (general) and all experimental groups (Table 2).
It was found that crude fat is better digested in the body of broilers when irradiating methionine (74.9±0.35%, P<0.001; by 7.1%), methionine+glycine (76.4±0.47%, P<0.001; by 9.3%). The maximum indicator was revealed when irradiating methionine with Undevit When irradiating Undevit and amino acids of methionine with a laser, both separately and together with the use of an ozone-air mixture for poultry, it became possible to increase the digestibility of nitrogen by the body against the background of the basic diet. The balance of nitrogen in the body of broiler chickens of control and experimental groups is positive. Nitrogen retention in the body using ozone-air mixture with exposure of 5 minutes was 18.2% above the control level.
To increase the size of calcium retention in the body and its digestibility, the studied biological active substances (amino acids -methionine and glycine, and the Undevit complex of water-soluble vitamins) were passed through a laser beam. With the help of an ozonator it becomes possible to improve the quality of the air ozone mixture in the shops of the poultry farm.
LLLR exposure on the chest area of broilers using ozone (without amino acids) led to an increase in the body ratio of Ca:P to 1.67:1. When introducing a laser beam through amino acid, methionine, both separately and in combination with glycine when ozonizing air, the Ca:P ratio in the body was 1.63:1 and 1.59:1, respectively. The retention of phosphorus in the body of broilers tended to grow from 0.296±0.02 g when irradiated with Undevit to 8 sec and 0.301±0.03 g of the same vitamins with exposure to 15 sec. The digestibility of phosphorus in the body with a difference in laser radiation from 8 to 15 sec was 47.7±0.64% and 48.5±0.85%, respectively. The optimal Sa:P ratio was revealed in the body of broilers, which corresponds to the norms for feeding agricultural poultry (Moscow, RAS, recommendations of the All-Russian Research and Technological Institute of Poultry Farming).
The functional activation of the digestive system increased with an improvement in the quality of feeding when using nutrient and biologically active substances of diets, as well as the metabolic processes alongside with an increase in enzyme, immune and hormonal systems, detoxification function of liver and at the organizational level.
Therefore, in case of improved state of lipid-nitrogen-white-carbohydrate metabolism in broilers under the influence of laser radiation of amino acids (methionine, glycine) and Undevit led not only to an increase in the level of digestibility of organic substances of diets, but also to the degree of retention (accumulation) of total nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus in the body depending on age and body weight. Table 3 shows the dynamics of the body weight of broiler chickens. At the age of 12 days, the minimum body weight in meat chickens was detected in the control group equal to 403.3±25.1 g, while in poultry of experimental groups this indicator ranged widely depending on the influencing factor.