Coral reefs ecotourism sustainability assessment based on the integration of government-private-local community in Hoga Island, Wakatobi Regency

This study aims to assess the sustainability of ecotourism activities on the status of coral reef ecosystems in Hoga Island, Wakatobi Regency. The research was conducted from October to December 2012. Both primary and secondary data were used in this research. Primary data were taken using a questionnaire containing subjective parameters, such as taxes, permits, community participation in ecotourism, government policies related to ecotourism, income, labour. Secondary data retrieved by a search of relevant scientific literature and relevant technical agencies in Wakatobi. The sustainability of ecotourism was analyzed using a multivariate or multidimensional scaling (MDS) method. A Sustainability index using four scales commonly used index, as a state by Gyou Ko in 2005, was also applied. The results of this study were a score of 60.5 indicated that the sustainability status of ecosystem-based marine ecotourism Hoga Island reefs in terms of integration between the government-private-local community was potentially sustainable.


Introduction
Marine ecotourism is a coastal and marine tourism activity developed with a marine conservation approach. Ecotourism is environmentally oriented tourism to link the interests of protecting natural resources and the natural tourism industry [1]. Ecotourism development can also provide multiplier effects on improving the welfare of local communities, both directly and indirectly [2].
However, tourism development directed at marine ecotourism in Indonesia has not shown optimal results, and the participation of stakeholders is low. Even if it develops, it also causes conflict between stakeholders and follows by environmental degradation, which can threaten the sustainability of marine resources and the sustainability of marine tourism activities [3,4].
Marine ecotourism in Hoga Island managed by Operation Wallacea in partnership with Alam Wakatobi Foundation is currently increasing from year to year, especially from overseas. Inevitably, the research tourism activities carried out with the concept of ecotourism have had an economic impact on tourism managers, local communities, and the local government of Wakatobi Regency.
The relationship of the local community with Operation Wallacea and Alam Wakatobi is still going well until now, thanks to the opportunity to work and strive given to the community. While the relationship with Wakatobi National Park is still ongoing both with the entry tax (entrance fee), which is routinely paid annually.
The development of marine ecotourism using an integrated approach involving the private sector, government, and society in a harmonious synergistic relationship needs to be done so that the marine ecotourism developed can be sustainable [5][6][7]. The harmonious relationship of synergy can only be realized if the stakeholders involved synergize, and each of the benefits from the developed marine ecotourism activities [8] However, the involvement of stakeholders such as the government and the community through partnerships that have been built has not been able to guarantee the sustainability of ecotourism activities in the Wakatobi Islands, especially those in Hoga Island. Therefore, so that marine ecotourism activities in Hoga Island can be developed sustainably, it is necessary to conduct research on the analysis of the sustainability marine ecotourism of coral reef resources for integrated based among stakeholders.

Method
This research was conducted from August to November 2013, using primary and secondary data. Primary data is collected through direct surveys in the field, also by using questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and through focus group discussions (FGD). Secondary data was obtained from TNC-WWF Wakatobi, Fisheries and Marine Service of Wakatobi Regency, Tourism Office of Wakatobi Regency, District Revenue Service of Wakatobi Regency, BAPPEDA Kab. Wakatobi and BPS Kab. Wakatobi.
The number of respondents taken in this study was 79 people, according to the Slovin formula [9]. The method of determining respondents uses purposive sampling method by looking at stakeholder involvement in marine ecotourism activities. The sample groups in this study include managers of marine ecotourism, tourists, local communities, and government agencies, and policymakers related to the development of marine ecotourism in the Wakatobi Regency. 0=do not want to be labor; 1=want to be labor; 2=want to be labor with high-paying

Sustainability Analysis
The level of sustainability of marine ecotourism management based on the integration of stakeholders (government, private sector, and local community) is analyzed using multivariate or multidimensional scaling (MDS) methods, namely by incorporating various variables or attributes that are appropriate in the management of integrated and sustainable marine ecotourism. Stage I is reviewing attributes, namely identifying conditions and ideal goals to be achieved from each contribution between stakeholders. Identification will produce several attributes that will be used to determine the sustainability status of marine ecotourism based on stakeholder integration. The attributes based on the interaction of contributions from the three stakeholders studied are then compared with the ideal conditions to determine the level of sustainability of marine ecotourism management. This ideal condition is obtained from the analysis of suitability and carrying capacity, as well as the economic value of ecotourism, as well as tracking secondary data according to the needs of attributes ( Table 1). Stage II scoring or ranking, namely giving in the form of a "bad" value if the most unfavorable conditions in the management of marine tourism, and can also be a "good" value on the other hand, which conditions the management of marine tourism the most profitable. Between these two extreme values, there is usually one or more intermediate values, depending on the number of ranks on each attribute.
Stage III determines the scale of the sustainability index, which is by entering the value of the results of multidimensional scaling analysis to the sustainability index scale that has a value of 0-100. The categories used are four sustainability scales, namely unsustainable (1 -25), potentially unsustainable (25,1 -50), potentially sustainable (50,1 -75), sustainable (75,1 -100) [10].
Stage IV sensitivity analysis was conducted to see the most sensitive attributes contributing to the sustainability index of marine ecotourism management.

Government contribution to the community
The results of ordination attributes of government contributions to the community have a value of 52.7 (potentially sustainable) (Figure 1). This is because the Government of Wakatobi Regency does not yet have a local regulation that regulates community involvement in work and / or business in the marine ecotourism sector; The capacity building of the community carried out by the Wakatobi Government to support marine ecotourism has been carried out at least twice, namely training in souvenir making in 2005 and 2007 and cooking training in 2008; Awareness of the preservation of coral reefs and protected biota as marine tourism objects has often been carried out by Coral Reef Management and Rehabilitation Program (Coremap) II Wakatobi from 2007 -2011 (sensitive attributes, Root Mean Square / RMS = 24.56); The Wakatobi Regional Government has never provided stimulant assistance to trigger community involvement in the marine ecotourism sector.
The root of unsustainable tourism development is at the local level, so to achieve sustainable tourism development in developing countries, at the local level requires strong political support and local government needs confidence in the decision-making process [11] [12].
Furthermore, [13] said that tourism conditions could not be classified as sustainable development if the results do not consider the quality of life of local communities.

Local community contribution to government
Ordination of local community contribution attributes to the government has a 44.7 (potentially unsustainable) marine ecotourism sustainability index (Figure 1). This is due to the attitude of the community to approve the policy of the local government to make the tourism sector the leading sector in Wakatobi, but less participating because of lack of capital; The attitude of the community also approves the government's efforts to preserve coral reefs and marine biota for the sustainability of marine ecotourism; Local people were apparently not willing to pay their homestay taxes to the Wakatobi Regional Government on the grounds that taxes had been paid by Alam Wakatobi; Local people also try to preserve their local culture, but not the main goal as a tourist attraction.
The results of leverage analysis show that all attributes influence the sustainability index because of the results of the analysis of leverage > 1. Therefore, if you want to increase the sustainability index in terms of community contributions to the government, the four attributes must be intervened, especially the public awareness to pay homestay taxes to the government and attitudes the community has to do with the conservation of coral reefs.

Local community contribution to the private sector
The results of the sustainability analysis of marine ecotourism on Hoga Island in terms of community contributions to the private sector received a value of 54.0 (potentially sustainable) (Figure 1). This is because the attitude of the local community towards tourists visiting Hoga Island is very open and tourists mingle with the community safely; While the attitude of the community towards marine ecotourism managers is mediocre; In general, local people who do not have permanent jobs want to be involved in becoming workers in the marine ecotourism sector, but due to limited human resource capacity so that there are still limited employment opportunities for local communities; The community knows zoning or special tourism areas but does not comply with its signs.
According to [14] [12] that the level of community participation in tourism activities is strongly influenced by human and financial capabilities, as well as the tastes or goals of the community towards tourism activities. These factors can also be a trigger for conflicts between communities and tourism activities.
The results of the leverage analysis show that the four attributes used to influence the sustainability of marine ecotourism based on the integration of stakeholders on Hoga Island.

Private sector contribution to the local community
The sustainability analysis of private contributions to the community gets a sustainability value of 87.1 (sustainable) (Figure 1). This is because the land used by Alam Wakatobi / Opwall is 2 hectares in the area to develop marine ecotourism on Hoga Island using community land rented annually at Rp. 75 million; Opwall routinely provides social assistance to the community for the celebration of independence around Rp. 3 million and non-routine assistance to repair village infrastructure; Opwall also involved 78 people from the local Bajo community working and around 20 people who opened businesses related to marine ecotourism activities on Hoga Island; Local people employed at Alam Wakatobi / Opwall have relatively the same income as the regional minimum wage (UMR) of Rp 950 thousand / month in Wakatobi.
The results of leverage analysis if sustainability is to be improved, the private sector increases opportunities and provides access to the community to work and do business in the marine ecotourism sector on Hoga Island.

Private sector contribution to government
The results of the sustainability analysis conducted from private contributions to the government get a value of 68.5 (potentially sustainable) (Figure 1). This is because the tax that goes into the Wakatobi Regional Government's cash from marine ecotourism activities on Hoga Island is paid not in accordance with the target of the regional government achievement; Opwall / Alam Wakatobi has also provided 2 inputs (suggestions) for policies to develop ecotourism on Hoga Island.
Operation Wallacea has also contributed to promoting the beauty of Hoga Island coral reefs internationally to the world through its headquarters in the UK.