Influence of tillage methods on crop productivity in the second rotation of crop rotations

The article presents the results of studying the minimum methods of soil cultivation in a stationary experiment on the gray forest heavy loam soil of the southern part of the Volga-Vyatka region of Russia. Based on the conducted research, it was found that on gray forest soils in adaptive landscape agriculture of the Chuvash Republic, it is advisable to replace the traditional method of soil cultivation (based on dump plowing) with resource-saving methods. This is primarily the use of minimum-1 and 2 methods of soil treatment, where combined tillage units KOS-3 and BDM-4-3.2 are used.


Introduction
Currently, farmers face more acute problems of resource conservation, ecology, profitability of production, preservation and improvement of soil fertility. Under these conditions, the issues of soil cultivation, plant care, and use of post-harvest plant residues, accumulation and conservation of soil moisture, control of diseases, plant pests and weeds, and protection of soils from water erosion are raised in a new way. The transition to resource-saving technologies of soil cultivation is caused by a sharp increase in the cost of material and technical means produced by the industry, as well as high prices for fuel and lubricants. Cost reduction in the cultivation of agricultural crops is achieved by replacing ploughing with non-fallow loosening, reducing or combining operations during spring processing [1,2].
The annual use of dump methods of soil treatment requires large expenditures of energy resources and labor, so it does not fully meet modern ideas about resource-saving technologies for cultivating agricultural crops [3]. In the conditions of the right Bank of the Volga river of the Volga-Vyatka region of Russia, where intensive water-erosion processes occur on the arable land, plowing contributes to the flushing of the soil during periods when the field surface is not occupied by a closed plant mass. Piled and split furrows formed when plowing by the corral method stimulate the development of trickle erosion on the arable land, and the Shuttle plowing method is possible only in the presence of turning and turning plows, which have not yet found wide distribution.
The main treatment (plowing) of the soil, while remaining the most energy-intensive and long-term method in the cultivation technology, still does not sufficiently meet the requirements of maximum moisture accumulation and moisture conservation, energy conservation, and does not meet the requirements of sparing impact on the soil and the environment. The main direction of improving the soil treatment system is its adaptation to specific soil climatic conditions, cultivated crops, types and types of crop rotations [4,5]. Minimum soil protection treatment is one of the most important methods of energy saving in agriculture, and the concept of minimum treatment should be developed as a natural and soil protection [6,7]. To identify the most effective ways of the basic minimum tillage compared to traditional cultivation in the major grain and leguminous crops, potatoes in crop rotations with a clean and sidereal in the Chuvash Research Agricultural Institute -Branch of "Federal Agricultural Research Centre of the North-East named N.V. Rudnitskogo" is held stationary two-factor experience. Where the study is widely used in the Chuvash Republic minimum methods of basic soil cultivation: classic or traditional (control), minimum-1, minimum-2 and minimum-3 in two field crop rotations on gray forest soil.
The purpose of the research is to identify the influence of minimal methods of soil treatment on water-air regimes and agrophysical properties of the soil.

Materials and methods
The research was conducted according to the guidelines for conducting scientific research in agriculture, crop production and Agrochemistry [8].
In order to identify the most effective minimal methods of basic tillage in comparison with traditional cultivation of main grain and leguminous crops, potatoes in crop rotations with pure and sidereal, a two factor stationary experiment is conducted in the Chuvash Research Agricultural Institute -Branch of the FANC North-East (table 1). Where we study the most widespread in the Chuvash Republic minimum methods of basic tillage: classic or traditional (control), minimum-1, minimum-2 and minimum-3 in two field crop rotations on gray forest soil. Spring The stationary experiment is located on the weakly morphological slope of the North-Eastern exposure with a weakly expressed microrelief. The soil of the experimental site is gray forest, heavy loam, slightly washed on loess-like cover loam. Humus content-5.5 %, mobile phosphorus-125 mg / kg, exchange potassium -146 mg / kg, soil acidity -5.3.
The traditional or classic method of tillage is a control option. Agricultural techniques for cultivating crops in crop rotations are generally accepted for the natural and climatic conditions of the Chuvash Republic in Russia [5], with the exception of the studied treatments. Grinding of by-products is mandatory. The unit Pauk-6 carried out pre-sowing tillage to a depth of 6 cm. Herbicides were used against weed vegetation. Made fertilizers under crops: according to N40P40K40, under potatoes N60P60K60 [6].
Agrometeorological conditions in the years of the study had a big difference: in 2012 and 2013, the temperature regime and soil moisture conditions were good; 2014, 2015 and 2016 were dry, and in 2017, there was an excess of moisture.

Results
Minimum-2 variants of tillage resulted in lower yields of spring wheat in crop rotations by 0.38 t / ha, while minimum-3 it decreased by 0.53 and 0.59 t / ha (table 2). The highest yield of spring wheat (4.18-4.33 t / ha) in 2012 were received grain crop rotation rotation in classical and minimum-1 method of tillage.
The highest yield of winter wheat grain in 2014 was on both crop rotations with classic, minimum-1 and minimum-2 variants of soil treatment. Where its yield was in the grain crop rotation from 3.96 to 4.14 t / ha, and in the grain crop rotation it was in the range from 4.05 to 4.23 t / ha (table 2). During these treatments, the productivity of winter wheat was at the same level, or the difference is within the error of experience. The minimum-3 method of processing in crop rotations led to a decrease in yield. In the grain crop rotation, it decreased by 0.36 t / ha or 9.1 % compared to plowing, in the grain crop rotation by 0.35 t / ha or 8 %.
The maximum yield of potatoes in both crop rotations in natural and climatic conditions in 2017 was under the classic version of soil cultivation, where its yield was 22.7 t / ha in the grain crop rotation and 24.3 t / ha in the seed crop rotation. The minimum-1 and minimum-2 methods of tillage led to a decrease in potato yield in crop rotations: by 5.6 and 5.9 t / ha with a minimum-1, by 5.6 and 7.1 t / ha with a minimum-2. The minimum-3 method of tillage in crop rotations led to the greatest reduction in yield. In the grain crop rotation, it decreased by 9.4 t/ha or 41 %, in the grain-lateral crop rotation by 9.6 t / ha, i.e. by 40 %.
The highest yield of barley in both crop rotations was in the classic version of tillage, where its yield was 3.96 t / ha in the grain crop rotation, and 4.04 t/ha in the grain crop rotation. The minimum-1 and 2 variants of tillage led to a decrease in the yield of barley in crop rotations: by 0.22 and 0.27 t / ha. The minimum-3 system of tillage in crop rotations led to the greatest reduction in yield. In the grain crop rotation, it decreased by 0.98 t / ha or 25 %, in the grain crop rotation by 0.91 t / ha, i.e. by 23 %. The best indicators of productivity of spring vetch in both crop rotations were in the classic version of soil cultivation, where its yield was 2.53 t / ha in the grain crop rotation, and 2.65 t/ha in the grain crop rotation. Minimal tillage options resulted in reduced vetch yields in crop rotations from 0.27 to 0.48 t / ha.