Challenges in initiating Tarsius fuscus’ creative ecotourism at Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park

Tarsius fuscus (tarsier) has a high potential to be developed as a tourism attraction at Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park (Babul NP). This study aims to identify challenges in developing sustainable tourism of Tarsius fuscus. Surveys, interviews, and documentation methods were employed in collecting data. Data were analyzed quantitatively and by using descriptive analysis, potential tourism analysis, internal factor and external factor evaluation analysis, and the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis. Babul NP has potential resources that can be used to enhance tourism, such as Tarsius fuscus that serves as the main attraction, its habitat’ beautiful panorama, and local communities who can play a role in tourism. Nevertheless, the initiation and development of tarsier tourism face difficulties because infrastructure is limited, it is not a primary program of the management, tarsiers are not popular among tourists, and promotion is limited. It requires management effort and great advertising. It also needs to use all of the potency, especially using abandoned potency such as culture and tradition of the local community. It opens the opportunity of tourists to involve actively (co-creation) in tourism. This strategy to initiate and develop this tourism will form a new model and innovation of tourism, namely Tarsius fuscus creative eco-tourism.


Introduction
Primates have the potential to attract tourists. Several primates, classified as great apes such as chimpanzees [1,2] and gorillas [3,4] in Afrika, and also orangutans [5,6] in Indonesia, have become top tourist attractions. Other primates, classified as lesser apes such as yellow-crested gibbons [7], and primates classified as old-world monkeys like wild Barbary macaques in Morocco [8], Tibetan macaques in China [9,10], snow monkeys in Japan [11], and also primates classified as Strepsirrhini such as lemurs in Madagascar [10,12], and loris [13] also attract tourists.
Sulawesi Island has diverse species of primates, especially from the Tarsiidae family. The southwestern arm of Sulawesi island is the habitat of small primate endemic, namely Makassar tarsier (Tarsius fuscus) [18]. The existence of this species in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park (Babul NP) was confirmed several years ago (personal interview, 2008). The usage of this species as tourism

Tarsius fuscus tourism potential analysis.
Indicator and sub-indicator referred to potential tourism by a modified of [23] and a modified of ADO-ODTWA (Operational Area Analysis -Naturebased Tourism Objects and Attraction) guidelines [24]. In contrast, the preparation of indicators included indicators, sub-indicators, variables, criteria, and weight scores of T. fuscus' internal and external tourism resources is carried out through discussions toward local experts and officers [25]. The analysis includes a level of potential of T. fuscus as a tourist attraction, level of potential of the area as a location to develop T. fuscus tourism, and determining which site has the best potential as T. fuscus tourism destination.
The potency of T. fuscus as a tourist attraction was analyzed by grouping and scoring the internal of T. fuscus' aspect and their habitat aspect. Variable and scoring of T. fuscus' potential as a tourist attraction and determining the location as a tourist destination can be seen in Appendix A.
Grouping of T. fuscus as an attraction was conducted by calculating a maximum scoring minus minimum scoring and divided by maximum value of the variable. The result showed that value ranges for low, middle, and high potential are <13, 13-22, and >22, respectively.
The level of potential location base on the scoring of the external aspect of each location shows in Appendix B, which referred to a modified ADO-ODTWA [24]. The grouping procedure of location potential as a tourism destination is the same as that grouping of T. fuscus as an attraction. The result showed that the value ranges of the potential location as a tourism destination for low, middle, and high potentials are <17, 17-26, and >26, respectively.
The appropriate locations as a tourism destination were analyzed by combining the result analysis of T. fuscus in particular habitat as an attraction and the result analysis of potential location for T. fuscus tourism. The value range for grouping of the suitable locations as a tourist destination is <29 for low potential; 29-49 for middle potential; and>49 for high potential.

Analysis of internal and external factor evaluation.
This analysis refers to [26,27] aims to create a matrix that contains internal factors, namely the strengths and weaknesses of the forest area that has potency as a location for Tarsius fuscus tourism. This matrix also contains the evaluation of external factors that have an influence on the initiation of T. fuscus tourism. The external factors are opportunities and threats for each location. Total judgment value for internal and external factors have 1.0 point, which was measured based on observation, documentation, and interviews on each internal and external factor. Both factors were assessed using weight value. Weighting value for strength and opportunity used four values (4 = best/high strength; 3 = good/strength; value 2 = weak, and 1 = very weak). The assessment is the same as for a positive factor to assess weaknesses and threats factors, but the value is negated. Therefore, an area within the highest negative value is an area that has the lowest weakness and threats.

SWOT Analysis.
The strategy to develop Tarsius fuscus tourism was analyzed by using the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) method [26,27] to investigate four strategy initiations of T. fuscus tourism. [28] stated four strategies, namely (1) strength-opportunity (SO), which uses internal strength to catch outside opportunity; (2) weakness-opportunity, which aims to minimize internal weakness by utilizing external opportunity; (3) strength-threat, which aims to reduce or avoid impact from the external threat by using internal strength; (4) and weakness-threat, which aims to reduce internal weakness and avoid external threat.

Results
3.1.1. The potential of T. fuscus and habitat. The result showed that all locations were suitable as a good habitat for T. fuscus. Result of duet song or vocalization in the morning showed that a lot of T. fuscus groups occupied locations. Observation on T. fuscus only can be conducted in a short time in the afternoon. The small size and wild behavior of T. fuscus caused it hard to observe. However, there are groups of T. fuscus, which are benign that can be observed at close range and in a long duration. An excellent opportunity to observe T. fuscus in natural habitat becomes a benefit and support of the initiation of T. fuscus tourism. Another supporting factor is a beautiful panorama of habitat, Karaenta, and Pattunuang Assue are a karst area with a charming tower karst landscape. Pattunuang Assue is a tourist location that is managed well by the Babul NP.
The existence of surrounding communities that have local customs and culture (such as a variety of languages, traditional foods, dances, songs, traditional clothing), is interesting to develop as a tourist attraction. Packaging attractively those things will support and enrich the types of tourist activities. It will increase the interest of tourists to be actively involved in a variety of tourist activities. These various advantages cause research locations to have a high score. High category value (> 22), shows that all research sites are considered feasible to develop as T. fuscus tourism. T. fuscus tourism plans have been included in the Babul National Park agenda, but unfortunately, this is not yet optimal to be one of the main tourist attractions. There are no adequate T. fuscus tourism facilities, facilities that allow tourists to observe T. fuscus are two research cages used by the Environment and Forestry Research and Development Makassar to study T. fuscus.
Therefore, the unavailability of supporting facilities of T. fuscus tourism, made only Pattunuang Assue have a high category (value > 26) to become a destination for developing T. fuscus tourism. Two locations have a middle category. The holistic assessment, including internal and external factors, resulted in two appropriate locations (value > 49) for developing T. fuscus tourism, which is Karaenta and Pattunuang Assue, as seen in Table 1.   Table 3 shows an assessment of the internal weakness of each potential location for the initiation of T. fuscus tourism. It showed that Pattunuang Assue was a location which has the lowest value of weakness. Thus it became the best location compared to other sites.
2. Education level of community is low 3. There is no promotion and no involvement of stakeholder to promote tourism . Human resources quality of T. fuscus tourism management is low Level of difficulties and travelling time to destination candidate of T. fuscus tourism The result of the assessment of external opportunity factors in each location that influences the initiation of T. fuscus tourism shows in Table 4. This table shows that Pattunuang Assue has the highest external opportunity in initiating tourism.  Other external factors, such as threats in each location, were assessed. Table 5 describes the value of the threat in each location that shows Pattunuang Assue is the location within the lowest threats.  (Table 6). The value at Quadrant I gives excellent benefits because the initiation for developing T. fuscus tourism has high strength and a good opportunity. Figure 1 shows that this condition should be utilized.   The best strategy for developing T. fuscus tourism in Pattunuang Assue and Karaenta was an aggressive or growth-oriented strategy, following the initiation position to develop T. fuscus tourism in Quadrant I. [26] and [29] explained that SO strategies utilize the fact that power can help in taking advantage of external opportunities. Therefore, developing T. fuscus tourism should be started quickly, not only by using T. fuscus and their beautiful habitat but also by using the biodiversity of T. fuscus' food. Developing tourism can also utilize local culture, culinary, and openness of the community. Utilizing these supporting factors enriches tourism attraction.

Discussions 3.2.1. Decision on the type of T. fuscus tourism based on the SWOT method.
It is essential to determine the type and role model to initiate T. fuscus tourism. Several tourism models in Indonesia can be adopted in creating T. fuscus tourism. The first model of tourism, which is derived from a statement in Regulation Number 10 2009 [30] called tourism. It is defined as a traveling activity carried out by a person or group by visiting a particular place for recreational purposes, personal development, or learning the uniqueness of the tourist attraction in a temporary period [31]. This regulation emphasizes the uniqueness of tourism; thus, adopting this term in T. fuscus tourism only considers the internal factor of T. fuscus, such as the uniqueness.
The second model is nature tourism, which is stated in Government Regulation Number 36 2010 [32]. Nature tourism is defined as a traveling activity or part of these activities, which is voluntary and temporary to enjoy the symptoms of uniqueness and natural beauty in the area of wildlife reserves, national parks, grand forest parks, and nature tourism parks [32]. This regulation considers the uniqueness and beauty of the area. Therefore, T. fuscus tourism applies this term by considering the uniqueness and beautiful landscape of Tarsius' habitat.
The third model of tourism, which is derived from a statement in Government Regulation Number 28 2011 concerning Management of Nature Reserves and Nature Conservation Areas, accommodates tourism in a conservation area such as National Park [33]. This regulation opens the opportunity to create tourism in a conservation area such as T. fuscus tourism at National Park.
Nevertheless, the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 33/2009 mandates to adopt eco-tourism in the conservation area [34]. This regulation stated that eco-tourism is a nature tourism activity which has a responsibility to educate, and support effort to conserve natural resources, and increase the income of local communities [34]. The regulation clearly explained that eco-tourism is not just a trip to enjoy the beauty and uniqueness of nature or just traveling, or an adventurous tour or nature tour. It arises because tourism activities, including enjoying nature, may have positive consequences on various aspects, such as aspects of responsibility for the preservation of natural resources and the environment, education, understanding, as well as support for the surrounding community. In this term, eco-tourism has a deeper meaning and application rather than tourism and nature tourism. Therefore, eco-tourism is the best model for the conservation area. Adopting eco-tourism in T. fuscus tourism become an alternative model. This fourth model considers the uniqueness of T. fuscus, beauty and richness of habitat, a responsibility to maintain sustainability, and benefits to the society around the forest.
Based on SWOT analysis ( Table 7), showed that involving society around the forest, creating T. fuscus tourism is the best option. They are the closest stakeholder who is essential in maintaining the sustainability of T. fuscus. They also have interesting cultures such as Bugis-Makassar traditional house, dance, clothes, various languages, wisdom, norms, and culinary traditions, which enrich tourism attraction. According to [35] and [36], the involvement of those aspects as tourist attractions are forms of cultural tourism. T. fuscus tourism model that combines eco-tourism dan cultural tourism is new and becomes a fifth alternative model. It emphasizes the eco-tourism goal that empowers local communities and promotes their distinctive features, and to encourage their awareness to preserve forest around them, especially T. fuscus and its habitat.
Other stakeholders directly involved with T. fuscus tourism are tourists. Tourists often do not want to be merely passive viewers when traveling. They usually want to be directly involved and take  10 an active role in tourist activities. For example, tourists take part in traditional cooking activities or in learning traditional dances and songs. They even engage in challenging activities that require skills and patience, such as sarong (traditional clothes) making. Tourism that opens opportunities for the involvement of tourists in tourism activities is called creative tourism [37][38][39][40].
Tourist participation in tourism activities is an exciting feature of creative tourism. Creative tourism is defined as tourism, which offers tourists the opportunity to develop their creative potential through active participation in courses and learning experiences, which are the characteristics of the destination where they are undertaken [41]. [42] defines creative tourism as directed towards an engaged and authentic experience, with participative learning in the arts, heritage, or unique character of a place, and it provides a connection with those who reside in this place and create this living culture. Thus, creative tourism allows all parties to participate actively and interact in creating tourism. In creative tourism, tourists are no longer passive and just enjoying tourist attractions. Besides, tourists no longer return home with only bring souvenirs. Creative tourism allows tourists to gain different experiences with higher levels of satisfaction and valuable experiences. According to [43], this is because tourists can be actively involved and interact directly in learning local skills, expertise, traditions, and various unique things located at the destination. Tourists can participate in creating tourism activities (co-creation) [44,45].
Creative tourism has been applied to many tourism developments, for example, ex-situ conservation areas such as the botanical garden [46], natural areas [47,48], and conservation areas such as national parks [37], which applied the principle of eco-tourism in tourism. Creative tourism can even be found in animal-based tourism [49,50]. Implementation of creative eco-tourism in various tourism sectors, especially along with the implementation of eco-tourism due to the principle of creative tourism, is in line with eco-tourism. Eco-tourism requires the existence of understanding and responsibility aspects for the preservation of natural resources and the environment, as well as concern and support for the surrounding community. This is in line with the principles of creative tourism that opens opportunities for the creativity of the parties involved. It can connect to nature and the local community as a part of the attraction. In this case, [51] expected that stakeholders appreciate a variety of wildlife and natural areas as creative ecosystems, so they can actively produce various creative ideas and activities that care towards the preservation of natural resources and the community around. [52] stated that the number of tourists who want to experience tourism activities actively is increasing. Based on SWOT analysis, T. fuscus tourism opens an opportunity for tourists to involve actively. Involving tourists in tourism (creative tourism) adds a unique and innovative form of tourism, namely creative eco-tourism, which includes eco-tourism, cultural tourism, and creative tourism. Creative eco-tourism becomes a sixth alternative model of T. fuscus tourism. This model involves the participation of all stakeholders. Therefore, it becomes the best model for T. fuscus tourism. The existence of T. fuscus creative eco-tourism will capture market opportunities. It will bring tourists who will not only learn about animal conservation and be concerned with the environment but who will also actively involved and determine tourism activities (co-creation). For example, learn traditional dance, food, and cultural values. Furthermore, tourists will learn the local wisdom of the community in preserving the environment. Table 8 shows the alternative of the creative eco-tourism activities of T. fuscus. Many alternative attractions and opportunities involve tourists and the community in the T. fuscus creative eco-tourism; this form of tourism will have an excellent opportunity to advance tourism in Babul NP.

Conclusion
Tarsius fuscus has high potency as a tourism attraction. It supported by the existence of T. fuscus, which can be watched at close range within a beautiful panorama of habitat. Community around it also has a culture that enriches attraction diversity. However, initiation of developing eco-tourism that focuses on T. fuscus faces difficulties, such as infrastructure is limited, it is not a primary program of the management, tarsiers are not popular among tourists, and promotion is limited. Therefore, the development of tarsier tourism requires management effort and great advertising. It needs strategies, such as creating new and innovative tourism that promotes the involvement of the local community,