Food security and sustainable agriculture

Responding to the increase of the world population, food availability in developing countries will need to increase, 60% by 2030 and double by 2050. These figures are equivalent to 42% and 70% growth in global food production, respectively. Many Indonesian lived in poor rural areas especially children still experience malnourished, underweight and suffer from stunted growth. This paper discusses food security issues from the perspective of sustainable agriculture, its challenges and policies supporting the efforts to sustain food security. The paper also compares the food security concept with food sovereignty related to the production aspect and the sustainability of the supply chain and accessibility of the food.


Introduction
World food demand shows a tendency to increase faster than supply. FAO [1] estimates that food needs for developing countries will increase by 60% in 2030 and double by 2050, or equivalent to the need for an increase in world production by 42% in 2030 and 70% in 2050. An increase in food demand due to an increase in world population according to the scenario of the world population will increase by 73 million people each year between 1995-2020, this means an increase of 32% in this period, so it is estimated that the world population will reach 7.5 billion people in 2020 [2]. A sharp increase in food needs will cause an increase in the price of all types of food, so the number of poor people in the population increases [2].
At present, the number of people in the world who are poor and need food every day is around 1 billion people (more than 15% of the population), because they cannot access the food needed for a healthy and productive life. They have no right to get enough food, it is thereby causing malnutrition to co-occur among populations in developing countries [3]. While malnutrition is around 2 billion people and obese people reach more than 1.5 billion people [1]. In addition, long-term nutritional deficiencies can also cause stunting in children due to a lack of consumption of nutritious foods needed for normal growth [4]. Paradoxically, where an increase in food production continues, the population continues to increase and agricultural efficiency is in demand [5].
The food crisis is also exacerbated in the short term that occurred due to a significant increase in food commodity prices. The world food crisis began in 2007 which was marked by a surge in figures taken. Then followed by a 'surprise' the price of food in mid-2008 caused more and more people who were unable to support food at high prices so that in 2009 there was a very significant increase in numbers [1]. This event was triggered by the issue of climate change in several producing countries, low national food prices, and the conversion of food to biofuel energy.
The failure of supply to meet increasing demand causes an imbalance and the world agricultural system, the cause of this structural imbalance is multiply. On the other side, supporting the support factor is the inadequacy of agricultural funding sources, and the government, as well as donor countries to developing countries, so investment in agriculture is very limited. Despite the demand, people's purchasing power, on the other side, is low due to high poverty rates.
The issue of food security is not only related to how to produce enough food to meet needs but also concerns on how to meet the physical and economic needs of the entire population for food. All residents must be able to access both physically and economically to sufficient, safe food to meet the nutritional needs of their activities and healthy life. In fact, many people who buy good enough food are good, because they don't have money to buy groceries.
The problem of food security remains the most important challenge facing the world in this century, including in Indonesia. According to the World Bank, 46 percent of Indonesians live on less than $ 2 per day [6]. Seventy percent of the poor live in rural areas. For these people fluctuations in the price of food or fuel can be very serious. While the level of malnutrition has fallen, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), nearly 20 million Indonesians are still malnourished. Twenty-eight percent of Indonesian children are underweight and 42 percent suffer from stunted growth.

Food security and food sovereignty concepts
Food security, as defined by the United Nations' Committee on World Food Security, "means that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life " • High Food Security: household had no problems, or anxiety about, consistently accessing adequate food • Marginal food security: Households have problems or anxiety at times about accessing adequate food, but their quality, variety, and quantity of their food are not reduced sustainability • Low food security Household reduced the quality, variety, and desirability of their diets, but the quantity of food intake and normal eating patterns were not sustainability disrupted • Very low food sustainability: at a time during the year, eating patterns of one or more household members were disrupted and food intake reduced because the household lacked money or other resources for food The pillars of food security indicators are availability, access, and consumption. The policy to strengthen food security is very much needed by identifying strategic commodities that need to be prioritized, then undertaking development efforts [7]. According to Mount et al. as cited in Molla [8], food security policies from the government should focus on four things, namely (i) Availability; (ii) Affordability; (iii) Nutritional and health value; and (iv) Security. Meanwhile, according to Chee and Wong [9], food security involves four aspects, namely (i) Availability; (ii) Access; (iii) Utilization; and (iv) Stability.
The Indonesian Food Security Council [10] established general policies for national food security in 2010-1014: (i) Increasing the availability and handling of food insecurity; (ii) Improving the distribution system and stability of food prices; and (iii) Increasing the fulfillment of consumption and food security needs. Whereas the national food security development strategy refers to the national development strategy in the RPJMN, known as the 'triple-track strategy' namely (i) Pro-growth: Encouraging economic growth acceleration through increased investment and exports; (ii) Pro-job: Job creation; and (iii) Pro-poor: To reduce poverty and inequality through revitalization of the agriculture and rural sectors and the development of small and medium businesses.
Food sovereignty is the right of people to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through environmentally friendly and ecological methods, and their right to determine their own food and agricultural systems.

Food sovereignty versus food security
Food sovereignty was born in response to activist disappointment at food security, the dominant global discourse on food supply and policy. The latter emphasizes access to adequate nutrition for all, which may be available domestically or from imports. For efficiency and increased productivity, therefore, it is tasked to promote what is called the "food corporation regime": large-scale agricultural enterprises, specialized production-based industries, land concentration, and trade liberalization. Fears of food security on the political economy of the corporate regime blinded him to the adverse effects of the regime, especially the falsification of small producers and global ecological degradation.
Haiti can be seen as a case study. Rural to urban migration has reflected the transition from subsistence agriculture to factory labor. Farmers are forced to take this step because Miami imports heavy rice, where traditionally grown rice cannot compete in the local market. In 2008, Haiti imported 80 percent of its rice, making them very vulnerable to price and supply fluctuations. When the price of rice tripled in 2008, many Haitians could not afford it.
Writing in Food First's Backgrounder, 2003, Peter Rosset argued that "food sovereignty goes beyond the concept of food security. [Food security] means that ... [everyone] must have certainty to eat enough every day ... but do not mention about where the food comes from or how the product is produced. Food sovereignty includes support for small farmers and for livestock, fisheries, etc., collectively, rather than industrializing these sectors in minimum global economic regulations.
In another publication, Food First described "food sovereignty" as "a platform" for rural revitalization at the global level based on equitable distribution of agricultural land and water, farmer control over seeds, and productive small-scale agriculture that supplies consumers with healthy and local food.

Food security policy
According to Behnassi and Sanni [2], to overcome the problem of the food crisis requires a 'strong' government and care to encourage the policy and food production systems related to economy, agriculture, science, and technology. Therefore, the problem of food security cannot be solved only from a local and national perspective but must be in a global perspective. In other words, a 'strong' government that can be expected to overcome the problem of food security is the best government in responding to the challenges to achieve food security. The creation of a 'strong' government towards agriculture and food systems at the global, state and local levels is a key strategy for achieving the MGDs agenda to reduce hunger and malnutrition.
To achieve sustainable food security cannot be realized with 'business as usual', but it needs a 'strong' government that is capable of making breakthrough policies. The following are a number of things that need government attention and policy.

Policy on increasing food availability
Food availability from domestic production is production plus imports minus the need for consumption, feed, seeds, and scattered as well as exports. So the government needs to pay attention and set appropriate policies related to increased production, handling exports/imports, reducing yield losses, and utilizing land and marine resources. Policies that need attention are as follows:

Agricultural planning and food security policies to increase food availability.
The majority of policymakers support the provision of adequate food at low prices. This kind of policy seems good for the public, but it is not attractive for the development of agri-food companies, because it does not promise profit. Centralistic agricultural planning as practiced by most developing countries that is more aimed at encouraging commodity-based farming systems to meet their food needs, may not provide positive benefits for food security. Research in agriculture is needed for the benefit of agricultural intensification. Many farming systems are carried out with inappropriate practices and cause externalities. Organic farming, as well as various forms and other agricultural techniques, are carried out to produce healthy food and maintain environmental balance, but these methods often provide smaller benefits, making it difficult to develop. Agriculture in the 20 th century tends to be designed for efficiency purposes, with mechanization, and more specialization encourages monoculture businesses, especially primary food to keep food prices low. This policy led to the emergence of high-tech and all-round agriculture with the use of human labor significantly reduced. This tendency seems good, but it causes a lot of pollution and chemical residues that endanger humans. In addition, efforts to increase food production and other agricultural commodities are carried out through the acquisition of higher yields per unit land, water, energy and time. This can cause various ecological problems to be ignored.

Preventing food loss (stop wasteful habits).
Food loss was found to occur everywhere, from planting to consumption. For example (i) crop losses occur due to being eaten by pests, (ii) losses at harvest are still very high, for example, rice plants in Indonesia are estimated to be between 10-15% losses at harvest, (iii) post-harvest losses from drying to processing, and (iv) the biggest is loss when consumed. Harvesting with a mechanized system causes yield loss, even more so if the harvest is done in inappropriate time, for example, harvesting before reaching physiological maturity, or after weaving too mature will increase the lost proportion. Post-harvest loss is also quite large, but difficult to predict. A big enough loss (maybe the biggest) is food thrown away. This type of loss has not received attention, even though the amount is very large. We witnessed at parties, many people took food and did not finish it, every time there was a meeting at the offices of government agencies, as well as private and seminars that served rice meals for participants, after finishing eating, if all the checks were found surely many leftovers both rice and side dishes, all the food scraps are finally discarded. The remnants of food wasted in the world are estimated to reach trillions of dollars, in the USA and the UK wasted food reaches a value of $ 63 billion [8]. Habits like this must be stopped and there is needs to be an "anti-wasting food" movement, don't let food be wasted, while many people are starving, even 25,000 people die of hunger every day.

Financing policy.
The credit system and agricultural financing need to be reformed, because of the limitations of financial/financial institutions, many "poor" farmers are faced with the choice of reducing the use of production facilities or borrowing with high interest (bonded). Financial institutions such as banking are still difficult to provide services to farmers, especially constrained by banking regulations that require collateral. While various models of microfinance institutions that have emerged have not been able to provide maximum services for agricultural financing needs.

Food consumption policy
The main problem faced in this aspect in Indonesia is that rice consumption is still very high, balanced nutrition is lacking, aspects of food security are not yet a concern. Rice consumption per capita does have a downward trend, but on the other hand, there is an increase in wheat consumption, so that wheat imports continue to increase. Because it is necessary to handle the following consumption policies:

Improvement of food consumption patterns.
Consumption patterns determine nutritional status and to produce quality human resources, nutrition is very important. Deficiency or excess nutrition can have a negative impact on health. Death can occur due to overconsumption and malnutrition. So it is not only hunger and malnutrition that must be 'fought' but also excess consumption and obesity. WHO [11] reported that in Europe 50% of adults and 20% of children are overweight, while obesity is 16.5% of adults and 7% of children. The population of overweight and obese in the US is even higher, with 65% of adults and 16% of children overweight, and 30% of adults are categorized as obese. To prevent the increase of Indonesia's population from overconsumption and obesity, it is necessary to conduct socialization, promotion through various media so that public awareness to consume balanced nutrition is better.

Diversification policy on food consumption.
Diversification policies for food consumption should focus on reducing rice consumption through the use of local commodities as nutritious alternative foods. The President has issued a Presidential Instruction to accelerate food diversification, but the results have not been as expected, because local commodities have not been utilized properly as an alternative food. As a result, wheat imports continue to increase. The effort that needs to be done is to develop the food industry from local commodities accompanied by the socialization and promotion of food made from local ingredients.

Food security.
Handling of processed food safety is the authority of the Ministry of Health, through the POM, while fresh food is the authority of the Food Security Agency. Both institutions have not been able to protect the public from the use of unsafe foodstuffs, such as food that uses toxic preservatives, and other chemical residues. To protect the public from the use of 'toxic' food items, it is necessary to form a 'food police' or task force that continues to monitor food that is circulating in the market.

Forces of changes
The direction of the policy and efforts to sustain food security can be affected by some aspects. This aspect also will alter the way the food production process in sustainable agriculture. The forces of changes that would likely to give impact on food security and sustainable agriculture are: • Technology and the economics of scale With complicated equipment and technology more specialists, it demands full utilization of expensive skilled operators. Hence, pressures to expand the size of operations in any enterprise are the economies of scale. • The demand for higher wages The pressure taken by society for a better living affects the demand for higher wages. This trend has been greatly increased the costs of inputs and farm labor. On the other hand, technology can reduce costs but increased production beyond market requirements. One reason for this, that it has been the greatly increased variety and availability of other foods, goods, and services making competition more vicious for the consumers. • Shrunken markets at home and overseas Changes in eating habits have all led to changes in consumer demand. Subsidized agriculture overseas for political and self-sufficiency causing farmers in the developing countries even poorer due to bankruptcy. The "green revolution" that happened globally making many countries, who were once importers of large quantities of food, now often have small surpluses for exports • The demand for better product quality Much research and development nowadays have gone into the production of more acceptable goods in the market place. The varieties grown, processing, handling, transport, and marketing have all been changed dramatically. Farmers only develop a product people want to buy. • Rising land values and conversion of agriculture Due to increased population, land prices have risen dramatically and it now pays to get more out investment inland by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, improved varieties, irrigation, etc. This condition increases in the degree of disturbance of the natural ecosystem in order to improve productivity. On the other hand, an increase in population led to a conversion of agriculture land to non-agricultural use (housing, industrial area etc). • Social action and moral persuasion to force better farms There has been a dramatic increase in population along with an increase in the standards of living in much of the world which have led to a greatly increased in the consumption of the resources. There is the possibility of a farmer and his ecosystem for self-destructing.

Conclusion
Efforts in achieving the food security implemented should consider not only the availability of the food in the supply chain for the population but also has to take into account the sustainability of the production process including for the sake of the environmental condition to ensure the food security in the future.