10 years of flood events, study of the adaptation capacity of the people living in the Riparian Area of the Madiun River

The flood disaster is a severe threat to households living in the riparian area of the Madiun River. The flood proved the threat in Madiun River in 2007. For more than 10 (ten) years they remained in settlements in the riparian area of the Madiun River, this situation caused them to adapt to their environmental conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the community, measure the level of knowledge of floods, find out public perceptions, the adaptive capacity of the household occupants of the riparian area of the Madiun River and the local wisdom of the community when facing the threat of floods. Retrieval of data using a questionnaire that was addressed to 100 respondents in the riparian area population randomly selected. The results showed that the knowledge level (94%) and perception (90%) of the public against high floods. The capacity of community adaptation to flood hazards consists of 89% low, 10% moderate, and only 1% which has a high level of adaptation. The local wisdom of the residents of the riparian area with a flood-prone environment consists of wisdom in aspects of value, aspects of a building structure, and aspects of local intelligence in recognizing signs of flooding.

Republic of Indonesia Government Regulation No. 38 of 2011 concerning rivers stipulates that rivers are natural and / or artificial water flows or containers in the form of drainage networks with water in them, ranging from upstream to estuary, bounded right and left by riparian lines. The river riparian line is the virtual line on the left and right of the riverbed, which is designated as the river protection limit [22]. River space consists of riverbed and river boundary. Riparian zones are buffer zones between aquatic (river) and land ecosystems that help prevent sediments, nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides and other pollutants from entering the river.
Naiman and Dekamp explain that river riparians play several ecological functions; protection of local biodiversity, filtration of water and nutrients, protection of river flow and maintaining river productivity, as well as maintaining river climate and flood buffer [18]. Riparian river can cause the sustainability of the river is maintained, so that along the river will become a habitat of a kind ecosystem.
The use of river riparian areas for settlements is a form of violation of government regulations, besides that it is also a form of human threat to river sustainability. The construction of settlements in the river riparian area makes it difficult for water to infiltrate and have a high risk of flooding. Law Number 7 of 2004 concerning water resources, states that rivers are one form of surface water flow that must be managed in a comprehensive, integrated, environmentally sound manner by realizing sustainable use of water resources for the greatest prosperity of the people. Therefore, in various planning documents starting from the regional level up to the national level, there are policies regarding river riparian areas.
The 2007 major flood event on the Madiun River did not cause people living in the Madiun River riparian area to move to safer places. This condition indicates that people tend to choose to adapt to flooding. Adaptation according to McEvoy, et al., is a long-term activity to avoid social and economic losses [15], while Janssen et al., added that adaptation is related to processes, actions, and outputs in a system that aims to form a management that adapts to changes in conditions, pressures, threats, risks and opportunities [9]. Ritohardoyo explained that adaptation is the capacity of individuals to overcome environmental conditions based on psychological factors that aim to anticipate the future [23]. The more adaptive a person or society is, the more likely they will be able to survive the possible changes [25]. Physical, socio-economic and cultural variables are factors that influence understanding while understanding and preparing mitigation infrastructure are factors that influence perception. This perception can later be used as a basis for consideration of people's adaptation in preparing themselves and their families to deal with disasters [23]. The contribution to the adaptation of the people living in the river riparian area in the face of flooding needs to be done to formulate a flood disaster management policy as well as sustainable management of the Madiun River.

Study Area
This research was conducted at the riparian of the Madiun River. Madiun River administratively passes through Ponorogo Regency, Magetan Regency, Madiun Regency, Madiun City, and Ngawi Regency. The area of this research unit is the villages that are passed by the Madiun River, while the analysis unit is the household that inhabits the riparian area. Data retrieval was carried out in 2017, which is 10 (ten) years after a major flood in Madiun River on December 26, 2007. The research area is the Madiun River riparian area that is outside the embankment and the urban area. Pursuant to the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Housing number 28 / PRT / M / 2015 concerning Determination of River Riparian and Lake, if the watershed is greater than 500 km² (five hundred square kilometres), the riparian line is at least 100 m (one hundred meters) from the edge left and right of the riverbed along the river. The location of the Madiun River in this study is depicted in a red circle, as shown in Figure 1.

Data Source and Analysis
This study is a survey research using a quantitative descriptive approach, surveys conducted by observation and interviews in the field. Primary data is in the form of household characteristics data of residents of the Madiun River riparian area. Quantitative analysis is used to understand the level of knowledge, perception, and adaptation of the community in dealing with flood hazards. Table 1. Data sources and methods for retrieving data

Socio-Economic Characteristics of Madiun River Occupants
Socio-economic conditions are all things related to meeting the needs of the community, including clothing, food, housing, education, health and others. Meeting these needs is related to income while employment is usually a result of education, and is one of the determining factors. The socioeconomic conditions of the people measured in this study are the level of formal community education, employment and income.
The characteristics of the inhabitants of the Madiun River border are known from data collection in the field, and the data is as in Table 2. Source: Field survey, 2017 Based on Table 2, it can be seen that the percentage of characteristics of the inhabitants of the Madiun River riparian population are mostly men with a portion of 68%, while female respondents are 32%. The age of the respondents also varied, i.e. from the ages of 18-44, amounting to 2 9 %, ages 45-60 years amounting to 4 3 %, age over 60 years amounting to 2 8 %.
Length of stay is one of the indicators asked in this study because the length of stay affects the experience of respondents in facing floods. In Table 2, it can be seen that those who have lived in their homes for more than 40 years amounted to 66%. Respondents who lived for 31-40 years were 1 8 %. Respondents who live for 21-30 years by 10%, 11-20 amounted to 4%. And only 2% of respondents have lived less than the last 10 (ten) years. From these data, it can be concluded that the respondent had a considerable amount of time in occupying the riparian area of the Madiun River. While inhabiting the riparian area, 94% of respondents claimed to have experienced a flood, and 6% had never experienced a flood. From the survey results, it is known that 74% of respondents claimed to have experienced flooding in 2007, and the rest experienced flooding last in 2016. 94% of respondents stated that they had experienced flooding, and only 6% did not experience flooding. Based on the flood event, it can be concluded that the residents of the Madiun River riparian are areas prone to flooding.
Educational background of respondents in this study was divided into; no school, the elementary school not finished, elementary school, junior high school, senior high school, senior high school. From respondents or people who live in the Madiun River riparian area, 40% of them have never attended school. During their lives, they never experienced formal education. 24% of respondents said they were in elementary school. The percentage of graduates of Junior High School 1 0 % and Senior High School (SMA) 24 %. Whereas those who attended higher education, only 1% of the total respondents. From these data, it can be concluded that the majority of respondents have a low level of education, namely elementary school and non-school 65%.
In fulfilling their daily needs, the Madiun River riparian community works as labourers, masons, farmworkers, farmers, traders, civil servants, TNI / Police, private employees, and others. From Table  1, it can be seen that the respondents' work is 32% of farm labourers. 24% of jobs are not categorized, 12% of traders, 9% of side jobs, 4% of private employees and respondents who work as civil servants

Knowledge level and Perception Level
The level of community knowledge about floods is included in the high category (94%). This is known from the results of the analysis, which shows that the community understands flooding well. They can explain the causes of floods, the effects of floods, and how they are taken when they are flooded. This great knowledge was gained from their experience of dealing with floods. Knowledge about floods is an excellent cognitive capital to develop community capacity in dealing with floods.
The level of community perception of floods is high (90%); this is known from the results of the analysis, which shows that the community has excellent views and thoughts about flooding. From the interview results, respondents understood in detail how to deal with flooding in the Madiun River. Communities can also reflect on flood events that they have experienced with an opinion on how to appropriately respond to flood disasters. The community perception is formed from the knowledge and experience experienced by the community, thus forming a positive perception of floods.

Adaptive Capacity
Adaptation strategies of the inhabitants of the Madiun River analyzed quantitatively in this study, namely physical, social, and economic adaptation. From the analysis, the physical adaptation measures of the community revealed that only 25%, while 75% did not take these actions. This physical adaptation by repairing the structure of the house is to repair the wall with a stronger wall. In this physical adaptation, respondents also measured the actions of building a house into two floors with the aim that the house is safe in case of flooding. Only 2% of respondents responded to construct a twostory house, and 98% of them chose not to raise the house building. The high cost of building a twostory house is the reason they did not take these actions. Another action of physical adaptation is to create flood retaining embankments around the affected houses so that flooding does not occur to the land around their houses. The data shows that only 11% of those who did the action and the remaining 89% did not make the flood retaining embankment. The second act of adaptation is social adaptation. These social adaptation actions are social actions taken by families and communities to cope with floods by avoiding or getting around. Actions in social adaptation are disaster mitigation training, creating an early warning system, and creating a disaster evacuation route. The results showed that only 8% of respondents did flood disaster mitigation training. 18% of respondents made flood warning systems with other communities. Another social adaptation action is to make an evacuation route, which is carried out by 24% of respondents. The third act of social adaptation is the formation of a flood rescue team. The results showed that 9% of respondents claimed to make a flood rescue team while the remaining 91% did not. The community in case of flooding needs evacuation process assistance. The need to form a rescue team is to save residents who are trapped by flooding in their homes. The rescue team is considered necessary because, in the process of flood evacuation, it takes swimming skills, adequate equipment, strong mentality and courage to deal with flood currents. Economic adaptation is an effort made by respondents to stay afloat and anticipate risks due to flooding in the future. Efforts made can be done by joining flood insurance and savings for future needs. Based on the results of the study, it is known that none of the respondents took part in flood insurance. The results of the analysis note that 100% of respondents have savings to prepare one day if needed. Flood insurance is something they have never known, and this is because no insurance company promotes insurance to the public. Savings are something that they have in the form of money or gold, and this savings is an asset of the residents of the river border to be used as savings if needed. Based on the adaptation level of the Madiun River population, it can be concluded that the level of adaptation of the population in the riparian river of the Madiun river to flooding is low (89%). The low adaptation of this community is due to the low level of income and education of riparian residents of the Madiun River. With low education, people will find it challenging to get decent jobs. The average job as a farm labourer cannot provide many choices to the community. In the end, their income level is low. The high cost of home repairs is one of the causes of the low level of community adaptation to flooding. And only 10% have a moderate level of adaptation, while the remaining 1% has a high adaptation (Figure 2).

Local wisdom
Wisdom is generated because of the continuous process of human adaptation to the environment. Humans who reside need to adjust to their environment to survive. Wisdom is obtained by the river riparian residents from generation to generation without a written agreement between the community and each other.
In epistemology, flooding according to the community is a warning from God for humans. This warning is a form of advice to humans to always maintain the river properly. In terms of structural aspects of the building, riparian river dwellers have the characteristic of making relatively large houses in the form of joglo. The roof of the house is not installed ceiling, this according to them as an anticipatory step in case of flooding so they can store essential items on the wooden roof of the house.
The local intelligence of the residents of the river riparian residents is known to recognize the danger of the Madiun River flood. Disasters do not occur suddenly; natural signs are recognized before a flood occurs. In recognizing the signs of floods, the inhabitants of the Madiun River riparian use natural signs, namely the occurrence of continuous rain for more than two days, the change in colour of previously clear river water becomes cloudy and fast river currents. Fast river currents make the sound of the river became noisy and heard until the houses of the residents. These signs are used as a reference by residents of the Madiun River riparian to be alert to floods by preparing to secure essential items and prepare for evacuation.

Discussion
This study aims to determine how the characteristics of the Madiun River riparian population. This study also aims to determine the level of knowledge, perceptions and adaptive levels of the Madiun River riparian population to the threat of flood hazards. Local wisdom in this study emerged after the adaptation process of the inhabitants of the Madiun River border to the floods that occurred repeatedly. Knowledge of the population of the Madiun River riparian regarding floods is high. The community understands how the process of flooding, the causes of flooding, and what actions must be The results of the study indicate that implicit knowledge about the history of typhoons and coastal inundation is information that is trusted and can be built by residents to prepare for future disasters [19]. This knowledge is precious to make citizens aware of vulnerabilities and take action to evacuate when a disaster strikes.
Community perceptions in dealing with disasters, especially floods, are factors that influence actions in the face of disasters. Perception is the process of someone becoming aware of everything in his environment through the senses he has, or environmental knowledge obtained through an interpretation of sensory data [10]. The results of the measurement of people's perceptions of the inhabitants of the Madiun River riparian on floods indicate that the community has a high perception. The facts of local wisdom of the inhabitants of the Madiun River border are manifestations of the knowledge, response, and attitude of the community towards the flood disaster that they have experienced so far. In general, they know that floods are disasters caused by natural and human factors. Flood disasters can harm the respondent's life, and the disaster will have the effect of fear if repeated. The results of this study are in line with the results of the research of Slovic, et al. [24] and Wachinger, et al. [28] which determined that local communities responded sincerely based on previous experience. And their judgment depends on qualitative aspects such as exposure, threat control, and perceived danger. This condition was also stated by Anilan [26] in his study, and disaster experience was a good predictor of many risk perceptions. Adelekan [1] and Lechowska [13] once analyzed the community's experience of flooding by asking for their assessment of flooding, and the results concluded that the community's experience with flooding was strictly related to the level of perceived risk. Individual experiences such as suffering damage or loss of assets are known to cause an increase in risk perceptions and experience shaping people's attitudes and responses to future flood events.
Adaptive capacity from the results of this study is low, based on research data, it is known that 89% do not adapt to the threat of the flood threat of the Madiun River. And only 10% have a moderate level of adaptation, while the remaining 1% has a high adaptation. This means that 89% of the residents in the riparian area have not adapted to the flood. This condition can not be separated from the experience of the flood that they experienced, and the floods do not hit them every year. Before 2007, they never experienced flooding, then after 2007 they also did not experience floods every year. This gives the public peace of mind that floods do not come every year. This makes perfect sense if they do not take physical adaptation actions by raising the foundation, raising the floor, or making a dyke in front of the house. Nor was social adaptation carried out by some respondents by making flood relief groups, or evacuation teams as well as no extraordinary investment allocated to anticipate the impact of the impending flood disaster.
The results of this study differ from studies related to adaptation that has been carried out by Ritohardoyo, in the flood-prone area for tidal flooding in Pekalongan, Central Java. The results of Ritohardoyo's research explained that the adaptation strategy undertaken by the family was to place items in a higher place, raise the foundation of the house, make a dike in front of the house, and install a net [23]. The adaptation actions of the inhabitants of the Madiun River border are also not the same as the findings of the Khadiyanta & Dewantari (2016) study which found that the adaptation measures were sequentially raising the yard, raising the living room, raising the bathroom and toilet, raising the floor, raising the kitchen, and building two floors [10]. The results of these research findings are rarely carried out by residents of the Madiun River border. That difference occurs because of the characteristics of the threat of disasters to different communities. The level of intensity of disaster events in one year, the level of income and the level of education also influence the actions taken in the process of adapting.
The results of this study support previous research conducted by Suhelmi (2013) in Semarang, which shows that some of the coastal areas of Semarang have low to moderate levels of adaptive capacity. Villages that have low capacity are 58 villages (58.62%) of the total coastal sub-districts in Semarang City. This low capacity indicates that the ability of village governments to deal with disaster ICEGE 2019 IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 485 (2020) 012082 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/485/1/012082 9 risk is low. The research concluded that the government's adaptive capacity would have an impact on the adaptive capacity of households in dealing with disasters.

Conclusion
The Madiun River flood in 2007 provided new knowledge to the residents of the riparian area. Community knowledge of floods is known to be high, and public perceptions of flooding are also in the high category. Even though the residents of the Madiun River riparian have low levels of education and income, they have high flood knowledge and perception. However, the high level of knowledge and perception is not matched by high adaptation measures. This low adaptive capacity is influenced by low levels of income and education so they have difficulty if they have to change the shape of an existing building into a flood-resistant building. The adaptation strategies that have been carried out so far are tend to be reactive, ie they will leave or evacuate to a safe place for several days, after the flood recedes they will return to their homes and restore the flood-affected conditions as before. The residents of the Madiun River riparian area prefer not to carry out adaptation actions both physically, socially and economically because the threat of flooding does not come every year. So that they are more concerned with their daily needs than doing adaptive actions for flood disasters. The results of this study indicate that the adaptation options that have been studied in previous studies were not carried out by many residents of the Madiun River riparian even though they lived in flood-prone areas. Local knowledge of the community in recognizing floods in the form of recognizing the weather if there will be a flood, recognizing changes in color and flow of water, and sound to identify the level of threat they will face in deciding whether they need to evacuate or not.