Alterations in Surabaya resident’s travel habit brought on by the Covid-19 pandemic

This paper discusses changes in the travel patterns of the people of Surabaya City as a consequence of the Covid-19 outbreak. This study looked at socioeconomic and household aspects, spatial characteristics, perceptions of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and respondents’ intentions to partake in activities outside of the home under the new normal. It also looked into respondents’ virtual activity behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors carried out web-based and face-to-face questionnaire survey on the characteristics of travellers, virtual pursuits throughout the pandemic and the desire to participate in activities outside the home of 354 respondents. Research on virtual activities conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic indicates that working or studying online accounts for the majority of virtual activity (five to six times per week). On the other hand, ordering meal delivery and shopping for basic and secondary requirements online are rare instances of virtual activity. With the exception of going shopping for basic necessities, more than 60% of respondents decided to cut back on their outside activities while maintaining the same frequency of activity as before the pandemic.


1.
Introduction Wuhan, a sizable city in central China home to 11 million people, has seen an increase in the quantity of new coronavirus-infected pneumonia cases (NCIP) in 2019, hereinafter referred to as COVID-19, since December 2019 [1][2][3].The COVID-19 virus can spread very quickly because its host, namely humans, do not realize that they are infected so they continue to carry out mobility as before [4].Mobility is often considered an effective means of spreading disease [5][6].The spread of this virus is significantly influenced by public transportation, particularly in densely populated areas [7][8].To slow down the virus's pace of transmission, many South East Asian nations implement policies limiting population mobility in the form of social distancing and lockdown on a partial and national scale [9].Social separation may aid in limiting the virus's ability to spread [10][11].
On January 25, 2020, to visit their relative who had received positive confirmation, a woman and her child flew to Singapore, leading to the first confirmed cases in Malaysia [12].Later, the government implemented the first nationwide lockdown from March 18, 2020, lasting until the end of May 2020, due to a high number of afflicted cases [13].Singapore did not directly impose a nationwide lockdown but recommended easy-to-implement social distancing.Singapore began imposing lockdowns after experiencing a second wave, which was effectively enforced from 28 April 2020 [14].In contrast, IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1353/1/012041 2 national lockdowns have never been implemented by the Indonesian government during the COVID-19 outbreak since March 2, 2020, when the first cases were verified [15].To lessen the degree of COVID-19 transmission, the Indonesian government implements a partial lockdown or Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) in which each regional government is given the freedom to adjust to the conditions in their respective regions.One of the areas that is the focus of PPKM policy implementation is Surabaya City as the city with the second-biggest population, following Jakarta as the capital.A Mayor's Regulation governing limitations on activities outside the home was published by the Surabaya city administration in response to the central government's PPKM policy.
Due to the pandemic, there was a decrease in mobility seen in all settings, including retail establishments, transit stops, and places of employment [16].The pandemic caused a dramatic decrease in traffic volume [17].In Hongkong, the daily commute travel decreased by 42% during the pandemic [18].In the US, there was a 10.2% decrease in mobility for every 1% increase in the local infection rate to 0.003% [19].The number of daily excursions made by each person during the lockdown in Greece was found to have fallen by 50% on average [20].In addition, during the worst part of the epidemic, traffic in Greece dropped by around 80% [21].
One of the most important variables in determining social separation during the epidemic is local travel behavior [22][23].Travel patterns in the area changed as a result of the outbreak, reflecting both public and government reactions [22].Although many studies have been conducted on traveler modifications brought on by the epidemic, studies at the local level still have to be carried out because of the different characteristics of travelers in each region.This locally-based research is very important to do considering the behavior of each human being in various regions and the level of awareness and discipline in responding to Covid-19 is different.
In order to fill this gap, this paper explores virtual activities during the epidemic and the yearning to engage in activities outside the house in the new normal that Surabaya inhabitants carry out.This desire is considered to have an influence on the number of daily trips.From these problems, this investigation seeks to ascertain the characteristics of the travel patterns of the people of Surabaya City during the pandemic in order to fulfil their basic needs in term of working, shopping, eating and recreation.Efforts to identify the characteristics of the travel patterns of the people of Surabaya City in imposing travel restrictions amidst the Covid-19 outbreak are very effective in reducing the number of trips of the people of Surabaya City who carry out activities outside the home.
The results of this study make a significant contribution to our knowledge of how Surabaya residents dealt with the pandemic in terms of switching activities from offline to online as well as their intention to travel to meet their needs.The structure of this document is as follows.The subsequent segment, section 2, is the data collection which explains the survey and its result in term of socio-economic and household characteristics of the respondent.Section 3 details the results which is followed by our conclusions in section 4.

2.
Data collection Between early February and mid-March 2021, researchers conducted a questionnaire survey both inperson and online with total number of 354 respondent (100 offline and 254 online).The use of two types of surveys (offline and online) aims to make researchers more able to cover all circles of society, considering that not all people get internet access.This number of respondents met the minimum response requirements based on Slovin with a 90% confidence degree.The number of offline respondents is less than online respondents due to consideration of health risk factors considering that the survey was carried out when the pandemic was still ongoing even though the survey still uses applicable health protocol standards.The offline survey was conducted in public facilities that remained operational during the pandemic, namely public transportation infrastructure, markets and places of worship.Due to the limitations of face-to-face interaction, convenience sampling was used to find the respondents via a variety of online forums (such as WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter).Students and colleagues also assisted the writers in sharing the questionnaire link on social media platforms.
A respondent who satisfied the requirements-namely, residing in Surabaya and, of course, continuing to adhere to health precautions including wearing masks, hand sanitizers, and keeping appropriate distance in order to avoid contracting the Covid-19 virus-was directly interviewed.The measurement tool was created based on research conducted by Irawan et al [24].It asks questions about the respondent's socioeconomic status, the characteristics of their household, how they perceive COVID-19, what they do virtually during the pandemic, and whether they plan to engage in extracurricular activities.The results of the survey on the socio-economic characteristics of replyers are enumerated in Table 1.It indicates that there are a greater number of female respondents than male respondents, with a percentage of 65% of the total sample and 78.25% of respondents were under 25 years old.The education level of most respondents was a bachelor's degree (58.19%).Most of the respondents were students (50.28%) and full-time workers (34.18%) with their income ranging from less than IDR 2.5 million (68.6%) and between IDR 2.5 to 5 million (23.73%).The degree of education can be understood as the degree of study they have completed or are pursuing at the moment.Scholars characterize income as the monthly sum of money an individual receives, such as pay from a job, pocket money for students, and various forms of unemployment benefits.
From the perspective of household characteristics as shown on Table 2, the majority of respondents do not own a car (56.50%) and have two or more motorbikes (68.93%).In Indonesia, being under 25 years old and having a car is not a common circumstance since motorcycles are the most common form of transportation in urban areas.Meanwhile, almost 85% of respondents live in households with three or more family members since In Indonesia, sharing a single home has become the norm for households.Judging from the spatial characteristics, most of respondents came from the southern part of Surabaya (30.23%) and the western part of Surabaya (25,99%).

Virtual activities during pandemic
Based on the survey result as shown on Table 3, e-learning/e-working is the virtual activity most frequently carried out by respondents.The Surabaya City Government has put in place a comprehensive Work from Home (WFH) and Study from Home (SFH) policies since the epidemic struck, except for several work sectors.The only exceptions are employees who work in work units related to protocol service activities, health services, mail services, security, technicians, drivers, cleaning services and as needed.In reaction to the COVID-19 epidemic, educational institutions have been moving their operations online since early 2020 [25].Researchers believe that this condition causes online learning or working activities to be the activities most frequently carried out by respondents.
Relative to grocery and non-grocery shopping, some intriguing conclusions have been made.It turns out that Surabaya residents often carry out e-shopping just once a week (56.2% for grocery and 75.7% for non-grocery).When it comes to non-groceries, the majority of respondents acknowledged that they don't shop too frequently because they don't need too much and because their financial situation has declined as a result of the pandemic.For groceries, however, shopping is done on a scale that is sufficient for one week's needs.Up to 65.8% of Surabaya residents acknowledged that they only place an online food order once a week.The prevalence of internet meal orders appears to be influenced by the culture of Surabaya city residents who share a home with extended family members.In addition to worries about getting sick from interacting with online food drivers, food demands have been satisfied as a family member-typically the mother-cooks at home.Due to the high monthly cost associated with subscribing to a film provider, streaming movies is also not a habit that is practiced very often (33.9% of respondent do it once a week)

3.2
The desire to participate in activities outside the home Participation changes from physical to virtual activities occur during the outbreak [26].Changing habits from offline to online apparently also influences the desire to travel outside the house.Table 4 presents the survey results, which indicate that 62.1% of participants would rather work or study from home instead of commuting to their place of employment, school, or campus.This phenomenon is in line with what happened in the United State that the shift from traditional work patterns to remote work, or WFH, is happening gradually, and young people are leading the charge in this transition [27].However, the findings of a different poll on the readiness of Indonesians to work or study outside the country reveal that most respondents said they wished things had continued as they were before to the pandemic [24].The reluctance of Surabaya city residents to travel also arises when the trip is aimed at non-grocery shopping (64.1%), food consuming (69.8%), and leisure (85.9%).It seems that the people of Surabaya are already accustomed to carrying out activities online.
All of the responders, with the exception of going shopping for necessities, agreed to cut back on activities enjoyed outside the home.It appears that up to 48% of respondents would like to carry on making their pre-outbreak shopping trips.Physical separation and isolation regulations, such as quarantine, have been crucial public health tools as an effort to slow the COVID-19 outbreak [28][29][30][31][32], moreover, they've had unanticipated detrimental effects on psychosocial health.Shopping in-store satisfies social interaction demands in addition to biological ones [33].Because grocery shopping allows people to contact with others and is perceived as a way to pass the time amid constraints, it is possible that people feel compelled to travel for this purpose.

4.
Conclusions Engaging in virtual activities amid the Covid-19 pandemic shows that studying or working online is the most popular online pursuits (five to six times a week).In contrast, online shopping for primary needs and online shopping for secondary needs, and food delivery are virtual activities that are rarely done.More than 60% of respondents chose to reduce activities outside the home except for shopping for primary needs, at the same rate of activity as prior to the start of the pandemic.This study is an introduction to efforts to model the travel patterns of a community when there are obstacles to traveling so that in the future a logit model can be designed to predict changes in the travel patterns of the people of Surabaya City as a result of these obstacles, for example a pandemic.

Table 1 .
The respondent's socioeconomic attributes

Table 2 .
Household characteristics of the respondent

Table 4 .
Intention to participate in activities away from home (%)