Assessing the Waste and Sanitation Infrastructures toward COVID-19 Spreading in Surakarta City, Indonesia

COVID-19 can spread rapidly in areas having high-density populations. The COVID-19 spreading in urban areas is higher than that in rural areas due to the population of urban areas being denser than that of rural areas. The existence of urban infrastructures is assumed to affect COVID-19 spreading in cities. The existence of waste and sanitation systems are the critical urban infrastructures relating to COVID-19 spreading. Surakarta is one of the cities in Indonesia having a high number of COVID-19 infection cases. Based on the Surakarta official website concerning COVID-19, it is known that COVID-19 infected about 37132 persons, or seven percent of the population until the end of the year 2022. This research seeks to reveal the correlation between the existence of waste and sanitation systems and COVID-19 spreading in Surakarta City. This research uses a quantitative approach supported by the statistical data which were retrieved from the Surakarta Statistics Agency, and the official website of the Surakarta Government concerning COVID-19 cases. The statistical data was processed by correlation analysis. The research result revealed that waste management correlates with the number of COVID-19 survivors’ cases. Meanwhile, the sanitation facilities even individually or communally do not correlate with the number of COVID-19 survivors’ cases. Furthermore, the factor of implementing health protocols has a low correlation with the number of COVID-19 survivors’ cases. The waste management is one of the important urban strategies for COVID-19 spreading. Furthermore, this study case describes that COVID-19 risk reduction relates more to urban management than urban planning.


Introduction
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2).Since the first case was reported in Wuhan, there has been an increase in COVID-19 cases in China every day and reached its peak between late January and early February 2020.Initially, many reported cases came from Hubei and surrounding provinces, then spread to other provinces, and finally spread to all regions of China and other countries [1] [2] [3] [4].COVID-19 can easily be transmitted through contact with sufferers.Currently, humanto-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is the main source of transmission, so its spread has become IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1353/1/012017 2 more aggressive [5] [6].The development of the spread of this virus is very significant and causes many negative impacts including health, socio-economic, physiological conditions [7] [8] [9] [10].The steps that have been taken by the government to overcome this problem are quarantine, work from home, public activity restriction enforcement, and massive social restrictions.This action has limited activities outside the home, which also has an impact on waste consumption by the community.For example, there has been an increase in consumption of non-recyclable waste due to new behaviors in food delivery during the pandemic and policies on places to eat such as cafes which allow only take-out orders, causing shoppers to have to use disposable ingredients to pick up food and/or drinks.The widespread use of hand sanitizers, masks, and hand sanitizers also contributes to an increase in waste volume.In this case, the community can play a role by starting from home, namely by implementing 3R (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) waste management before transporting it to the waste disposal site for further management convenience.Furthermore, the World Health Organization (2022) [11] stated around 829,000 people in low-and middle-income countries die each year due to lack of access to adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene, and also poor sanitation is believed to be the main factor causing around 432,000 of these deaths.Environmental sanitation plays an important role in reducing risk deployment COVID-19, as lack of access to proper sanitation can hinder prevention measures for COVID-19 [12] [13] [14] [15] [16].Based on these situations, this study was to determine the relationship between waste and sanitation facilities on the spread of COVID-19 through the case study of Surakarta City, Indonesia.This city has a high-density of population.This density has a higher risk of spreading diseases [17] [18] [19] [20] [21].The density of the population is related to the accessibility of urban infrastructures such as waste and sanitation infrastructures particularly in the settlements during the pandemic era.

Methodology
This research takes a case study in Surakarta City, because it has a very high population density compared to other cities, especially in Central Java Province.In this study, the respondents were COVID-19 survivors in 54 sub-districts in Surakarta City.The data used came from 400 respondents who were determined by stratified random sampling which was then adjusted for the number of COVID-19 survivors in each sub-district in Surakarta City.The more data on the number of COVID-19 survivors in a sub-district, the greater the number of respondents.Secondary data used in this study comes from the Central Agency on Statistics (BPS) data and the official website of the government of Surakarta City related to the COVID-19 case.In the research analysis, correlation analysis was used to find out the relationship between waste and sanitation facilities, and the spread of COVID-19 in Surakarta City, Indonesia.

Identification of The Number of COVID-19 Confirmed Case in Surakarta City
The spread of the COVID-19 virus is a condition that cannot be predicted and spreads so quickly in the midst of society.Surakarta City is an area that is included in the red zone and even became a black zone during the COVID-19 pandemic.This condition is marked by the large number of people who have been confirmed exposed to the COVID-19 virus.Collecting data on the number of COVID-19 survivors is the first step in preventing the transmission of the COVID-19 virus because with this data the government can take measurable, effective, and efficient actions in providing medical assistance to COVID-19 survivors.Not only medical assistance to COVID-19 survivors but also logistical assistance to economically affected communities.Apart from that, the high population density and the not-so-wide area of Surakarta City make the spread of the COVID-19 virus faster, therefore fast data collection and monitoring is very important.Based on data of COVID-19 cases as of September, 14 th 2022, it is known that COVID-19 impacted all of the sub-districts in Surakarta City.The sub-district that has the highest number of COVID-19 survivors with 4.086 people is Mojosongo Sub-District which is situated in Jebres District and located to the north of Surakarta City.Meanwhile, the lowest number of COVID-19 survivors was in the Kestalan Sub-District which is situated in Banjarsari District with a total of 132 people.Overall, the 3 average survivor community COVID-19 in Surakarta City there are 645 cases of COVID-19 in each sub-district.Figure 1 describes the number of COVID-19 survivors in 54 sub-districts in Surakarta City.Our research conducted the interviews with people who had been COVID-19 survivors in each subdistrict in Surakarta City with a total sample of 400 people.The interviews conducted took at least 3 (three) respondents in each sub-district in order to the distribution of sampling could be proportionate.Based on the data of COVID-19 case number in Surakarta City, it is calculated that the highest number IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1353/1/0120174 of respondents is in the Mojosongo Sub-District.This calculation relates to Mojosongo Sub-district as the area with the highest cases of COVID-19 survivors in Surakarta City.Meanwhile, Kestalan Subdistrict as the area with the lowest cases of COVID-19 survivors has a minimum of sample number which is 3 (three) respondents.In addition, several sub-districts having the minimum of sample number including Timuran, Ketelan, Keprabon, Setabelan, Punggawan, Kepatihan Wetan, Kepatihan Kulon, Sudiroprajan, Kedung Lumbu, Kampung Baru, Kauman, Gajahan, Pasar Kliwon, Jayengan, Kemlayan, Sriwedari, and Laweyan.Figure 2 describes the details of the respondents' number in 54 sub-districts in Surakarta City.

Identification of the Community Behaviour Concerning Health Protocol
One of the first steps to prevent transmission of the COVID-19 virus is to implement the healthy lifestyle, and comply with the health protocols.The health protocols during pandemic era including wearing the mask, keeping the distance between human, and washing hands with soap under running water.The community has an important role in preventing the transmission of the COVID-19 virus if the community adheres to the health protocol.Based on the questionnaires relating community behaviour concerning health protocol in Surakarta City, 52% of the respondents in Surakarta City who obey and often apply health protocols in their daily lives to prevent transmission COVID-19 virus.Meanwhile 42% of the respondents who still apply the health protocol occasionally, and also 6% of the respondents who rarely implement the health protocol that has been called for.The most respondents that rarely apply health protocols are situated in Pajang Sub-District which is 8 (eight) of 17 respondents.Overall, 24 respondents in Surakarta City stated that they rarely implement health protocols.This number is very low compared to the respondents' number who often apply health protocols, namely 210 respondents, and 166 respondents who sometimes apply health protocols.

Identification of the Sanitation Facilities in the Settlement
Based on the questionnaires relating the sanitation facilities in settlement, it is known that the number of respondents using the private sanitation or communal Sanitation.This facility is considered to have an influence on the spreading of the COVID-19.It is known that 97% of the respondents have the private sanitation, and only 3 % of the respondents or 11 respondents using the communal sanitation.The communal sanitation facilities are located in 8 (eight) sub-districts, and the majority of respondents is situated in Setabelan Sub-District.The others sub-districts includes Pajang, Kerten, Pasar Kliwon, Kampung Baru, Gandekan, Gilingan, and Punggawan.

Identification of The Waste Management for the COVID-19 Infected Households
Waste management is estimated to have an influence for the spreading of COVID-19 in the city.This is one of the efforts to limit the activities of the COVID-19 survivors to minimize interaction with the community in their surroundings.Seeing that the respondents used are survivors of COVID-19, the waste management occurring in the settlements of respondents is very important urban facility during the pandemic era.Based on the questionnaires, it is revealed that only 52 % of respondents having the particular procedure for waste management during self-isolation due to the infection of COVID-19.48% of the respondents didn't have the particular procedure in waste management during self-isolation.The largest number of people who did not receive particular waste management procedures are in Jebres Sub-District.Otherwise, the majority of COVID-19 survivors who received particular procedures for waste management is in the Mojosongo Sub-district.The information of respondents' number having the particular procedure for waste management during self-isolation shows on the Table 1.Furthermore, during the COVID-19 pandemic, all activities had particular procedures to minimize interaction with COVID-19 survivors.There was no exception in waste management when self-isolation was implemented for COVID-19 survivors.Based on the questionnaires, it is known that 69 % of the respondents carried out the waste collection in their settlement is more than 3 times per week.While 31% of respondents carried out the waste collection is less than or equal with 3 times per week.The majority of respondents having the waste collection is less than or equal with 3 times per week is located in the Mojosongo Sub-district.The Table 2 indicates the respondents' number and sub-districts having waste management which is less than or equal with 3 times per week in Surakarta City.

Significant Correlation between COVID-19 Confirmed Case with Health Protocol and Waste Management in the Settlement
The identification of the behaviour and facilities of COVID-19 survivors to support an analysis to assess the relationship between the number of COVID-19 survivors, the health protocol implementation that is rare, the management of waste collection is less than or equal with 3 times per week, and also no particular procedures for waste management during self-isolation.The results of correlation analysis for those factors are described into the Table 3.
Based on the results of the analysis, it shows that there is a significant relationship between the number of COVID-19 survivors and the factor of implementing the health protocol.It is indicated by the p-value of 0.029.However, the correlation between the implementation of the health protocol and the number of COVID-19 survivors is at a weak level, so it can be interpreted that the implementation of the health protocol has only slightly affected the increase in the number of COVID-19 survivors in Surakarta City.Meanwhile, the factor of collecting waste which is less than or equal with 3 (three) times per week and the absence of particular procedures for waste management during self-isolation show a very significant relationship.It is indicated by a p-value <0.01.The correlation between these two factors is at a very strong level in influencing the number of COVID-19 survivors.Proper waste management is very important in preventing the transmission of the COVID-19 because this virus can survive on surfaces and waste.Therefore, waste management is very important in urban spatial planning during the COVID-19 pandemic because it has a significant impact on environmental quality, public health, and the sustainability of the city itself.The waste that is not managed properly can be a source of spreading disease and create an unhealthy environment for city dwellers.The COVID-19 can be on the surface of objects and trash that are contaminated by droplets or splashes from infected people.If the waste is not managed properly, it can remain active on the surface of the waste and become a source of infection for other people who touch it.

Inexistence of Correlation between COVID-19 Survivors and Sanitation Facilities in Settlement
This study also conducted an analysis to assess the relationship between the number of COVID-19 survivors and sanitation facilities in particular the existence of communal sanitation facilities in settlements.Based on the results of analysis, it is revealed that there is no relationship between the number of COVID-19 survivors, and communal sanitation marked with a p-value of 0.940 (see Table 4).This condition shows that the existence of communal sanitation is very weak in influencing the number of COVID-19 survivors, and it has no correlation with the implementation of health protocols.These results were obtained because the number of the existence of communal sanitation use is fewer than the existence of private sanitation use in Surakarta City.It can be interpreted that the use of private sanitation does not require the implementation of health protocols because the weak possibilities occur human interactions or activities that can cause the transmission of COVID-19.

Conclusion
Based on the research that has been done, it has been concluded that the number of COVID-19 survivors has a correlation with the factor of implementing health protocols, but the relationship is at a low level.While the correlation to the waste management factor shows a very strong level.Therefore, city planning that pays attention to waste management during the pandemic of COVID-19 becomes more important because proper waste handling can help to prevent virus transmission and protect public health.All actors including government, communities, and private sector should work together to overcome the challenges of waste management during the pandemic to achieve a healthier and safer environment.Meanwhile, the factor of the communal sanitation facilities does not have a direct correlation to the number of COVID-19 survivors in Surakarta City.This result was obtained because the number of identified communal sanitation was fewer than the number of identified private sanitation in Surakarta City.However, these conditions do not generally apply to the communal sanitation facilities found in other urban facilities such as terminals and stations in Surakarta City.Further analysis is needed in this regard, while the research conducted only focused on the settlements in 54 sub-districts of Surakarta City.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Number of COVID-19 Survivors Each Sub-District in Surakarta City by September, 14 th 2022 Source: Office of Communication, Informatics, Statistics, and Coding of Surakarta City, 2022

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Number of Questionnaire Respondents each Sub-District in Surakarta City

Table 1 .
Respondents Number each Sub-District having the Particular Procedure for Waste Management during Self-isolation

Table 2 .
Respondents Number each Sub-District having the Waste Collection that is less than or equal with 3 Times per Week

Table 3 .
Correlation Test between COVID-19 Survivors Case with Health Protocol and Waste Management

Table 4 .
Correlation Test between COVID-19 Survivors Case with Health Protocol and Sanitation Facilities