Incremental Housing Application to Enhance Kampung Resilience

Rapid urbanization without the cities’ ability to accommodate it can lead to the development of poorer area settlements in urban areas. The community, government, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have carried out various interventions to improve the condition of poorer area settlements. However, many problems remain unresolved, including the sustainability issues in poorer area settlement improvement. This study aims to formulate a strategy to ensure the sustainability of poorer area improvement efforts and kampung resilience by applying the concept of incremental housing using RISHA (Rumah Instan Sederhana Sehat), with Kampung Metal (Mepet Tanggul, translated as ‘next to the embankment’ in Indonesian) serving as a case study. Kampung Metal is located near the Bengawan Solo River embankment in Surakarta, Indonesia. Improvement of the housing units with incremental housing can strengthen the kampung resiliency and create a healthy, safe, and sustainable living environment. This study uses a qualitative strategy by conducting observation and content analysis on planning and report documents. The results show that the concept of incremental housing is suitable to be applied as an effort to improve poorer area settlements in Kampung Metal by improving the physical condition of the kampung through community participation to produce a resilient and sustainable living environment.


1.
Introduction Urbanization is a phenomenon that frequently occurs in developing countries, such as Indonesia.The urbanization situation is paradoxical; it fosters growth and improves economic activity, while also giving rise to various problems related to poorer area settlements (1).Rapid urbanization often surpasses the city's capacity to effectively accommodate it.This condition frequently leads to the development of poorer area settlements.Poorer area settlements are often found in urban areas following the rapid population growth alongside poverty, limited access for low-income households to land, housing, and basic infrastructure, facilities, and utilities (2).The existence of poorer area settlements is affected by various factors such as the length of stay, socio-economic condition, poor quality of settlements, and land ownership issues (3).On the other hand, the government seems to neglect them as long as they do not interfere with the continuity and development of economic activities (4).The Directorate of Settlement Area Development, under the Directorate General of Human Settlements at the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, has stated that the improvement of poorer area settlements begins with identifying their location and determining them through the local Mayor's Decree.Subsequently, the poorer area improvements are carried out in accordance with the regulation outlined in Law No. 1 of 2011 (UU No. 1 of 2011) concerning Housing and Settlement Areas.This law addresses various matters

Existing Condition of Kampung Metal
According to the Surakarta Mayor's Decree No. 413.21/38.3/1/2016regarding the location of residential environment, Surakarta City comprises 28 poorer areas.As outlined in the document for the Plan for Prevention and Improvement of the Quality of Urban Poorer area Settlements (RP2KPKP) in Surakarta City in 2016, these poorer area settlements are categorized into three groups: heavy poorer areas, medium poorer areas, and light poorer areas.The document designates Semanggi area as a heavy poorer area, prioritizing it for immediate attention (Figure 1).This classification is attributed to dense housing on informal government-owned land, inadequate infrastructure, and recurrent flooding from the Bengawan Solo River.(10) Kampung Metal (Mepet Tanggul, translated as 'next to the embankment' in Indonesian) is a settlement in the Semanggi area of RW 23.These settlements are characterized by poorer areas and dense housing constructed above drainage systems, rendering them vulnerable to fires and floods.Situated directly adjacent to the Bengawan Solo River embankment, this settlement occupies government-owned land and is home to 72 families (see Figure 2).The high density of inhabitants in the kampung, where 2-3 families reside in a single house, contributes to unhealthy living conditions and increased susceptibility to disasters and diseases.Particularly noteworthy is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has not been adequately addressed in previous settlement improvement efforts.The kampung, typically characterized by its traditional and informal nature, exhibits substandard physical and environmental conditions.These deficiencies encompass a spectrum of issues, including inadequate building construction for both residential dwellings and home businesses (warung), unpaved settlement roads, and deteriorating embankments (Figure 3).Such conditions not only compromise the structural integrity and safety of the built environment, but also contribute to the heightened vulnerability to natural disasters and other hazards.The safety of the kampung is further compromised by a multitude of hazards, including recurrent flooding and the potential for rapid disease transmissions.The prevalence of flood inundation is particularly pronounced in areas such as Kampung Metal, where the terrain is notably low-lying, rendering it susceptible to water accumulation during heavy rainfall events.Contributing to this vulnerability are insufficient drainage systems, exacerbating the impact of flooding by inundating areas beneath residential structures (Figure 4).Consequently, these environmental vulnerabilities pose significant risks to the health and safety of kampung residents, warranting urgent attention and robust interventions to enhance both the physical infrastructure and environmental resilience within these communities.In improving poorer area settlements, it is imperative to consider the sustainability of these efforts.One crucial aspect of achieving this sustainability involves creating resilient residential environments, often referred to as resilient kampungs, capable of withstanding various threats such as natural disasters, disease outbreaks, and socio-economic challenges.The urgency of this approach is underscored by the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which not only affects public health but also exacerbates social and economic conditions within communities.Sustainable settlements, characterized by resilient kampung, can be realized through interventions at both the dwelling and neighborhood or environmental scales.These interventions aim to foster a decent, healthy, safe, and sustainable living environment.In Kampung Metal, numerous efforts have been made to enhance the settlement on an environmental scale.The Surakarta government is currently implementing various structuring programs to alleviate poorer settlements in line with the national program, which aims for 100% access to drinking water, 0% poorer area settlements, and 100% access to proper sanitation (12).The initial stage of these efforts, led by the local government, focuses on a restoration and rejuvenation program located in Kampung Mepet Tanggul (Metal) in the Semanggi area RW 23.The focus of the local government was to improve infrastructure, such as repairing roads (paving), widening drainage, and constructing embankments for dwellings located on informal land (government land).Additionally, there is a local government plan to organize housing to make it more orderly and livable, with the concept of land consolidation.However, the previous improvement programs have not provided solutions for the entire kampung community.Of the total population of 72 families, the kampung improvement program only offers solutions for 56 families registered as homeowners without providing alternatives for other residents who are not homeowners.These include the family members and relatives (extended family) of the house owner, who also reside in Kampung Metal.The improvement program carried out by the Regional Government, BBWS, and KOTAKU is still primarily focused on enhancing the infrastructure and has not addressed the concept of residential units related to providing healthy and sustainable housing.Therefore, further studies are needed to improve settlement conditions by focusing on improving housing units to create decent, affordable, and healthy housing, as the housing conditions remain inadequate.

Research Problems
Given the absence of a poorer area improvement program specifically aimed at improving the quality of housing units in Kampung metal, the dwelling condition remains substandard (Figure 5).The residents' houses are unable to properly accommodate their activities, both domestic and economic, especially considering that many individuals in Kampung Metal engage in small-scale home businesses.These issues emerge the need for a targeted settlement improvement initiative focusing on the provision of adequate housing units tailored to the community's unique requirements, including considerations of factors such as household size, lifestyle, and financial circumstances.

Figure 5. Housing Condition in Kampung Metal
This study proposes the application of incremental housing concept to enhance the housing units within the Kampung Metal community.Aligned with principles of self-help, self-management, and self-build, the incremental housing concept emphasizes housing as a verb that describes an active process rather than as a noun that describes the housing as static output (13).A study evaluated incremental housing cases in Latin America, Africa, and North Africa and revealed its success across diverse cultural context and its resiliency to economic and political shift (14).Implementing incremental housing as a poorer area upgrading strategy entails a bottom-up approach in which the community actively participates as partners and drivers of the improvement efforts.This approach opposes the one-size-fits-all or top-down approach often used in procuring conventional lowincome housing where the community are often seen as passive recipients (14,15).Incremental housing is also viewed as a productive participatory process in informal housing improvement that both improve the physical condition of housing, and addresses socio-economic problems (16,17).It offers possibilities for the community to construct their dwellings individually or collectively by using materials that reflect their dynamic socio-economic condition (18).Thus, incremental housing implementation enables the community to produce livable, healthy, and affordable housing for low-income households in Kampung Metal while also providing freedom to build houses according to their needs, pace, and abilities.The implementation of incremental housing in Kampung Metal can be facilitated with the support of various stakeholders engaged in the poorer area settlement improvement.The effort is bolstered by the transition of land ownership status, which the municipal government of Surakarta plans to upgrade to community property rights.Consequently, the community gains greater autonomy in prioritizing their housing needs.Moreover, NGOs play a crucial role in providing community assistance to foster selfreliance by enhancing knowledge, skills, and awareness.This assistance is pivotal in ensuring the sustainability of newly provided housing and preventing their regression into poorer conditions, especially considering that the Semanggi Area serves as a national pilot project for poorer area settlement improvement.Therefore, the proposed solutions can improve the kampung condition as well as its sustainability and resilience.Additionally, this research aims to offer design criteria and recommendations for the application of incremental housing in poorer area improvement initiatives.

2.
Theoretical Framework This research aims to improve the kampung conditions and build a resilient kampung environment through the implementation of the incremental housing concept.The discussion will entail a comprehensive examination beginning with the identification of prevalent issues, followed by proposing the incremental housing concept as a viable solution, and elucidating strategies for its implementation.Given the pivotal role of structural considerations in incremental housing construction, particular emphasis will be placed on this aspect.In this study, we advocate for the adoption of the RISHA system, developed by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing of Indonesia, as the primary construction system.Accordingly, the theoretical framework of this research will center on topics such as poorer area improvement programs, incremental housing, kampung resilience, and the RISHA system.

Poorer Area Improvement Programs
Poorer area settlements are often referred to as "gold dust" due to their significant contribution in the urban economy through informal sectors (2).However, mismanagement often leads to the proliferation of poorer area conditions.The United Nations, through the New Urban Agenda in 2016, underscored its commitment to strengthening the resilience of cities and human settlements, including the rehabilitation and upgrading of poorer areas and informal settlements (19).A poorer area improvement program typically entails a set of policies, initiatives, and interventions aimed at enhancing the living conditions and overall quality of life in poorer area settlements.Such programs often involve the rehabilitation of public facilities within the settlement environment, addressing limited resources and inadequate maintenance, which contribute to environmental degradation and impact community well-being (20).These initiatives target various aspects, including housing, infrastructure, sanitation, health services, education, and social services within poorer area communities.The overarching goal is to uplift marginalized communities, improve living standards, and integrate them into the broader urban fabric.Poorer area improvement programs are implemented by governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), international agencies, community-based organizations, and other stakeholders working collaboratively to address the multifaceted challenges faced by poorer area dwellers.In Indonesia, numerous poorer area improvement programs have been implemented  2).These programs are conducted by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, as well as the Ministry of Social Affairs, in collaboration with numerous stakeholders at national and international levels.Furthermore, apart from governmental and private sector involvement, meaningful engagement of the target group-namely, the residents of poorer area settlements or the community itself-is crucial.(2).Community involvement significantly influences the success of poorer area improvement programs, as the ability of the community to engage and collaborate in the implementation process is pivotal for maximizing the program's impact (20)

Incremental Housing
The New Urban Agenda emphasizes the necessity of cities and human settlements that foster civic engagement, a sense of belonging, and ownership among all residents (19).Within this framework, incremental housing emerges as a means to address the challenge of providing adequate housing while promoting community participation and ownership (21).Incremental housing denotes a conceptual framework in housing design that allows for gradual vertical and/or horizontal modifications and expansions, evolving from their initial layout through a series of incremental adjustments over time (21).This concept is a development of the self-help housing concept put forward by Turner (13), emphasizing on the principle of shifting the paradigm of housing as a product to housing as a process (22).By facilitating the gradual evolution of housing units, incremental housing ensures alignment with the evolving needs and capabilities of inhabitants.Incremental housing strategies typically align with periods of resource scarcity, fiscal constraints, or economic downturns, occasionally facing a convergence of these challenges simultaneously (21).This approach offers opportunities for low-income households to acquire small affordable housing units with the flexibility to expand and improve in response to their demographics and economic status changes (23).Key considerations in implementing incremental housing include location suitability, core house design, expansion opportunities, appropriate building types, and community participation in the construction process (24).Firstly, location plays a crucial role, as this concept is most suitable for application in urban areas where there is often a greater demand for affordable housing solutions.Secondly, the concept of a "core house" refers to the central part of the dwelling that fulfills its primary function.This core structure serves as the foundation upon which incremental expansions and modifications can be built over time.Thirdly, expansion opportunities must provide residents with the chance for residential development within their homes.This aspect allows for the gradual evolution of housing units to meet the changing needs and circumstances of inhabitants.Additionally, the choice of building type is significant, with the incremental housing concept being more appropriate for low-rise housing structures.Finally, community participation is essential, with residents actively engaging in the construction process of their dwellings.While housing providers oversee the development process and ensure socialization, community involvement fosters a sense of ownership and empowerment among residents, ultimately contributing to the success and sustainability of incremental housing initiatives.Despite the advantages of incremental housing in providing freedom and flexibility, its development requires careful monitoring and control (25).Negotiating between design and governance disciplines, incremental housing necessitates an integrated approach to decision-making that considers both design and managerial aspects (21).Critical design decisions encompassing clustering strategies, plot configuration, dwelling layout, and the choice of building materials and construction methods in incremental housing approach can result from collaborative processes rather than hierarchical ones, democratizing the decision-making process and promote inclusivity (21).Moreover, managerial decisions concerning the definition of homeownership models, suitable locations, and access to housing finance are pivotal in addressing housing insecurity by ensuring secure tenure, facilitating easy access to income-generating opportunities, and offering affordable rents, loans, and mortgages (21).Research evaluating incremental housing implementation in Quinta Monroy after 12 years reveals that the uncontrolled incremental housing development can cause deterioration of the condition and quality of the dwellings that could lead to poorer conditions.Issues such as deteriorating housing conditions, reduced access to sunlight and ventilation, overcrowding, and security concerns may arise without proper oversight.Therefore, institutional support is essential to enhance the physical and social development of incremental housing.This support involves implementing surveillance and regulations, including measures such as regulating development areas, establishing boundaries, and setting limits on development interventions, aiming to mitigate potential challenges and ensure sustainable housing development (17).

Kampung Resilience
The concept of resilient kampung, or kampung tangguh, encapsulates the idea of self-sufficient community units capable of withstanding various adversities (26).Kampung resilience denotes the capacity of a kampung to endure and recover from various threats, challenges, and changes, including natural disasters, disease outbreaks, economic downturns, social conflicts, or other disruptions, while maintaining its functionality and vitality.Factors contributing to kampung resilience, as identified in a study, include robust social ties, adaptation, community initiative, place attachment, place identity, security, economic stability, environmental protection, and government support (5).Kampung resilience is intricately related to sustainability, where sustainability provides the foundation for resilience by fostering the conditions necessary for communities to thrive in the face of change, while resilience ensures that sustainable development efforts remain robust and effective in the face of uncertainty and adversity.Kampung resilience represents a community-based approach (5).A study contends that resilience should go beyond conventional top-down approaches of disaster risk management and integrate bottom-up insights from the local communities, particularly the marginalized and disadvantaged (27).It advocates the notion of "everyday resilience", referring to the capacity to address daily risks and adjust strategies to navigate everyday life challenges (27).When assessing kampung resilience, several critical aspects must be addressed.Firstly, the physical aspect involves evaluating the structural capacity of buildings and infrastructure within the kampung to withstand environmental hazards and other stressors.Secondly, the social dimension entails assessing the strength of community networks and organizational structures which play a crucial role in fostering resilience and mutual support.Thirdly, economic considerations focus on the community's ability to achieve financial stability and self-sufficiency, thereby reducing vulnerability to economic shocks.Lastly, cultural preservation is essential, recognizing the unique traditions and customs that contribute to the identity and cohesion of the kampung.Integrating these aspects into poorer area improvement programs is important to enhancing kampung resilience and ensuring its sustainability in the long term.

RISHA (Rumah Instan Sederhana Sehat)
RISHA system, (Rumah Instan Sederhana Sehat, translated to a simple healthy instant dwelling) is aconstruction system product developed by the Indonesian Settlement Research and Development Center (Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Permukiman).Comprising precast concrete panels weighing approximately 50 kilograms each, connected by bolts, it forms a robust and earthquakeresistant structure.RISHA presents an alternative approach to making decent, livable, safe, comfortable, and affordable housing options.Compared to conventional construction methods, RISHA allows for quicker completion without the need for heavy equipment.Each RISHA module, measuring 3 x 3 meters, can be assembled by three workers within 24 hours (28).The assembly process is straightforward, with training provided for those interested in becoming RISHA applicators.Additionally, RISHA is also environmentally friendly, adaptable or can be modified, movable, and offered at an affordable price point (29,30).The system can be combined with other materials for walls, roofs, floors, and other house components, providing increased flexibility for community-driven dwelling development.
In the context of this study, RISHA is proposed to be used in constructing incremental housing to improve poorer area conditions in Kampung Metal.Incremental housing allows for gradual expansion to accommodate the increase in the number of residents, the expansion of activities that leads to development of spatial needs, or a combination of both (28).Therefore, it is essential to employ suitable structural systems that can efficiently evolve in stages according to residents' needs and capabilities while supporting the increasing structural load over time.Hence, housing with the RISHA system is considered appropriate for incremental housing implementation because it provides the convenience of community-driven self-development (31).

3.
Methodology This research employs a qualitative approach through concurrent process of data collection, data reduction or condensation, data display, and drawing conclusion or verifying (32) (Figure 7).The initial phase involves gathering data on the current state of Kampung Metal through on-site observations and secondary sources.Subsequently, literature review is conducted through examining previous improvement initiatives in Kampung Metal as documented in reports and planning materials from the municipal government of Surakarta, City without Slums (KOTAKU), and NGO Arkom Solo (Community Architect of Solo).The collected data from observation photos and documents were then subjected to content analysis techniques, condensing them into more specific categories (33).Building upon the analysis of the existing conditions and past poorer area improvement endeavors in Kampung Metal, this study implements the incremental housing concept to enhance poorer area settlements and strengthen kampung resilience.This research extends poorer area improvement by not only focusing on physical improvements but also related the social, economic, and cultural dimensions.Thus, the data analysis was conducted through assessment of the gathered data within those dimensions.

4.
Results and Discussion This research begins with a comprehensive data collection to assess the existing condition of Kampung Metal.This process encompassed site observations as well as the gathering of secondary data sources.Through critical examination, key insights into the physical, social, economic, and cultural dimensions of Kampung Metal were obtained.These dimensions were systematically analyzed and evaluated to provide a holistic understanding of the existing conditions within the community.The findings from this assessment were compiled and organized, forming the basis for further analysis and discussion.Table 1 presents a detailed overview of the assessment results, providing valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of Kampung Metal and laying the groundwork for subsequent phases of the research.

Aspect
Existing Condition Physical -Poor quality of infrastructure and environment.
-The settlements are located close to the river embankment.
-Housing units are located above drainage.
-Prone to flooding due to too undersized drainage.

Aspect
Existing Condition -The area of the dwellings is not proportional to the number of residents, namely around 20 -40 m 2. -Most of the community does not have a septic tank.

Social
-Social relations between communities are very close due to living together for more than 10 years.-The majority of people are official residents of the city of Surakarta with Surakarta ID card.Economic -Most of the community work as casual laborers (construction workers, sellers, scrapers, tailors/convection, welding workers, etc.) -The family income is uncertain.

Cultural
-Gotong royong culture is still visible, creating strong community ties.
-There is a cultural carnival held every year.
Responding to the poorer area conditions, in overcoming poorer areas in the city of Surakarta, there are several efforts for improvement programs carried out through the Surakarta City Government by the Department of Housing, Settlements and Land (DISPERKIMTAN), City Without Slums (KOTAKU) Surakarta City, Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Bengawan Solo (BBWS Bengawan Solo) and Arkom Solo as NGOs.The solutions provided are often focused on infrastructure improvement and community empowerment as shown in Figure 8.Based on the observations and literature review conducted, this study promotes the implementation of incremental housing as a strategy to address the challenges identified.The implementation of incremental housing in Kampung Metal is proposed as a means to bolster the resilience of the community and provide feasible and healthy environment, thereby fostering a sustainable and hazardresilient environment.Incremental housing initiatives are expected to yield various impacts on the physical, social, and economic dimensions of the kampung, as outlined in Table 2.These impacts are integral to enhancing the overall resilience of the community and promoting its long-term well-being.

Aspects Impact of Incremental Housing Sources Physical
The quality of construction is good as well as KPR house, but it uses a low funding.Infrastructure development will provide water systems, inspection road, gas system, connector street system as a jogging track.

Social
The activities development will increase on an individual or community scale because of the infrastructure development.Few trainings will be held for RISHA House construction and entrepreneur skill.(29,36) Economic The governments and corporations will give funding based on economic level and specifically necessary with a low payment and flexibility of a credit period time. (36)

Cultural
Incremental housing application is carried out by understanding cultural patterns in informal settlements through involving the community in the design and development process Incremental housing initiatives have demonstrated significant impacts across various dimensions including physical, social, cultural, and economic aspects.In terms of physical effects, the focus is on enhancing the environmental quality and cleanliness of Kampung Metal, encompassing improvements in house construction quality, infrastructure, public facilities, and the development of RISHA housing units.These efforts are geared towards enhancing the overall quality of life and societal well-being within Kampung Metal.Concurrently, social activities within the community are fostered to strengthen societal bonds and cohesion, exemplified by events such as syukuran (thanksgiving ceremonies), Independence Day contests, and other communal activities.Furthermore, to support the adoption of the RISHA housing system, community members are provided with education and training on sound building construction practices and techniques specific to the RISHA system.This educational initiative is facilitated by the straightforward nature of RISHA construction methods, which are designed to be easily comprehensible and accessible to all members of the Kampung Metal community.According to the aspects of incremental housing (24), the location and existing building types of Kampung Metal are suitable for implementing the concept.The core house design incorporates essential features such as a room, toilet, and kitchen to fulfill the house's primary function as a place for eating, working, sleeping, washing, cooking, and other spaces for movement.Moreover, the core house is also designed with appropriate openings for natural lighting and ventilation to create healthy living conditions (Figure 10).Additionally, the core house layout accommodates space for commercial activities, enabling community members to engage in entrepreneurial ventures that can contribute to the area's economic development.
The RISHA system is used as the construction system for the housing units in Kampung Metal to increase flexibility in expansion opportunities for incremental housing implementation.The RISHA response to the conditions and needs of the Kampung Metal community led to the design and development of core housing units as the base of incremental housing in Kampung Metal, which can be seen in Figure 11.The use of the RISHA system also allows for horizontal and vertical expansion (Figure 12).Furthermore, it encourages greater community involvement and participation in the housing  In addition to focusing on implementing incremental housing to improve the housing units' condition, it is also necessary to carry out efforts on the neighborhood environment scale.The efforts already carried out by KOTAKU and the municipal government are by improving drainage, paving the roads, making inspection roads, and making parapet embankments.The previous embankment that had a sloping shape is seen to be inefficient because its function has been replaced with the new parapet embankment.Thus, the old embankment can be replaced by a jogging track, small parks, or green open space to limit the expansion area of the community dwellings (Figure 13).

Conclusion
The implementation of incremental housing in Kampung Metal aims to improve the building quality to alleviate issues related to population density, which contribute to an unhealthy living environment and increase vulnerability to disasters and diseases.Moreover, incremental housing also places emphasis on community participation, where the community is involved in the decision-making processes resulting in the housing unit types.This research also contributes to the self-help housing concept by applying it through an incremental housing approach to improve conditions in poorer area settlements.The proposed housing units are low-rise core houses using the RISHA construction system, which provides the primary function and business space to support the community's entrepreneurship that can later be expanded by the community adapting to their own needs and abilities.Furthermore, some aspects must be considered to support the application of incremental housing to enhance kampung resilience, whether on the building or neighborhood environment scales.On the building scale, the quality of the building, primarily related to the use and arrangement of the building materials, should be taken to advise.This is mainly influenced by the economic condition of the people, which causes them to use improvised materials to construct their previous houses resulting in lowquality buildings and poorer area conditions.Thus, the further development of the housing units should be supervised and supported to maintain the quality of the building, ensuring a healthy living environment for the community.This should also be encouraged with the funding that financially supports the community to improve their houses.On the neighborhood environmental scale, the condition of drainage and sanitation are crucial aspects to ensure the kampung resilience concerning the flood that is prone to occur in Kampung Metal.These aspects are also integrated with providing active and passive open spaces in the form of jogging tracks and parks to optimize the kampung condition and serve as spaces for community activities.Lastly, physical improvements also need to be reinforced with community empowerment in the form of activity developments such as training to enhance the knowledge and skills of the people, which they can use to improve their living conditions and raise their awareness about their living environment, or social activities like gatherings, annual events, and other activities that can strengthen the community ties.Thus, community involvement is not limited to the poorer area improvement process but also plays a crucial role in maintaining the sustainability of the improved kampung environment.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Physical Condition of the Kampung metal

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Flood Inundation Map of Kampung Metal , including the Kampung Improvement Program (KIP), the Urban Poverty Reduction Program (Program Penanggulangan Kemiskinan Perkotaan/P2KP), the Neighborhood Upgrading and Shelter Sector Project (NUSSP), the Poorer Area Alleviation Policy and Action Plan (Sapola), the Region-based Management of Housing and Poorer Area (Penanganan Lingkungan Perumahan dan Permukiman Kumuh Berbasis Kawasan/PLP2K-BK), the Community-Based Housing Development Program (Program Pembangunan Perumahan Bertumpu pada Kelompok/P2BPK), the Community-Based Initiative for Housing and Local Development (Co-Bild), and many others (

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Infrastructure Improvement by Local Government, Kotaku and BBWS(11) The improvement of the Kampung Metal is undertaken through a participatory approach involving the community members as active participants, as depicted in Figure9.Several initiatives have been implemented in Kampung Metal RW 23, including: 1. Surakarta City Government (DISPERKIMTAN and KOTAKU) resulting in the Report Document for Handling Slums in Surakarta City (2020) (34) -Infrastructure improvement by widening the drainage belt using box culverts.-Infrastructure improvement of the settlement roads that will later be paved.-Demolition of the temporary dwellings in Kampung Metal 2. BBWS Bengawan Solo resulting in the Report Document for Handling Slums in Surakarta City (2020) (34) -Infrastructure improvements by building embankments along the Bengawan Solo River.3. NGOs (Arkom Solo) resulting in the Report Document of Planning & Design of Kampung Metal (Mepet Tanggul) (2020) (11) -Participatory mapping followed by all communities affected by the arrangement of poorer area settlements by collecting data by the community themselves regarding physical aspects (house size, building type, living spaces, clean water, sanitation) and non-physical aspects (number of occupants, economic and social aspects)

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Ventilation (blue) and Natural Lighting (yellow) in the Core House

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Core House Design with RISHA System .1088/1755-1315/1353/1/012016 13 procurement and development process, a concept reinforced by the RISHA training conducted for the Kampung Metal community.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Example of Incremental Housing Development with the RISHA System This plan aims to avoid the emergence of additional areas outside the boundaries of the land owned by the community, which can cause the growth of new poorer area settlements.The embankment area can also serve as an open space, where the jogging track next to the inspection road serves as an active open space that the community can use to do activities like sports and playing, and also where casual communication happens, while the green open space or parks serve as passive open space (37).

Figure 13 .
Figure 13.Section of Environmental Scale Housing Planning