Utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Technology to Identify Land Cover in Kedai Damar Village, Serdang Bedagai, North Sumatera

Remote sensing has been widely used in various fields, one of which is to provide information related to land cover classification Kedai Damar Village is one of 13 villages in the Tebing Tinggi sub-district, Serdang Bedagai Regency. The settlement of Kedai Damar is the one that is most remote from the headquarters of the high cliffs sub-district. This settlement is situated in the center of the PT.Perkebunan Nusantara-IV plantation region in Pabatu North Sumatera. As a result, several rural towns have opened shops providing food and other essentials to farmers and farmworkers in order to rely on PT. Perkebunan Nusantara-IV plantation. This research was conducted in the Kedai Damar Village administrative center area using unmanned aircraft technology and then visually interpretation of aerial photos and mapping administrative area land cover in the Kedai Damar Village administrative center area using processed data in the form of orthophoto from agisoft metashape software. Based on the results of the study, the Kedai Damar Village area has 5 types of land cover classifications that can be identified visually based on 9 elements of interpretation (hue, color, shape, size, texture, pattern, shadow, site and association) as well as ground checks or data collection and observations. In the field. there are 5 types of land cover that can be visually identified, including non-oil Palm, open land, factory Area, settlement, oil palm plantations.


Introduction
The science and art of remote sensing involves analyzing data from a device without coming into direct contact with the thing, location, or event being studied in order to learn more about it [1].Aerial photography is made simpler and data with high resolution scale are produced when remote sensing data is retrieved using equipment without direct contact, such as drones [2].UAV is a more active field today [3] because to advantages it has over aerial photogrammetry and satellite remote sensing.A UAV remote sensing system typically includes a sensor payload for data collecting, an autopilot to control the entire craft, GPS for navigation, an attitude measurement unit (IMU) to measure attitude, a data link to transfer signals, and a ground station for mission planning and information interaction [4].Unmanned aircraft, or UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), have long been used in the military but are now being used for civil purposes like population dynamics, law enforcement, community-based  [5].To meet the needs of quick monitoring, assessment, and mapping in natural resources at a user-defined spatio-temporal scale, UAV can be deployed quickly and regularly [4].the purpose of this study was to obtain the characteristics of each land cover in the kedai damar village, serdang bedagai, North Sumatera.

Data and Methods
Kedai Damar Village in Serdang Bedagai, North Sumatra, is where the research's collection of data area is located.With a total research area of 46,84 hectares, the data collection area includes a variety of covers, including non-oil palm, open land, factory areas, settlements, and oil palm plantations.UAV data photos with a flying height of 200 m and a ground resolution of 4,95 cm/pix were collected in July 2022.It only performed one mission with a 46,84 ha coverage area, capturing 341 photos that were utilized to create an orthophoto of the research area.Each image was mosaicked to create the orthophoto of the UAV after generating geometry in the Pix4D Mapper program [7].The orthophoto's results will subsequently be converted into a map.In Figure 1, the flight plan is depicted.

Figure 1. Flight plan for aerial imagery acquisition
Using Pix4D Mapper software, pictures are converted into orthophotos.the output of 341 aerial photography sessions in the village of Kedai Damar, Pix4D Mapper software was used to create orthophotos with good precision.Figure 2 displays the outcomes of the orthophoto area investigation.

Figure 2. Results of Orthophoto Kedai Damar Village
Drones are used to interpret aerial photo images by considering the general characteristics of objects and then describing the objects based on interpretation elements like shape, size, pattern, shadow, hue or color, texture, geographical location, and associations.The findings are then delineated to make it easier to organize the objects that will be displayed on the map according to the interpretation theme, which is constrained by object classification or category.Create polygons with characteristics for land use using ArcGIS 10.4.On the basis of the points in the ArcMap application, the location is obtained using a Smartphone and the Avenza maps program.Last but not least, a ground check is employed to assess the accuracy of the interpretation.

Land cover identification
Kedai Damar Village's aerial photos were analyzed, and 5 different types of land cover were discovered.Table 1 lists the area of each category of land cover, and Figure 1 shows the findings of the land cover classification map.Table 1 shows that Kedai Damar Village's land use and land cover are dominated by oil palm areas, which account for 17,18 ha of the village's total 46,84 ha, followed by open land (16 ha) and non-oil palm (4,17 ha).The land cover map of Kedai Damar Village shows the demarcated land cover.Figure 1 displays the outcomes of the delineation.Table 1 shows how Kedai Damar Village uses its oil palm acreage.This village, according to Siagian N [6], is situated in the center of the oil palm plantation's PT.Perkebunan Nusantara-IV (PTPN-IV) in Pabatu.Many rural communities rely on oil palm plantation's PT.Perkebunan Nusantara-IV (PTPN-IV) by opening stores that sell food and other essentials to farmers and farm employees.

Oil palm plantation
The appearance of the Palm Oil Plant object in the orthophoto shown in Figure 3 is characterized by a slightly dark hue, dark green color, star-like crown shape, rough texture, clustered pattern, community road access site.

Settlement
The appearance of the building object in the orthophoto shown in Figure 4 is characterized by a slightly bright hue, the color of the house roof is pink, the shape of the building is like a plot (rectangular), the texture is smooth, the pattern is spread out and clustered, there are few shadows.

Factory area
The appearance of the factory area object in the orthophoto shown in Figure 5 is characterized by bright hues of brownish white and pink building roofs, there are piles of brown palm oil bunches and there is road access.Figure 5 shows the oil palm plantation's PT.Perkebunan Nusantara-IV (PTPN-IV) in Pabatu.

Non-Oil Palm
The appearance of a similar standing object in the orthophoto shown in Figure 7 is characterized by a slightly light hue and light green color with a smooth texture and clustered pattern, as well as a rounded crown shape.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Land Cover Map of Kedai Damar Village

Table 1 .
Type and Area of Land Cover Based on Aerial Photography