Architecture research in urban heritage resilience: a systematic literature review

The conservation of urban heritage is an important process in maintaining the sustainability of urban areas. Sustainability in the context of urban heritage includes the management and conservation of cultural and physical heritage, as well as its harmonious integration with the development of existing social and economic dynamics. Historic cities and urban heritage areas are threatened from both internal and external sources, ranging from over-development of tourism, lack of support for cultural management, and preservation threatened by development projects that are not in line with the characteristics of the area. The objective of this paper is to conduct a literature review pertaining to urban resilience research within the field of architecture, and to provide an analysis of the factors that contribute to the resilience of urban heritage areas. This study applied the systematic literature review method, using the PRISMA 2020 statement as a reference. The methodology involved searching for articles in the DOAJ and Scopus databases with a time limit of 2010 to 2023. Based on this research, it was found that there are a number of factors that contribute to urban resilience and urban heritage, including cultural, economic, social, heritage, environmental and institutional. It also proved that the conservation and enhancement of urban heritage, such as historic buildings, cultural landmarks and other elements that make up a city’s identity, is strongly influenced by architecture. In addition, the findings highlight the importance of a multi-dimensional and collaborative approach to the conservation process. This study shows that the conservation of urban heritage plays an important role in achieving holistic urban resilience. However, there are several challenges and knowledge gaps that need to be addressed in future research, such as the integration of sustainability with urban heritage conservation, participatory management to engage local communities, and the development of effective methods to identify and mitigate risks to urban heritage.


Introduction
The concepts of system and resilience applied to the fields of architecture and urban studies have been a topic of discussion among researchers [1]- [3].While some authors consider resilience as a crucial attribute for urban sustainability [3], others argue that it can perpetuate negative situations [4].
Resilience has various meanings and is responded to by all definitions across disciplines.At first, Resilience was first introduced by ecologists in 1987 [5] "Resilience plays a crucial role in the continuity of relationships within a system and acts as an indicator of the system's capacity to withstand changes in variables, parameters, and driving forces while maintaining its functionality.According to the given description, resilience refers to the characteristic of a system, while its ability to persist or terminate is influenced by various factors."By all means, resilience is the ability of a system to adapt to threats and recover normal functions as they should.In this paper, we adopt the perspective that architecture is an open system, where resilience is desirable to enhance user independency and improve the quality and sustainability of the built environment.

Urban Resilience
Urban resilience refers to to a city's capacity to withstand and adapt to different challenges, such as natural disasters, climate change, economic fluctuations, and social disruptions [1].It involves the ability of urban systems to maintain or quickly restore desired functions in the face of disturbances and effectively respond to changes while also transforming limiting systems that restrict current or future adaptive capabilities [3].Otherwise, there are several definitions of urban resilience, they generally share the common goal of creating cities that are able to bounce back and even thrive in the face of challenges.This concept of resilience is particularly important in the context of urban heritage, as these areas often face unique challenges due to their historical and cultural significance.Urban Heritage Resilience focuses on the resilience of urban areas that have significant historical and cultural value [6], [7].These areas are often at risk of degradation, loss, and destruction due to various factors such as urbanization [8], rapid of urban development [9], natural disasters [10], and social disruptions [11] .

Urban Heritage Resilience
Urban Heritage Resilience is a concept that focuses on the resilience of urban areas with significant historical and cultural value [12], [13].These areas often face the risk of degradation, loss, and destruction due to factors such as urbanization, rapid urban development, natural disasters, and social disruptions.The concept of urban heritage resilience recognizes the importance of preserving and protecting these areas while also ensuring their capacity to withstand and recover from various challenges [14]- [16].The concept of urban heritage resilience recognizes the importance of preserving and protecting urban areas with significant historical and cultural value, while also ensuring their capacity to withstand and recover from various challenges [17] This paper examines the significance of architecture in urban heritage resilience.The objective of this paper is to conduct a literature review pertaining to urban resilience research within the field of architecture, and to provide an analysis of the factors that contribute to the resilience of urban heritage areas.Urban Heritage Resilience (UHR) is knowledge that comes from several scientific disciplines including urban studies, architectural studies, archaeological studies, geographical studies, and several other related studies.The major research question in this review is, "What factors contribute to the resilience of urban heritage in the context of architecture?".To address this research question, this paper presents a systematic review of architectural research in the context of urban heritage resilience and other influence factors that contribute.The paper only focuses on secondary data using literature review papers that recommend gaps for future research.Future research opportunities involve exploring alternative approaches and implementing indicators to enhance urban heritage resilience.This paper offers a fresh perspective on future research in the field of urban heritage resilience in architecture.

Material and Methods
This research utilised a systematic literature review approach and the PRISMA 2020 framework to understand urban heritage resilience and its influencing factors, the figure include in Figure 1.The process involved searching for literature with relevant keywords in reputable scientific databases, evaluating titles and abstracts for relevance, and fully assessing the selected literature based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria.
The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of current research on the relationship between architecture and urban heritage resilience.This analysis was then used to identify knowledge gaps and determine future research directions.
Two databases, DOAJ and Scopus, were used to collect relevant studies.Inclusion criteria consisted of articles published within the last 10 years, written in English, and addressing the relationship between architecture and urban heritage resilience.By limiting the selection to articles published within the last 10 years, the study ensured the analyses reflected the latest research findings and trends.

Criteria Selection for the Literature and Data
In addition to the search strategy, the inclusion criteria for this literature review were established to ensure that only relevant studies were included.Articles written in English were prioritized to ensure accessibility and ease of understanding for the readers.The focus of the included articles was on the relationship between architecture and urban heritage resilience, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of this aspects or factors of urban resilience.Data was downloaded in March 2023 from databases including DOAJ and Scopus.These publications were published in international academic journals between 2010 and 2023.The search used the keywords "Urban Heritage Resilience" and yielded approximately 100 peer-reviewed publications, consisting of journal articles, book chapters, and books.The inclusion and exclusion criteria in Table 1.2.1.1.Relevance to the research question: Only articles that directly address the relationship between architecture and urban heritage resilience will be included.Articles that focus solely on other aspects of urban studies or architectural studies without specifically discussing their connection to urban heritage resilience will be excluded.
2.1.2.Academic rigor: Only peer-reviewed journal articles will be included in this systematic review, as they undergo a rigorous evaluation process to ensure the quality and credibility of the research.

2.1.3.
Language: Due to language limitations, only articles written in English will be included in this review.This criterion ensures that the findings of the review can be accessed and understood by a wider audience.
2.1.4.Publication availability: Only articles that are available in the DOAJ and Scopus databases will be included in this review.
2.1.5.Publication date: Articles published between 2010 and 2023 will be considered for inclusion in this systematic review.

Data Collection Process
The data collection procedure for this systematic literature review followed a multi-step approach.Initially, a search was performed using appropriate keywords related to urban heritage resilience and architecture.This search helped identify a pool of articles that potentially met the inclusion criteria.Afterward, the titles and abstracts of these articles were examined to assess their relevance in greater depth.Articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded at this stage.After the screening process, the full texts of the remaining articles were retrieved and thoroughly analyzed.The analysis included assessing the relationship between urban spaces and heritage, as well as examining the scientific validation of each article through peer-reviewed publication.Finally, after applying the selection processes, a total of 19 articles were deemed suitable for further analysis in this systematic literature review.
Mapping of 19 chosen articles by year, starting from 2014 to 2023, is presented in Table 2. Additionally, following the PRISMA Checklist, the article synthesis focuses on two aspects -urban resilience and heritage resilience.Several articles intersect both these aspects.

General Characteristics
As can be seen in table 2 and figure 2, of the 19 articles obtained there were 22% of the articles containing heritage resilience, 19% topics on architecture, 7% topics on community resilience, 7% topics on urban resilience, 4% topics on resilience, 8% on topics on economic resilience, 22% on topics on cultural resilience, and 7% on climate resilience, finally 4% the same percentage on social resilience and disaster.The 19 articles included in this systematic literature review provide insights into the relationship between architecture and urban heritage resilience.These articles cover various dimensions of urban heritage resilience, such as the preservation and adaptive reuse of historic buildings [20], the role of intangible cultural heritage in enhancing urban resilienceb [19], [29], [31] and the integration of heritage conservation into urban planning processes [12], [16], [18], [21], [32].Additionally, the articles explore different approaches and strategies for achieving urban heritage resilience, including community engagement [33], stakeholder collaboration and the use of innovative technologies .Overall, the articles present a body of knowledge that highlights the importance of integrating urban heritage preservation and resilience in the context of architecture and urban planning.Moreover, the articles emphasize the necessity of adopting a comprehensive and interdisciplinary strategy when tackling the complexities associated with urban heritage resilience.

Clustering
Several analyses and categorizations were carried out in order to cluster findings related to urban heritage resilience.There are 7 contexts found, among others: 1) Community Resilience; 2) Cultural Resilience; 3) Economy Resilience; 4) Social Resilience; 5) Heritage Resilience; 6) Ecological Resilience and 7) Institutional Resilience.The clustering can be seen in Table 3.

Fabbricatti, 2020
The significance of the social dimension in resilience and the participation of local communities are crucial factors in developing measurement matrices for resilience and making informed decisions.[ The importance of cities' resilience in seismic risk mitigation and government cannot be overstated.[35]

Findings and Discussion
The findings of this systematic literature review reveal several key insights into the relationship between urban heritage resilience and architecture.Conserving and adapting historic buildings are crucial for urban heritage resilience [20].Several articles highlight the importance of conserving the architectural integrity of these buildings while finding new functions for them [20] [26].Reusing historic buildings allows cities to maintain their cultural identity while also ensuring their long-term sustainability [20].
Secondly, the engagement of intangible cultural heritage plays a crucial role in enhancing urban resilience.Intangible elements, e.g.traditional knowledge, rituals and practices, boost the social fabric of urban communities [12], [24], [29].The articles scrutinized how the intangible cultural heritage can be utilized to nurture community resilience and community inclusion [18], [23], [24].Moreover, the incorporation of heritage preservation in urban planning procedures is recognised as a crucial tactic for attaining resiliency of urban heritage.The authors have recognised the crucial contribution of local communities and stakeholders in safeguarding and conserving the cultural, historical, and architectural features of urban environments in the context of urban heritage resilience.This highlights the significance of establishing a sense of place attachment and local identity that fosters a profound relationship between the inhabitants and their physical surroundings.This sense of belonging not only enhances the authenticity and identity of a community, but also serves as a source of resilience in the face of disruptions such as natural hazards.

Community Resilience
One key finding is the significant role of community engagement and participation in enhancing urban heritage resilience [7], [29].The articles consistently emphasize the importance of involving local communities in decision-making processes related to urban heritage preservation and resilience.Community participation allows for a sense of ownership and collective responsibility, ensuring the long-term sustainability and resilience of urban heritage.
The community context discussed in the findings related to research on UHR architecture is inseparable from the role of the community in creating an urban environment that can last from time to time.Urban heritage has values related to how the history of the past.Several discussions also link the relationship between community resilience with economic resilience and community resilience with intangible cultural heritage.
Furthermore, the articles also shed light on the economic aspect of urban heritage resilience and its relationship to architecture.Economic resilience refers to the ability of a community or city to withstand and recover from economic disruptions.The studies highlight the positive economic impacts of preserving and revitalizing urban heritage sites.Adaptive reuse of historic buildings, for example, can stimulate local economies through increased tourism, job creation, and the revitalization of surrounding businesses.In addition, the relationship between community resilience and intangible cultural heritage is explored in the research.Intangible cultural heritage encompasses practices, expressions, knowledge, and skills that are transmitted from generation to generation within a community.

Cultural Resilience
The studies reveal that the preservation and promotion of intangible cultural heritage plays a crucial role in enhancing community resilience [2], [23].It fosters a sense of identity, belonging, and social cohesion within the community, which can contribute to psychological resilience in times of crisis.Culture and heritage in the form of tangible and intangible is a discourse that is often discussed in urban heritage research.The value of cultural resilience in a city is important.There are several discussions linking Cultural Resilience, especially those that are intangible, to the context of resilience, social resilience and economic resilience.
Cultural resilience, particularly in relation to urban architecture, is a topic that has gained increasing attention in recent years.It is recognized that the preservation and integration of intangible cultural heritage into urban environments can contribute to the overall resilience of cities.The literature highlights that the relationship between ICH and urban resilience is often approached from an engineering resilience perspective, focusing on the physical aspects of heritage preservation and recovery.
However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of such approaches and explore the potential of evolutionary resilience in the context of cultural heritage.The evolutionary resilience approach emphasizes the need for change and adaptation, recognizing that cultural heritage is a dynamic and evolving entity.

Economy Resilience
In addition to cultural resilience, the research also examines the relationship between intangible cultural heritage and economic resilience [6], [16], [20].The findings suggest that the preservation and promotion of intangible cultural heritage can have positive impacts on local economies.Intangible cultural heritage, such as traditional crafts, performing arts, and culinary practices, can attract tourists and stimulate economic activity in urban areas.
Moreover, the integration of intangible cultural heritage into urban environments can enhance economic resilience by creating opportunities for local businesses and entrepreneurs.Traditional crafts and artisanal practices, for example, can serve as sources of income for communities, while cultural events and festivals can attract tourists and boost the local economy.
However, it is essential to approach economic resilience in relation to intangible cultural heritage with caution.While economic benefits can arise from the promotion and commercialization of cultural practices, there is a risk of commodification and cultural appropriation.It is crucial to strike a balance between economic development and the preservation of cultural authenticity, ensuring that the benefits are equitably distributed among all stakeholders, particularly the local communities.

Social Resilience
The research also explores the relationship between intangible cultural heritage and social resilience.The utilization of intangible cultural heritage has the capability to enhance social unity, encourage community participation, and foster a sense of belonging and identity among inhabitants.
The primary factors influencing the effects are associated with the restoration of significant heritage sites and the promotion of cultural engagement within the local community, leading to economic growth, research opportunities, and social integration.The vulnerability experienced in a thriving urban environment cannot be disregarded when considering how social activities contribute to overall resilience development.Extensive studies have shown a clear connection between social resilience, heritage preservation efforts, and cultural vitality, indicating that investing in intangible cultural heritage can contribute to social cohesion and community well-being.Furthermore, the inclusion of the local population in the management and preservation of intangible cultural heritage can strengthen social resilience.Overall, the integration of intangible cultural heritage into urban environments has the potential to enhance various dimensions of urban resilience.

Heritage Resilience
The study demonstrates a scarcity of academic attention on the relationship between cultural heritage and its potential role in promoting resilience [2], [6], [7], [14], [16], [22], [24], [33].Existing literature predominantly emphasizes the engineering resilience approach, which concentrates on preserving built structures and preventing damage caused by external hazards or rapid urban development.There is a lack of emphasis on the evolutionary resilience approach, which focuses on adaptation and change.This gap in knowledge suggests a need for further research and exploration into the role of intangible cultural heritage in promoting heritage resilience.
The findings also highlight the importance of community involvement in heritage resilience initiatives.Community participation and engagement are crucial for the successful management and preservation of intangible cultural heritage.It is essential for methodologies and tools in cultural heritage management to integrate the concept of resilience and involve the local population effectively.
The concept of heritage resilience is intricately connected to social, economic, and tourism factors.It encompasses both physical and non-physical threats that pose a challenge to preserving urban values from the past.
In conclusion, the research highlights the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between intangible cultural heritage and urban resilience [13].

Ecology Resilience
While the research primarily focused on the relationship between intangible cultural heritage and urban resilience, it is necessary to acknowledge the role of ecological resilience in heritage preservation as well.Ecological resilience is particularly appropriate to urban systems, given the extent and open-ended nature of the changes and challenges they face.Adaptive processes are explored as contributions to the achievement of a successful adaptive cycle in urban socio-ecological systems [34].This includes studying the interactions between natural ecosystems and cultural heritage sites, as well as identifying ways to enhance the ecological resilience of these sites.Urban areas are complex socio-ecological systems, where human and natural systems interact in intricate ways.Understanding the ecological resilience of heritage sites is crucial for their long-term preservation and sustainability.Furthermore, the research highlights the need for a holistic approach to heritage resilience that encompasses both tangible and intangible aspects.

Institutional Resilience
In addition to ecological and community resilience, institutional resilience also plays a crucial role in heritage preservation [35].The role of urban resilience in mitigating seismic risk and governance cannot be underestimated.Government and institutions play a vital role in ensuring the success of Urban Heritage Resilience through policy-making and effective supervision.Setting appropriate policies and providing proper oversight are crucial for the survival of urban systems with UHR.These policies and oversight mechanisms should prioritize the integration of heritage preservation into urban planning processes, as well as ensure the allocation of sufficient resources for the maintenance and protection of cultural heritage sites.Furthermore, the research also emphasizes the need for effective communication and collaboration between institutions, stakeholders, and local communities.In conclusion, the research highlights the importance of considering multiple dimensions of resilience in urban heritage preservation.By acknowledging the role of ecological resilience and institutional resilience, a more comprehensive approach to urban heritage conservation can be achieved.

Exploring Interrelations Among Identified Factors in Each Aspect
This research also explores the interrelationships between the identified factors within each aspect of urban heritage resilience.For example, in the context of cultural resilience, it examines how the conservation and promotion of intangible cultural heritage can contribute to the social cohesion and economic vitality of a city.It also explores how social resilience can positively influence the preservation and transmission of intangible heritage.The study also identifies the ways in which cultural heritage resilience and environmental resilience are linked, highlighting the importance of protecting the natural ecosystems surrounding cultural heritage sites for the overall preservation and sustainability of the heritage.
Studies of resilience in the context of urban heritage often find that these six characteristics -cultural resilience, economic resilience, social resilience, heritage resilience, environmental resilience and institutional resilience -are interrelated and influence each other.
• Cultural resilience: Cultural resilience can influence economic and social resilience by facilitating economic activities and community cooperation based on cultural heritage.• Economic resilience: Economic resilience can support cultural, social and heritage resilience by providing resources for the maintenance and promotion of cultural heritage.• Social resilience: Social resilience is closely linked to cultural and heritage resilience, with a strong and resilient community playing a key role in the preservation of cultural heritage.• Heritage resilience: This is the resilience of cultural heritage and is influenced by the cultural, economic and social resilience of a region.• Ecological resilience: Ecological resilience can influence all other forms of resilience by affecting the health of the environment in which cultural heritage is conserved.• Community Resilience Community resilience is an essential aspect of urban heritage resilience.The well-being and cohesion of the community greatly contribute to the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage.When the community is resilient, it can effectively contribute to the management of cultural heritage sites and participate in conservation activities.• Institutional resilience: Institutional resilience influences all other forms of resilience by creating policies and structures that support the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage.Therefore, while each characteristic has its own benefits, they also interact and are interdependent in the broader context of urban heritage resilience.Further research is needed to explore how the interactions and relationships between these attributes create effective urban heritage resilience.In conclusion, the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage in urban environments play a crucial role in enhancing urban resilience.The six characteristics of resilience -cultural, economic, social, heritage, environmental and institutional -are interrelated and influence each other.Cultural resilience fosters economic activity and community cooperation, while economic resilience provides resources to maintain and promote cultural heritage.Social resilience depends on a strong and resilient community to preserve cultural heritage, while heritage resilience depends on the cultural, economic and social resilience of a region.
Furthermore, ecological resilience affects the health of the environment surrounding heritage sites, and institutional resilience creates policies and structures that support heritage conservation.These interdependent characteristics of resilience work together to create effective urban heritage resilience.To protect lives, livelihoods and cultural heritage, it is essential to enhance the resilience of vulnerable resources by integrating resilience into cultural heritage.Therefore, integrating these resilience characteristics into urban heritage not only contributes to the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage, but also enhances the overall resilience of the urban environment.

Identifying the Knowledge Gaps in Urban Heritage Resilience
While significant research has been conducted on the relationship between urban heritage resilience and various dimensions of resilience, there are still knowledge gaps that should be addressed in future studies.Firstly, the integration of heritage issues into larger political and urban environmental agendas is an area that requires further exploration.Studying how urban heritage resilience can be effectively incorporated into broader urban planning and development strategies would contribute to more holistic and sustainable approaches.Secondly, there is a need for more research on the role of education in enhancing cultural heritage resilience.Despite the recognition of the importance of education in valuing cultural heritage and understanding it as a tool towards urban resilience, there is a lack of scholarly literature that specifically focuses on this aspect.Additionally, there is a need for further investigation into the integration of cultural heritage into urban resilience plans.This includes the development of methodologies and tools that effectively integrate the concept of resilience and involve local communities in the application of these tools.In addition, it is recommended to explore additional research on the impact of both physical and non-physical architectural components in heritage areas on urban resilience.Physical elements such as buildings and structures play a significant role, while nonphysical aspects like history, cultural values, and local traditions also contribute to shaping the character and identity of these areas.By examining how these architectural elements respond to and cope with changes, valuable knowledge can be gained that will enhance the sustainability and resilience of urban heritage.
Furthermore, the literature analysis reveals that the current approach to urban heritage resilience is predominantly characterized by an engineering resilience perspective.This means that the focus is primarily on the ability of physical structures to withstand and recover from shocks and stresses.
There is a lack of emphasis on the evolutionary resilience approach, which involves adapting and changing in response to dynamic urban environments.Therefore, further research is needed to explore the potential of evolutionary resilience in managing and protecting cultural heritage.

Conclusions and Recommendations for Further Studies
In conclusion, the systematic literature review conducted on urban heritage resilience highlights several key findings and knowledge gaps in the field.The literature analysis reveals that the role of education in valuing cultural heritage and understanding it as a tool towards urban resilience is lacking.Previous studies have primarily focused on economic and cultural activities related to heritage, such as the role of museums in safeguarding and transmitting knowledge.Therefore, it is recommended that future research explores the role of education in integrating cultural heritage into urban resilience plans.Based on the analysis, it is also evident that there is a need for further research on the integration of resilience concepts in architectural practices and methodologies.This can be achieved by studying the impact of both physical and non-physical architectural components in heritage areas on urban resilience.Furthermore, there is a lack of research on the use of innovative technologies in enhancing the resilience of heritage buildings.Future studies should explore the potential of digital tools and technologies, such as Building Information Modeling and Geographic Information Systems, in assessing and improving the resilience of urban heritage structures.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The percentage of article by research area.These articles cover various dimensions of urban heritage resilience, such as the preservation and adaptive reuse of historic buildings[20], the role of intangible cultural heritage in enhancing urban resilienceb[19],[29],[31] and the integration of heritage conservation into urban planning processes[12],[16], [18],[21],[32].Additionally, the articles explore different approaches and strategies for achieving urban heritage resilience, including community engagement[33], stakeholder collaboration and the use of innovative technologies .Overall, the articles present a body of knowledge that highlights the importance of integrating urban heritage preservation and resilience in the context of architecture and urban planning.Moreover, the articles emphasize the necessity of adopting a comprehensive and interdisciplinary strategy when tackling the complexities associated with urban heritage resilience.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The Theoretical Framework Relationship.In conclusion, the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage in urban environments play a crucial role in enhancing urban resilience.The six characteristics of resilience -cultural, economic, social, heritage, environmental and institutional -are interrelated and influence each other.Cultural resilience fosters economic activity and community cooperation, while economic resilience provides resources to maintain and promote cultural heritage.Social resilience depends on a strong and resilient community to preserve cultural heritage, while heritage resilience depends on the cultural, economic and social resilience of a region.Furthermore, ecological resilience affects the health of the environment surrounding heritage sites, and institutional resilience creates policies and structures that support heritage conservation.These interdependent characteristics of resilience work together to create effective urban heritage resilience.To protect lives, livelihoods and cultural heritage, it is essential to enhance the resilience of vulnerable resources by integrating resilience into cultural heritage.Therefore, integrating these resilience characteristics into urban heritage not only contributes to the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage, but also enhances the overall resilience of the urban environment.

Table 1 .
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Table 2 .
Nine-teen articles included in data selection.