The resilience level of Kampung Sekretaris as urban village in response to urban development in the surrounding area

Kampung Sekretaris is an urban village in a rapidly developing urban area. This urban development has transformed the area around Kampung Sekretaris into a commercial zone. Its central location surrounded by commercial area could potentially threaten the existence of the urban village due to its strategic significance. Like many settlements, this urban village faces common issues such as flooding, slums, and inadequate sanitation. Given these challenges, one might expect Kampung Sekretaris to struggle for survival. However, remarkably, Kampung Sekretaris not only persists but also features in the government’s planning program. The aim of this study is to assess the level of resilience displayed by Kampung Sekretaris in response to urban development. The research method employed is quantitative descriptive analysis. Analytical techniques include scoring, which involves the use of Resilience Radar Index indicators, and quantitative descriptive analysis to evaluate Kampung Sekretaris’s resilience to urban development over time. The results indicate that Kampung Sekretaris exhibits a very high level of resilience. The following factors explain the relationship between this result and urban development: (1) Community capacity affects building functions; (2) Social capital influences land use; (3) The interconnectedness is evident through the kampung’s land use as a residential area; (4) The restoration of Kali Sekretaris river serves as disaster preparedness, with no more buildings along its banks; (5) A network of interconnected roads supports disaster evacuation; (6) Arterial roads facilitate the growth of trade; and (7) Changes in the functions of buildings reflect the community’s adaptability in seeking livelihood sources.


Introduction
According to [1], urban village is one of the forerunners of the formation of a city and as a typical service for cities with high density levels that are formed without going through planning.The existence of an urban village is important because it contains a variety of unique processes carried out by its inhabitants, and is able to maintain its morphology, function, and values [2].Morphology itself is an approach to understanding the development of a city during its development process through urban spatial patterns.Morphology consists of land use, road networks, and building functions [3][4].
According to [5], urban development is defined as a change in the urban area's life and livelihoods aspects.An urban development forms a characteristic of the urban's physical space, known as the morphology of the area.
Urban development cannot be separated from the existence of the urban villages within it.An urban village is a group of houses within a city that are classified as protected areas.It no longer has fields, but is covered with high-intensity buildings.Despite the fact, that urban development has pushed the existence of urban villages, some of them have proven to be resilient [6][7][8][9].
IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1351/1/012021 2 Urban villages have the same problems as settlements in general, namely population density, building density, narrow circulation, inadequate public facilities and infrastructure, health problems, and poverty.This will become a threat to the survival of urban villages [10].Resilience itself states that, one of the reasons for surviving is the interaction between urban space and urban development [11].
Resilience is the ability to respond to change or disturbance without changing its original condition.To measure the resilience level using a resilience radar index.Resilience radar is a tool to assess the level of resilience of a particular community.It consists of ten aspects, which include community capacity, sosial capital, inclusiveness, connectedness, disaster preparedness, shelter safety, livelihoods, natural resource management, health, water and sanitation [12][13].
One of the urban villages in the city of Jakarta is the Kampung Sekretaris.This urban village, which has existed since before the reform era, is now one of the settlements with the worst sanitation in the capital city.Another problem found in Kampung Sekretaris is flooding, which occur due to the area's low elevation [14].In addition, because of its location next to the Kali Sekretaris, slums cannot be avoided [15].The complexity of the problems should make it difficult for this area to resilient.Not only that, the existence of this kampung has the potential to disappear, because of its strategic location in urban areas, which encourages residents to sell and leave the area [10].However, Kampung Sekretaris still exists today and is even part of the government's urban village planning program, which is based on the decision of the Governor of the Province of DKI Jakarta no.878 of 2018 [16].Referring to these problems, a research question was generated, what is the resilience level of Kampung Sekretaris in response to urban development in the surrounding area?

Methods
Kampung Sekretaris is located in RT 015 RW 07 Tanjung Duren Utara, Grogol Petamburan District,West Jakarta, with the north side bordered by RT 012 RW 07 Tanjung Duren Utara, the east side bordered by Tanjung Duren Selatan, the south side bordered by Kebon Jeruk, and the west side bordered by Duri Kepa.
A lot of study about community resilience has been done before [17][18][19][20].However, no study has been conducted on the resilience level of urban villages in urban development, specifically Kampung Sekretaris.The variables and indicators of reused in this study is shown in table below (Table 1).The approach used in this study is a quantitative approach and described descriptively.The research design is a survey method, which is a questionnaire.The respondents of the questionnaire are the head of the household, a total of 164 head of households.
Analytical technique uses quantitative descriptive analysis and scoring including Resilience Radar Index indicators.The quantitative descriptive is used to analyze the resilience of Kampung Sekretaris in urban development by conducting diachronic readings, which tracing historical traces related to urban development around the village.Whereas, scoring method in the range of 0.00 -1.00.The average values are then interpreted into the following resilience levels (Table 2).Based on the results, Kampung Sekretaris has a very high community capacity value, namely with a value of 0.97 (Table 3).The very high leadership value indicates that there is communication between the community and the leader, so that it can stir the community.Meanwhile, the very high value of community skills indicates that there is an opportunity for the community to develop their skills, one of which is financial literacy as a form of CSR in order to provide knowledge related to family financial planning.

Social capital.
Social capital is measured based on social attachment (X2.1), community participation in social life (X2.2),collective action (X2.3), and aspiration (X2.4).Based on the results, Kampung Sekretaris has a very high social capital value, namely 0.97 (Table 4).The very high social attachment indicates a sense of shared destiny among residents, thus fostering a sense of being part of the community.Meanwhile, the very high community participation indicates participation in social life.Meanwhile, collective action is very high, showing that people can appreciate differences by living side by side.Meanwhile, the very high aspirations indicate that there is hope for the Kampung Sekretaris.This is in accordance with [21], that the urban village community has the nature of loyalty, a willingness to share burdens, to strong solidarity, so that social ties are established that are maintained in the life of the urban village community.

Inclusiveness.
Inclusiveness is measured based on the general inclusiveness which can be seen by whether or not community are treating everyone fairly regardless of their background (X3.1), access for persons with disabilities which can be seen by whether or not persons with disabilities have access to community services (X3.2), gender equality are measured by the roles between men and women in social life, both at community meetings (X3.3) and in decision-making related to community affairs (X3.4).Based on the results, Kampung Sekretaris has very high inclusiveness, with a value of 0.87 (Table 5).General inclusiveness is very high, indicating that the people of Kampung Sekretaris maintain communication by treating each other fairly regardless of their background.Meanwhile, access for persons with disabilities which is very high indicates efforts to mobilize all elements of society, including those with special needs, to obtain equality and treatment with dignity.Meanwhile, the indicator with a high score, gender equality, shows that both men and women have a role in social life.This is in line with [22], that the urban village community is an inclusive society, namely a society that is open and friendly because every member of the community without exception respects and embraces each difference.

Connectedness.
Connectedness is measured based on whether or not there is support from external parties in overcoming problems in their environment (X4.1).Based on the results, Kampung Sekretaris has a very high connectedness, with a value of 0.86 (Table 6).The very high value of support from external parties indicates a strong relationship between Kampung Sekretaris and external parties, the government and public officials.

Disaster preparedness.
Disaster preparedness is measured based on community preparedness and household preparedness.Indicators of community preparedness are measured by whether or not there is provision of information when a disaster occurs (X5.1), as well as whether there are efforts to reduce disaster risk (X5.2).Meanwhile, household preparedness indicators are measured by whether or not there is a disaster anticipation plan in the household (X5.3), (X5.4), and whether or not they have participated in a disaster simulation (X5.5).Based on the results, Kampung Sekretaris has a very high disaster preparedness, with a value of 0.86 (Table 7).The very high value of community preparedness shows that the people of Kampung Sekretaris are ready and alert in dealing with disasters, especially floods, because of their location on the banks of the river.The community received warning information if a flood is imminent and information on what to do when a flood occurs.In addition, having a water pump is a form of effort to reduce the risk of flooding, preventing the runoff from entering residential areas (Figure 1).
3.1.6.Shelter safety.Shelter safety is measured based on the type of building material (X6.1) and effort in building safety, which can be seen from whether or not there is an effort to raise the floor of the house (X6.2).Based on the results, building safety is very high, with a value of 0.85 (Table 8).The very high value of the type of building material indicates that the people of Kampung Sekretaris have realized the importance of choosing the right type of building material for building safety.While the building safety measures are very high, it shows that the community has recognized the characteristics of their area which are prone to flooding, so this experience has made them raise the floors of their houses (Figure 2).

Livelihoods.
Livelihoods is measured based on livelihood dependence on natural resources (X7.1), income earners index (X7.2),savings (X7.3), and food security (X7.4).Based on the results, livelihoods is very high, with a value of 0.88 (Table 9).The very high value of livelihood dependence on natural resources indicates that the community is not dependent on natural resources.This is because the source of livelihood is non-agricultural, so it does not affect with the natural conditions.The very high savings ownership indicates that the community has savings as an emergency fund in the face of unexpected conditions in the future.The very high food security shows that people can meet the food needs of their family members.
Meanwhile, an indicator with a high value, the income earners index, indicates that the number of earning members with the number of family members tends to be balanced.So that the burden on the family is relatively balanced.

Natural resource management.
Natural resource management is measured based on householdlevel natural resource management and community-level natural resource management.Householdlevel natural resource management is measured by the source of energy used for cooking (X8.1), and the management of household solid waste (X8.2).Meanwhile community-level natural resource management is measured by the existence of a community that concerned about the environment (X8.3).Based on the results, natural resource management is very high, with the value of 0.84 (Table 10).The management of household-level natural resources is very high, indicating that the household has maintained survival.This can be seen from the use of gas as a source for cooking.Besides that, households already manage household solid waste quite well by disposing it in the trash.While the value of natural resource management in the community-level is very high, indicates that there is a community that concerned with the environment that collaborates with the local community.
3.1.9.Health.Health is measured based on health knowledge (X9.1), health practice (X9.2), availability of health service facilities (X9.3), and use of health service facilities (X9.4).Based on the results of, the health value is high, 0.80 (Table 11).The very high health knowledge indicates that the community has knowledge regarding dengue fever, including the causes, signs and symptoms, of dengue fever.Meanwhile, the availability of health service facilities is very high, indicating that the community is aware of access to health service facilities around their residence.
Meanwhile, indicators with high scores, namely health practices, show that the community is able to take first aid measures in the event of a disaster, considering that this area is prone to flooding.
As for other indicators, the use of health service facilities with a moderate value indicates that people only use health service facilities during emergencies and if there is a prolonged illness, as well as during childbirth.This is because people tend to prefer traditional medicine.
3.1.10.Water and sanitation.Water and sanitation are measured based on availability of drinking water facilities and sanitation facilities.The availability of drinking water facilities can be seen from the main source of drinking water (X10.1),as well as the availability of drinking water throuhout the year (X10.2).Meanwhile, the the availability of sanitation facilities can be seen from the availability of household latrine (X10.3).Based on the results, water and sanitation is moderate, with the value 0.59 (Table 12).The availability of drinking water facilities is very high indicates that the community's need for drinking water has been met.Meanwhile, another indicator, the availability of sanitation facilities, with a low score indicates that most households do not have latrines in their homes.
The resilience level of Kampung Sekretaris measured based on 10 (ten) variables of the Resilience Radar Index (Table 13, Figure 3).Based on the results, the resilience level of Kampung Sekretaris based on resilience radar index is at a very high level, with a score of 0.85.This is measured basen on 10 (ten) variables that indicates moderate, high, and very high level.

Resilience on urban development
The resilience on urban development includes the morphology of the area.In identifying the morphology of an area, it can be seen based on land use, road network and building functions (Table 14).The relationship between the results of the level of resilience based on the resilience radar index and urban development are as follows:  The very high community capacity value, triggers changes in the function of buildings that were originally residential now as well as business activities;  The very high social capital value has an influence on land use.This is in line with research by [23] that in relation to social capital, the community has an influence on land use, where people who have low social attachment, with high trust in investors, will find it easier to sell their land. The very high connectedness is shown by the establishment of Kampung Sekretaris as one of the urban villages in the Governor of DKI Jakarta Decree No. 878 of 2018.This indicates an effort to maintain the village as a settlement. There is restoration of the river as a form of disaster preparedness, triggering a change in land use, where there are no more buildings on the banks of the river.This condition is in line with [24], that regulated the distance between a river and a building that must be met as a condition for living in an area around river, which is at least 3 (three) meters. There is a hierarchy of interconnected roads, which made it easier during the evacuation process.
 The very high source of livelihood, because most people have a livelihood as a traders or employees.This condition is influenced by the condition of the road network there, namely the secondary arteries, where along with the development of the city, the trade and services sector are growing very fast along these roads. The urban development triggers changes in the function of buildings, which now do not only function as residences, but also become business activities or trade as a source of livelihood.This condition is in line with [11] that people use their house buildings for business activities as a form of adaptation to developments that occur in the surrounding area.Kampung Sekretaris has a strong defense character due to their community ability to adapt, their social capital that makes them stay and retain their land, their connections to the government, which provide them with support to maintain their village, and also their awareness of their settlement's potential for flooding, so they make the effort to prepare for the flooding and keep their house building safe.
The potential of the surrounding environment that supports the community's life can be seen as: there is an opportunity to develop their skills, such as financial literacy as a form of CSR in order to provide family financial knowledge; there is support from the government and other external parties in overcoming their problems; there are interconnected roads, which made it easier during the flooding evacuation process; and also the commercial sector is expanding quickly along these roads, which provides a source of livelihood for the community.

Conclusion
The resilience level of Kampung Sekretaris based on the resilience radar index is very high with a value of 0.85, which is measured based on 10 (ten) variables that is moderate, high, and very high.The moderate value is on the water and sanitation variable.While, high value is on the health variable.Meanwhile, the very high value is found in community capacity, social capital, inclusiveness, connectedness, disaster preparedness, shelter safety, livelihoods, and natural resource management.
The results of the study show that based on the level of resilience of Kampung Sekretaris, it can be seen physically by looking at its relationship with urban development aspects.The relationship between the results of the level of resilience based on the resilience radar index and aspects of urban development are as follows: (1) Very high community capacity triggers changes in the function of buildings that were originally residential now as well as business activities; 2) Very high social capital has an influence on land use, where people have high social attachment so they are reluctant to sell their land; 3) Very high connectedness is shown by the designation of village land as a residential area; 4) There is restoration of the river as a form of disaster preparedness, triggering a change in land use, where there are no more buildings on the banks of the river; 5) There is a hierarchy of interconnected roads, making it easier during the disaster evacuation process; 6) Arterial road sections that trigger the growth of the trade and service sector; and 7) Changes in the function of buildings in obtaining a source of livelihood as a form of community adaptation.

Table 1 .
Variable and Indicator.

Table 3 .
Community Capacity Analysis.

Table 4 .
Social Capital Analysis.

Table 10 .
Natural Resource Management Analysis.

Table 12 .
Water and Sanitation Analysis.

Table 14 .
Analysis of Urban Development in Kampung Sekretaris.