The affect of rusunawa design changes to resident’s physical quality satisfaction

The physical quality satisfaction has an essential contribution to shaping residents’ sense of place, which affects the sustainability of a setting. Physical quality assessment can help measure the extent to which occupants are satisfied with the physical quality of their housing environment and enable the community to identify and organize their settings. This also includes the legibility and accessibility aspects that allow people to create clear, accurate images and help users adapt to their environment, especially housing and settlement. This study examines the effect of design changes on residents’ physical quality satisfaction levels that occur in Rusunawa Sombo. Rusunawa Sombo is a rental flat complex with 10 blocks that was built in stages from 1989 to 1994. This flat underwent renovations to 2 building blocks (blocks E and K) which were completed in 2021. However, the design of the renovated building is very different from the original building, with a reduction in the corridor’s area, which was previously the center of residents’ communal and domestic activities. This study tries to examine the response of residents’ to these changes. The method used in this study is a mixed method, where quantitative research is the dominant method. This study tried to collect a questionnaire assessment of the physical quality satisfaction for 48 respondents, of which 24 respondents lived in the old Rusunawa Sombo building design (Block A and B), and 24 respondents from the newly renovated building (blocks E and K). The results of the questionnaire were analyzed descriptively through the results of the mean value. The quantitative results were then analyzed using a qualitative descriptive method from observations and interviews with respondents to validate the results. This research is expected to be useful as a post-occupancy evaluation that obtains feedback on a Rusunawa Sombo building’s performance in use after it has been built and occupied.


1.
Introduction Vertical housing is a concept that was recently introduced for people in Indonesia, who previously were used to living in landed housing.One case happened to the resident of Sombo which experienced a change in typology from slums to low cost vertical housing (rusunawa).This change result in many aspects, starting from accessibility, circulation, relationships between spaces, patterns of spatial use, norms, standards, values, to latent aspects related to meaning.To prevent the adaptation issues, rusunawa Sombo are designed as closely as possible to resemble kampung with a wide corridor design that aims to accommodate the behavior patterns of the people both domestic and social activities.Rusunawa Sombo is a low cost rental flat resulting from the urban renewal of the Sombo slum settlement.Previously, Sombo was a high density slum settlement with a population of more than 1,000 people per hectare [1].The buildings are semi-permanent, unhealthy, and unfit for habitation.This urban IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1351/1/012018 2 renewal project is considered one of the best practices for repairing slums which is carried out without displacing residents.Rusunawa Sombo was designed by research on user behavior, one of which can be seen in the wide corridor which can function as a communal space like in Kampung's alley.
Rusunawa Sombo is a vertical housing complex consisting of 10 blocks and was built in stages from 1989 to 1994.Rusunawa Sombo consists of blocks A, B, C, F, G, H, I and J which are old and original design buildings while blocks E and K is a renovated building that has been completed in 2021 [1] [2].Several responses emerged related to design changes in this renovation project.Some residents complained that this design change affected their daily activity patterns.This is due to changes in the size reduction of corridors for floors 2, 3, 4 and 5.The size of corridors on these floors is reduced due to the presence of large voids, so it becomes a narrow passage when compared to the previous design.This affects the function of the corridor to accommodate resident's activities, many of them complain about the reduced space for social and communal activities in the renovated flats.

2.
The role of a corridor as a shared public space in Rusunawa The corridor of the Rusunawa Sombo is designed to be relatively wide compared to other rental flats.This aims to accommodate communal activities carried by residents, like in a kampung alley.Various communal activities are carried out in the corridors including socializing with neighbors in daily life, celebrations such as weddings and religious events such as routine recitations.Overall, the activities are basically classified into four categories [3] [4] [5]: • Household chores including cleaning, cooking, eating, dishwashing, and storing (storing raw materials and cooked food as well as kitchen utensils) that take place in the service area and are regarded as semi-private activities.• Private activities including bathing, sleeping, praying, studying, and child-care are regarded as the most private and peaceful activities.• Communal activities can be viewed as being more public and not always quiet: storing (storing clothes, sheets, blankets, towels, etc.); watching TV, unwinding, playing, and having fun; and storing (storing school/work supplies and other than the previously mentioned).• Income-generating activities such as storage of supplies, goods, equipment, and labor are all revenue-generating activities that fall under the category of business activities.From the field survey, several key activities were found in the Rusunawa Sombo corridor, including the following (table 1):

3.
The Change on Spatial Arrangement Rusunawa Sombo originally has a double-loaded space design where there is a corridor in the middle of the unit block that can be used by both sides of the unit (figure 1).Each building has approximately 68 units, where the average dimension for units is 18 square meters, with a residential area of 3x6 meters (figure 2).Each residence has a balcony with an area of 4.5 square meters (3x1.5 meters) [6].The service area in the Sombo flat is designed communally.The following is a floor plan of the old Sombo flat design from the results of a field survey (Block B).In this design, the residential unit has an area of 3x6 meters (Figure 3).There is a large corridor area for communal activities, from socializing, hanging out, to domestic activities such as cooking, receiving guests, and storing things.In this rusunawa, service areas such as bathrooms and kitchens are outside the unit and used communally (figure 4).Due to the degradation of physical quality and the aging building, a renovation project was carried out for 2 blocks of Rusunawa Sombo (blocks E and K) and completed in 2021.In this renovated design building, the residential unit has an area of 3x7 meters.However, the major difference between the renovated design and the original design is on floors 2-5 where corridors are replaced with voids, so that the communal area is decreasing, but the residential units are wider.(figure 5).This reduction has affected the activity patterns of residents who were previously accustomed to do diverse activities in the wide corridor designs.In this flat, service areas such as bathrooms and kitchens are outside the unit and are used communally (figure 6 and 7).Physical quality satisfaction assessment Physical quality satisfaction has an important contribution to shaping resident's sense of place, which affect the sustainability of a setting.Sense of place is a subjective perception of humans towards their environment which is obtained from their experiences and emotions towards a place [7] [8].The physical quality assessment helps users to make their preferences for the environment easier to read, enabling the community to identify and organize the environment [9].Easy-to-read locations allow people to create clear, accurate images and help users adapt to their environment.In addition, the quality of the physical aspects can also help measure the extent to which occupants are satisfied with the physical quality of their housing environment, which will directly affect the level of the occupant's sense of place [10].Following are some of the physical quality satisfaction's indicators that are relevant to the context of housing and settlements which have been summarized from several literatures.

Physical Quality Satisfaction
Environmental quality, shape and visual characteristics contribute significantly to the user's perception of physical quality [10].This is related to the visual richness of the environment, the diversity of the physical environment, the decoration of architecture, landscape elements, street furniture, signage, and human activities [11].In parallel, Jacobs [12] stated that a built environment that has high detail attracts the user's attention more.Additional details in the environment such as lights, benches, and open areas in public spaces including residential areas can create social interaction between residents.Furthermore, this aspect of physical quality will affect the level of sense of place that occupants perceive of their dwelling.

Legibility
The concept of legibility in the housing context is important to be able to measure the suitability of the layout and placement of fixed and non-fixed elements in buildings.Legibility can be an indicator in measuring how far a housing and settlement environment can be easily read, identified, regulated, and controlled by the community [9].This is related to the ability of the setting to direct the user's cognition to read the environment.Readability gives the user a sense of direction and relative position, through physical elements acting as reference points [13].This is one of the important aspects in a housing and settlement environment, especially to measure the consistency of the pattern and characteristics of the settlement route.
In the context of housing and settlements, environmental readability has a close relationship with several infrastructure facilities available in housing and settlement environments.For example, the main means that affect the legibility aspect in the scope of landed housing (kampung) are alleys while in vertical housing such as rusunawa is corridor.Roads or corridors have an important role in directing and functioning as reference points for all units and facilities in housing and settlements.In this case, legibility suitability can be measured by how far the corridor is able to direct residential users to be able to read their environment easily.

Accessibility
Lynch [14] proposed accessibility as an important element of an ideal urban form, including the design of housing and settlements.Accessibility is one of the most important aspects in choosing a house to live in.Accessibility in the context of housing and settlements can be defined in several ways, including: • Access to neighbors in vertical settlements.In the context of vertical housing, there are several key relationships between neighbors, including: • Accessibility between neighbors within one floor of a residential building • Accessibility between neighbors between floors in a residential building • Accessibility between different neighbors of residential building blocks • Residents' accessibility to public facilities, including work locations, population, health, finance, markets, recreation, education, and religion.• Accessibility to resources: food, water, energy, and a variety of different goods or market centers • Building Accessibility, namely the extent to which the building design can facilitate access to its occupants Overall accessibility of a successful settlement space must be accessible in a direct or indirect relationship with fewer or fewer restrictions.Some of these indicators are summarized into index questions in the questionnaire for respondents as follows: The relationship between setting, activity, and user behavior can be explained trough the concept of behavior setting proposed by Barker (1966) in Lang (2010) [15].Behavioral setting are a co-determined relationship between the environment and behavioral patterns that cannot be separated from each other.According to Barker, behavior pattern are human behavior in interaction with the environment.Behavior setting can be defined as the interaction between an activity and the environment in which it takes place.
Behavior setting have some variables that consists of: (1) activity pattern repeated; (2) milleu or setting; (3) synormophy or relationship between activity and milleu; (4) Time period.The better a setting is at accommodating user activities, the more diverse the behavior patterns that occur in a setting.

Research Methods
The research method used is a mixed method which is a combination of quantitative and qualitative research.In this study, quantitative research is the dominant method.This study tried to collect an assessment of the physical quality satisfaction for 48 respondents, of which 24 respondents lived in old rusunawa Sombo building design (Block A and B), and 24 respondents from the newly renovated building (blocks E and K).The questionnaire was arranged based on a four-point likert scale, namely "strongly disagree (1 point)", "disagree (2 point), "agree (3 point)", or "strongly agree (4 point)".The results of the questionnaire were analyzed descriptively through the results of the mean value.The quantitative results were then analyzed using a qualitative descriptive method from observations and interviews with respondents to validate the result.

Result and Discussion
The physical aspect is one aspect that has a major influence on occupant satisfaction, this will later affect one's sense of place and the sustainability of a setting development.This study tries to assess nine indicators of residents' physical quality assessment which consist of physical quality satisfaction, legibility, and accessibility.The results of the questionnaire can be seen in table 3 below.From these results, a comparison graph is obtained from the assessment of physical quality satisfaction between the original flat design and the renovated flat design as follows (figure 8).In general, the results of the residents' physical assessment in the renovated building (block E and K) were smaller than the residents living in the original building (Block A and B).The result of building condition assessment, the residents of renovated design building has the lower satisfaction level compared to the original design building.According to residents, this was influenced by several changes in design features and materials in the renovated building.Where several residents in block K complained about the material condition of the bathroom door which had rotted even though it had just been installed (figure 9 and 10).In terms of the corridor design assessment, there is a significant gap in the score level.The renovated design building has a lower score compared to original design building.This is because the corridors area on higher floors (floors 2, 3, 4 and 5) were reduced due to a large void in the middle of the renovated design building.This is very different from the original design of the previous Rusunawa Sombo where each floor has the same wide corridor space.Residents complain about this, especially those living on floors 2,3,4 and 5 of the renovated building.They complain about the corridors cannot accommodate   In terms of housing unit assessment, the residents of renovated design has a higher level of satisfaction compared to original design.This is because there is an increase in the area of the housing unit, from the previous 3x6 meters (original design) to 3x7 meters (renovated design).This directly impacts the ability of housing units to accommodate domestic and social needs of each family member (figure 13 and 14).In the assessment of the flat design satisfaction, there was a significant gap in the assessment score on the renovated design building.After cross-checking, several residents complained that the reduction in the corridor area had changed the pattern of residents' activities, especially social activities.Events such as celebrations, social gatherings, and other communal activities cannot be accommodated with the narrow corridors on the renovated design building (floors 2, 3, 4 and 5).In addition, there are several complaints about the railing void safety which is relatively dangerous, and the risk of falling for children (figure 15 and 16). Figure 16.Rusunawa Sombo's design (left: original design building; right: renovated design building).
In the assessment of the residents' desire to decorate the interior or exterior of the house, the renovated design building experienced a decline due to the condition of the paint which was still relatively new compared to the old Rusunawa blocks (original design) (figure 17 and 18).On the legibility aspect, the renovated design building is relatively easy to understand and doesn't get lost when residents first occupy it (figure 19 and 20).In terms of accessibility aspects assessment such as the movement of heavy goods from the upper floors and processing when someone dies, there is relatively no change between the renovated design building and the original design building of Rusunawa Sombo.Both are quite difficult considering that vertical access to the flat is only via a ladder (figure 21 and figure 22).From the results above, it can be concluded that there is a correlation between design changes which have an impact on the shift in user behavior and physical quality satisfaction.The most dominant spatial feature in Sombo's vertical public housing is the corridor.The flat corridor is the center of user behavior for the communal living of residents.This corridor was previously designed to be relatively wide (8-10 meters) and aimed to accommodate a wide variety of community activities, ranging from domestic, social, and economic activities.However, this experienced a shift when several blocks were renovated with different designs.The renovated building design has a relatively narrow corridor area and is only sufficient as a circulation area.This causes a decrease in the ability of the flat corridor to accommodate the diversity of community activities that occur on a daily basis.This is in accordance with the behavior setting theory put forward by Barker, that the better the setting can accommodate user activities, the more diverse the behavior patterns that occur in a setting, resulting in the high physical quality satisfaction assessed by the residents.

Conclusion
Overall, Sombo's residents' physical quality satisfaction level with the old building is higher than the renovated design building.This is broadly influenced by differences in design where in renovated buildings there is a reduction in the corridor area on the higher floors which is replaced by the wide voids.This affects the setting's ability to accommodate the residents' activities that usually take place in the corridor, especially social activities such as receiving guests and holding events such as weddings, thanksgiving, and regular recitations.With a narrow corridor, these activities cannot be properly accommodated by the setting.However, in several other aspects, such as the satisfaction assessment of the housing unit area, the renovated design received a higher score because the housing unit area was increased to 21 m² from 18 m² previously in the original design.In the legibility assessment, residents think that the renovated building is easier to read (does not get lost the first time they live there).

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Assessment for building condition.Figure 10.Building condition (left: original design building; right: renovated design building).

Figure 10 .
Figure 9. Assessment for building condition.Figure 10.Building condition (left: original design building; right: renovated design building).

Figure 17 .
Figure 17.Preference to paint or decorate the house unit.

Figure 18 .
Figure 18.Interior of house unit (left: original design building; right: renovated design building).

Table 2 .
Questionnaire Index of Physical Quality Assessment

Table 3 .
Result of Physical Quality Assessment.