Relation between renovation and space density of small-type house in a row house pattern

Small type houses answer the need for residential housing in sub-urban areas. The increasing price of land and the affordability of buyers has encouraged the production of small type residential houses to increase. Small type residential houses have a land area of ≥ 90 m2 and a building area of ≥ 36 m2. However, small type residential houses do not fully answer space needs. Small residential houses tend to undergo renovation to meet space needs. This research uses quantitative descriptive methods. This research aims to formulate a pattern for renovating small residential houses using the case study of the Jasmine Cluster, Sawangan, Depok. This research is necessary considering that during the pandemic, homes are the safest areas for quarantine and as a means of self-isolation for those who are infected. The pandemic event has become a valuable lesson, especially for getting a healthy home. Efforts to fill the space in small type houses in the Jasmine Cluster are carried out by renovating the houses vertically and horizontally. The development was carried out because the existing space does not meet needs. Factors that influence the development of this residence are the number of family members and other rooms that are not provided by developers of small type residences. The density levels before and after renovation show significant changes, and become alternative solutions (quarantine and isolation) as a response to future pandemics.


Introduction
A residence is a physical container in which various activities occur.According to Law No. 4 of 1992, a house is a building that functions as a residence or housing and as a means of family development.In a broad sense, a residence is not only a physical container, but also a place for housing that meets the requirements for a decent life, seen from various aspects of life in society.The Covid-19 pandemic is a major disaster that has taught valuable lessons that building health really needs to be enforced [1].Homes during a pandemic have an important role.Homes become a means of quarantine for the healthy, when work from home[2] and school from home are implemented.Residences are even facilities for selfisolation when health facilities are full of patients.Therefore, it is necessary to take an initial approach before starting a healthy home.
Small type residences currently answer the need for housing for those who work in downtown Jakarta.The areas around Jakarta became the support, resulting in mass production of residential houses emerging.Geographical and economic affordability is important in buying a house.Land prices are increasingly expensive and distances are increasingly far away, making small type homes an option.So far, the efforts made by manufacturers have been to answer these needs, but have not been sensitive to IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1351/1/012017 2 the interests of prospective home owners [3].Each household's space needs and other motivations for buying a home need to be considered.
Landed house buildings are expected to be at least 40-50 years old [4].In fact, this is a requirement that must be fulfilled by the developer [5].Therefore, a small type of residential renovation needs to be planned well so that there are no design mistakes that are not profitable.Alternatives for limited building expansion by the owner can only be carried out on the remaining land in front and the remaining land behind the existing building is of particular concern.Apart from that, it is also necessary to consider the damage that might occur [6].
Sawangan is one of the sub-districts in Depok City which is dominated by mass-produced residential houses or better known as housing complexes.One of them is a real estate, which is a 15 hectare land that functions as a housing complex.It consists of 8 clusters which are currently still producing residential houses.As much as 40% of the land has been developed, and the rest is still land ready to be built.This research will be carried out in one of its clusters, namely the Jasmine Cluster.The Jasmine Cluster is one of 4 large clusters in Sawangan.A cluster in Sawangan can consist of 200 to 400 residences.And the selection and determination of the Jasmine Cluster is a cluster dominated by small type residences.The small type of residence in the initial plan, of course, has been planned from the start so that there is remaining land for greening and absorption, and the spaces meet the lighting and ventilation requirements.However, when this small type of residence is occupied, there is a tendency for the owner to carry out renovations or expansion both horizontally and vertically.
The types and forms of housing that exist today are increasingly varied.The purpose of this diversity is to increase the selling power and attractiveness of the housing being built.However, development is increasingly rapid, increasing the sale value of land, so that small type residential houses are the solution.Currently, most residential houses are built only focusing on consumer purchasing power without considering the possibility of development that will be carried out in order to meet the need for space.The requirements for a residence must be able to meet the comfort standards of its users, so that the people who live in it can feel comfortable in carrying out activities.Meanwhile, the comfort aspects in buildings that are important to pay attention to are the thermal, visual and acoustic comfort aspects.Especially in small type residential houses located on land of 60 m2 to 72 m2 with a building area of type 30 and type 36.In renovations that are not well planned (growing houses) it is thought that this will have an impact on the level of environmental density, space density, and even impact on the health of its residents.Therefore, this research will observe the extent to which there is a tendency to develop small type residential houses in a housing complex with a row arrangement pattern and the impact of the development itself.

Types of Residence Based on Area
• Small house A small house has limitations in terms of space planning.This type of house is very suitable for small families and people with low purchasing power.Simple houses are part of the government's housing subsidy program to provide decent and affordable housing for people with low incomes or purchasing power.In general, a simple house has a house area of 22 m² to 36 m², with a land area of 60 m² to 75 m².

• Intermediate House
Intermediate house is a medium type house.In this type, quite a lot of space requirements can be planned and the space planning is more flexible than in a simple house.In general, this medium-sized house has a house area of 45 m² to 120 m², with a land area of 80 m² to 200 m².

• Large House
Large house as well knows as luxury house, usually owned by people with high incomes and purchasing power.Space planning in this type of house is more complex because the space requirements that can be planned in this house are many and adjusted to the owner's needs.This type of large house is generally not only used as a residence but also as a status symbol, a symbol of the personality and character of the home owner, or a symbol of prestige.In general, these luxury homes usually have a house area of more than 120 m² with a land area of more than 200 m².Small type residential houses are the answer to the need for residential houses in the buffer areas of Jakarta.Consideration of geographical location with the city centre, increasingly expensive land prices, and market affordability have encouraged this type of small residence to be produced on a large scale.One of them is in Sawangan.About 67% of this sub-district is dominated by housing which offers small type residences.
This type of small residence is increasingly in demand by buyers on the grounds that in the future it can be expanded on the existing land area.Currently, small type residences offer homes with the composition of a living room, family room, 2 bedrooms and toilet/WC.So this is not a problem for the buyer, because in the future it can be developed by adding rooms that are not yet available.The trend in the development of small type residential houses then becomes interesting to study in terms of the area of development, the types of rooms added and the extent to which the additional rooms can reduce the density of activities in the previous rooms.

Housing Arrangement Pattern
Housing patterns consist of several types: • Detached House (Single House) This detached house/single house has open land around the house.The walls are not attached to other houses next to it or behind it.In fact, usually the distance between houses is determined from the start, both the distance that borders neighbouring land, and the distance that borders public land.This single house is suitable for areas with low density levels.

• Semi Detached House (Couple House)
Semi Detached House/Couple House has distinctive characteristics, namely 2 residential houses have 1 single roof.Some detached houses are provided with remaining land on the side, the part that is not attached.However, there are also couple houses that are presented without remaining land on the side.Therefore, this couple house is aimed at areas with low to medium density.In a double house there is still remaining land in front and behind the house.

• Row House
In a Row House, the houses are in an arrangement that is attached to one another.There is no gap in land on the side of the house.Residential houses in row houses only have remaining land in front and behind.However, this house has a separate structure, both in the roof structure and the building structure.The research object is a small type residential house that uses a row stacking pattern.The small type of residence which is the object of research is located in Sawangan.From the study above, it can be said that there are limitations in developing residential houses that use a row layout pattern, because they can only add space to the remaining land in front and behind.The renovations carried out will affect the spatial configuration of the residence [11].Moreover, regarding the positive impact that home owners expect after carrying out renovations.

Renovation and Space Density
Previous research relating to small type residential houses and renovations and their relationship to density levels will be discussed in this section.In previous research, the discussions taken included: urban village development and the factors that influence it [12], housing development problems in areas around Jakarta [13], and its relation to economic affordability [14], resulting in the emergence of small type houses and flats [15].Research related to small type residential houses was also studied qualitatively [12] where socio-cultural factors, physical conditions of land and houses, economic factors, human needs factors and non-physical factors of the house influenced residential renovation patterns.An investigation into the physical transformation of residential units in low-income housing estates in Lagos, Nigeria, where most residents were dissatisfied with the homes they lived in [16].And another qualitative discussion is the dominance of socio-fugal spaces (which reduce social interaction) compared to socio-petal spaces (which facilitate social interaction) [17] in the development of the house.
DKI Jakarta, which is the foundation of the economy, encourages very large population movements, and one of them is encouraging the mass construction industry in the form of residential houses.Living in the city center is clearly not an option for middle-income people.The main consideration is the condition of housing with high density, without a yard, and is classified as uninhabitable [18].This then became the trigger for mass production of small type house in areas supporting Jakarta.Problems such as transportation, settlement, environment, water and waste in the Bogor, Tangerang, Depok and Bekasi areas require an integrated and integrated system [13].
Previous research on small type residential houses [14], [13], [15], [18] used quantitative methods, and research [12], [16], [17] used qualitative methods.Previous research that combined simulation methods assisted by software that simulated density levels was carried out more at a residential scale, but has not been carried out at a spatial scale in residential homes.Research that has led to spatial density with simulation, emphasizes terraces [11], not spaces presented with complete dimensions, floors, walls and roofs.Meanwhile, this research carried out an overall simulation of a residential house that had undergone renovation.
Another thing that is important in this research is to find out the level of density in small type residential houses that have been developed.Renovations carried out by adding several rooms from the initial plan need to be examined for their contribution to space density.It is feared that renovation is only to achieve the satisfaction of the home owner, but the requirements for adequate housing are ignored [14].This research is also a reference for determining a safe space in a residence to carry out quarantine and self-isolation, if in the future a pandemic threatens again.

Methodology
This research will use quantitative descriptive analysis supported by simulation, namely by taking data on the development of small type residential houses in the case study object, namely in the Jasmine Cluster, Depok.The data classified based on the type of development, the area produced, and the rooms added.It is hoped that the results will help to formulate renovation or development trends [7] in small type residential houses.The existing trend pattern is then simulated to determine the role of additional space in reducing the level of spatial density.
The time for conducting the research is from July to August 2023.The location of the research is in a residential cluster with a row arrangement pattern in the Jasmine Cluster which is located in Sawangan, Depok.Based on its geographical location, the research object is in an area dominated by small housing complexes.This is because Sawangan's location is quite strategic and close to the South Jakarta area.The area of the Jasmine cluster is ± 21,000 m2.This cluster consists of 201 houses, with 27 houses being type 45 with a land area of 120 m2, 20 houses being type 36 with an area of 90 m2, and 147 houses being type 36 with a land area of 72 m2.The total number of occupied residences is houses and there are 30 houses of type 36 with a land area of 72 m2 which are not occupied.The research steps can be described in the following flowchart:

Finis h
After renovation data of a small type of residence, then the next step is data processing.The data is then simulated using Space Syntax software.The existing data is then compared with the floor plan before development and used to formulate: • Driving aspects of residential development To find out what are the reasons for expanding the area of a residential house both horizontally and vertically.

• Aspects of variables in residential development
Types of development, types of rooms added, percentage of additional area, and tendency for development of small type residential houses, as well as changes in density levels [8] before and after renovation.

• Conclusion
Drawing conclusions from the results of the analysis that has been carried out regarding the positive impact of residential renovation in relation to the level of density which affects the health of indoor spaces [9][10].

Result and Discussion
This small type residential house in the Jasmine Cluster, Sawangan is in a row arrangement with a facade width of 6m.This row arrangement pattern often does not provide many options for providing openings on the left and right because it is directly adjacent to the neighborhood wall.If the house is in its original condition, it is still possible to open the front wall and back wall of the building.Therefore, this research will find out the extent of building expansion carried out by owners of small type houses.This research will refer to and formulate development patterns carried out in small type residential houses related to space density.This research will map the changes made by home owners, the reasons underlying the changes will be explored through interviews.Meanwhile, observations are carried out to formulate the extent and pattern of development trends.The renovations carried out can be interpreted as a form of building adaptation.This adaptability is then used as a measure that a building can easily accommodate new uses [11].From the existing residential units, 30 samples of houses undergoing development were taken.The data will be processed using tables and simple statistical methods to formulate residential development trends.The Jasmine cluster uses a one-gate cluster pattern.The main access to this cluster is at the northeast end of the site position.This cluster has a 24 hour security system.The houses in this cluster were also initially open without fences.The left and right walls that form the boundary between the carports of the house are made low, 110 cm high.The Jasmine Cluster has 3 types of residences, namely 1 luxury type, 1 medium type and 1 simple type.The luxury type in the Jasmine Cluster is a residential unit with a building area of 45 m2 and a land area of 120 m2.The number of residential houses type 45/120 in the Jasmine Cluster is 26 units.The medium type in the Jasmine Cluster is a residential house with a building area of 36 m2 and a land area of 90 m2.The number of type 36/90 residential houses in the Jasmine Cluster is 21 units.The medium type in the Jasmine Cluster is a residential house with a building area of 36 m2 and a land area of 72 m2.The number of type 36/72 residential houses in the Jasmine Cluster is 152 units.

Result Data
From a total of 173 small type residential units in the Jasmine cluster, 30 data were taken which had developments from the initial plan.The following is a grouping of data that has been collected based on the area added from the initial plan: Horizontal development starts by adding an area of 6m2 to 25 m2.Both type 36/72 and type 36/90 residential houses have the same initial plan area.Of the 30 small type residential houses data taken, some of them have similar development plans apart from similarities in the area added.This development limitation is influenced by the row house pattern, so that not too many combinations of room designs are produced.Vertical development of the data taken adds a very varied area from 12 m2 to 60 m2.Vertical development also produces a wide variety of additional rooms, from bedrooms, kitchens and dining rooms to extra rooms such as study rooms, prayer rooms and balconies.In the next research stage, namely simulation, small type residential houses that are developed vertically will be ignored.Considering that developments up to 2 floors can no longer be classified as small type residential houses.
The next discussion is about the type of room added.In the initial plan, a small type residential house consists of: 2 bedrooms, bathroom, living room and family room.In this type 36 house, a kitchen table is provided, but the kitchen is located on the back terrace, and is not a closed room.The small type residential kitchen is in an open location, and only has dimensions of 1 m x 3 m.From data on residential houses undergoing development, they are grouped according to the types of rooms added, as follows: Development of a one-story residential house is dominated by the need to add a kitchen and dining room which was not provided for in the initial plan.The initial plan provides for a kitchen table and washtub which are positioned on the back terrace in an open condition or are not a complete room.Refining the kitchen table into a complete, closed room will result in a more hygienic kitchen room.Apart from adding kitchen space, the next trend is to add a dining room.
From the results of interviews with home owners, the addition of bedrooms in several data samples was due to the need for other family members besides the nuclear family.Another reason for adding a IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1351/1/01201710 bedroom is for families who have household assistants staying overnight.If in the initial plan there are only 2 bedrooms, then the addition of bedrooms is driven by the 2 things mentioned above.

Result of Space Syntax Simulation
Based on the results of the field study, this sub-chapter will explain the trend of changes in spatial patterns in the Sawangan housing complex in the Jasmine cluster.Analysis used to determine changes in the house before and after renovation using Space Syntax software.This analysis aims to determine the level of activity density in the research object's house before and after renovation.In this research, three basic types of houses will be taken which will be analyzed to find out what the movement patterns of the houses were before they were renovated, while the research objects for houses that have been renovated are 30 house units.

Simulation Result of 36/90
Type.However, of the 30 housing units, only 24 housing units have different floor plan characteristics, while for the other six units the renovation results tend to be typical due to limited design alternatives due to limited land.To find out the spatial pattern analysis between before and after renovation, see the following picture.Based on figure 4.1.You can see the floor plan of a type 36 house with a land area of 90 m2 which has not been renovated.Based on this picture, it can be seen that the densest movement is in the access area to the kitchen.Meanwhile, other rooms such as terraces, living rooms, family rooms tend to be frequently used, this can be seen from the red ref number line, while bedrooms, toilets and transition areas tend to be rarely used, this can be seen from reference number line which is green -blue.Meanwhile, for residents' houses of type 36/90 which have undergone renovation, based on a field survey, there are three housing units.The location of the house is: Based on three houses type 36/90 which have undergone renovations.Based on the Space Syntax simulation image of the house located at Address A number 28, activities are dominated by the terrace and living room.Meanwhile, indoor rooms such as the family room, dining room, kitchen and bedroom tend not to have much movement.This can be seen in the numeral chorus line for A house number 28 which tends to be dominated by green or blue.
For houses with the A Block Address Number 38 and the A Block Address Number 58 which have been renovated, there is a tendency to have the same spatial pattern which is quite dense, this can be seen in the chorus number line, the yellow to red lines located in the living room and family room., while the least dense parts are the dining room, kitchen room and garden, this can be seen in the green and blue chorus number lines.
In the next analysis, it is still in a house with type 36/90 where the research house object uses the house address because the house owner does not want his name to be known.The next research object is the house which is still located in block A The house that is the object of research is the house located in block A number 2. This house underwent renovations at the back of the house, which was initially an open space and then converted into a kitchen, dining room and family room.To find out the pattern space, it can be seen in the ref number analysis, where based on this analysis, if the house is dominated by red in the middle of the house in the family room which is adjacent to the WC/toilet, this is because the owner of the house, after expanding the house, did not do so.increase in toilet capacity, so that toilet use is quite frequent and activity patterns in rooms close to the toilet are sufficient.To find out the activity pattern in the room, you can see the following picture.The house that was the next research object was the house located at Block B number 8. The owner of the house also made changes and renovations.Namely expanding by using the backyard to become a kitchen, dining room and providing a small garden at the back of the house.
To find out the spatial pattern can be seen in the following picture, based on the chorus number analysis picture, it can be seen that the home owner has also expanded his house by making use of the back yard, however, in the middle of the house, especially in the part with the toilet, there is also a density of activities due to the house It only has one toilet, so all activities in this house will be visible in the part of the family room which has access to the toilet.Meanwhile, in the back part of the house which is the result of renovation, you can see that it is very quiet with activity because its only function is the kitchen and the garden which functions as natural air circulation.
The house that is the next research object is the house whose address is Block B number 52, the same as the house owner of Block B number 8, so the house owner also expanded the house by making use of the back yard.To find out the spatial pattern of this house, you can see the following picture.
Based on the results of the spatial pattern analysis, it can be seen that the results of the renovation remain with house block B Number 8, namely that there is a build up of activity in the family room, this causes the owner of house B Number 52 to only expand the house but not add a toilet.

Simulation
Result of 36/72 Type.One type of house that is the object of research is type 36/72.This house has open plan characteristics, this can be seen from the living room and family room which are imaginary separate, while the dining room and kitchen are also imaginary one.This strengthens the characteristics of type 36/72 houses with an open plan concept.To find out the money polarity for house 36/72 which has not been renovated, see the picture.Based on this picture, it can be seen that there are differences in activity patterns between the living room and family room.It can be seen that the living room has a blue to green chorus number line, while the family room has a fairly dense activity pattern, this can be seen from the red chorus number line.To find out the activity pattern of the houses of Cluster Jasmine residents who have undergone renovations, you can look at the nine houses of the residents studied.The house studied was the house of Mr A and Mrs B. These two houses have the same renovation characteristics, namely that the house owner carried out renovations for trading activities by making a shop at the front of the house.However, if we look at the pattern of spatial activity, Mr.A's house is the one with the most activity pattern, this is because Mrs A's house is renovating its house into a shop with an open plan concept.So that the shop's activities become one with the activities of the house.Meanwhile, Mrs. B's house, which has been renovated to create a shop at the front of her house, does not experience a busy activity pattern.This is because Mrs. B's house, when renovating, used a close-plan concept so that shop activities and household activities were not mixed and the privacy of the house was not disturbed.Meanwhile, for renovations intended as residential homes, there were seven housing units whose activity patterns were examined after the renovation was carried out.Renovations carried out by Sawangan residents included expanding the living room, family room, dining room and kitchen.To find out the results of the analysis of activity patterns resulting from house renovations, you can see the following picture.
The house of the resident who carried out renovations to expand the living room is the house of Mr. C and Mr. D. If you look at the original plan of the type 36/72 house, this house has a living room facing the front, whereas after being renovated the living room faces the side.Based on an analysis of activity patterns based on the chorus number lines which are coloured between yellow and red, Mr C and Mr D's house after undergoing renovations tends to have an increasingly dense activity pattern when compared to the original house plan.
Meanwhile, the house that is the next research object is the house of Mr. E and Mr. F.The two houses of this research object have something in common, namely that they renovated by breaking down the back terrace wall and changing the back garden into a kitchen.This aims to increase the area of the family room. .To find out the spatial pattern of Mr. E and Mr. F's house, which has been renovated, see the following picture.Based on the picture of the research object of Mr. E and Mr. F's house, when compared with the original house, which 36/72 analysis of activity patterns in the chorus number line has no change in the load of activity patterns, even the back garden which was converted into a kitchen even divides the activity patterns evenly throughout the house so that there is no a spare/empty corner of the house.

Conclusion
The addition of space in the development of small type residential houses has a tendency to fulfilled space needs that have not been provided, especially the kitchen and dining room.Renovations by adding a bedroom are to answer the needs of family members other than the nuclear family.Another factor that encourages additional bedrooms is to be provided for household assistants who stay overnight.The Space Syntax simulation results show that before development, the space density was quite high.This is because there are multifunctional rooms that accommodate several activities at once.The level of density in an open plan space pattern will trigger the emergence of new density, because there is a tendency for various activities to take place in that area.The level of density will decrease when the space is not in an open plan concept, but has clear spatial separation.
Small type residential houses have a tendency to expand their buildings in order to meet basic room requirements (kitchen and dining room) which are not yet available from the initial plans built by housing developers.Therefore, this is a suggestion for housing developers to consider the need for these spaces in initial planning.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.One Gate System at Jasmine Cluster.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Blocks and Residential House Type in The Jasmine Cluster.

Figure 11 .
Figure 11.Activity Pattern Analysis After Renovation of 36/90 House Type (a) House of Mr. A (b) House of Mrs. B.

Figure 12 .
Figure 12.Activity Pattern Analysis After Renovation of 36/90 House Type (a) House of Mr. C (b) House of Mr. D (c) House of Mr. E (d) House of Mr. F (left-right).

Table 1 .
Area Comparison between Before and After Renovation.

Table 2 .
Area Comparison between Before and After Renovation.

Table 3 .
Type of Room Added