Tourism photography: a form of adaptation to sustain the heritage district of Malioboro, Yogyakarta

The study discusses the role of tourism photography in the increasing existence and sustainability of heritage areas in Yogyakarta. Tourism photography has become a lifestyle trend in the current digital era. The principle of tourism photography as a promotion media of tourism objects and destinations contributes to the increasing popularity of the heritage areas in Yogyakarta as the uniqueness of urban tourism in Yogyakarta. Tourism photography is developing in the heritage area of Malioboro. It can be seen as an opportunity and a threat for the district as well. Therefore, the study aims to find out the sites and their architectural characteristics that are used as the setting of tourism photography. The study implemented an explorative case study method with Malioboro heritage area as the case study. Data was collected through a participatory observation, interviews with key persons and participants, and relevant documents. The results of the study shows that tourism photography plays a key role in the preservation of heritage buildings in the Malioboro heritage area. The activities of tourism photography in the Malioboro area involve the local community as the actors of tourism photography, such as photographers, renting traditional costumes and preparing the local transportation. The active participation of the local community gives financial benefits for the community. Furthermore, the old buildings are well maintained, so that they become more attractive for tourists. It can be said that tourism photography contributes to the effort to maintain the heritage buildings in Malioboro, Yogyakarta.


Introduction
Cultural heritage buildings are tourist attractions that have high philosophical values and spaces for people to interact with each other so that the space remains alive.This is an adaptation effort of cultural heritage to maintain historical values in adjusting to the times and current needs, or what is commonly known as adaptive reuse efforts.In the context of cultural tourism, this effort is made to revive a heritage building through the addition of new functions without losing its historical value and character [1].
Adaptive reuse found in cultural heritage buildings is the increase in the function of the building as a public space that accommodates various types of tourist activities.One of the current activities that is quite often done is tourism photography.Photography is an activity carried out by someone to document objects using a camera [https://kbbi.web.id/fotografi,accessed on August, 2023].The photography trend is considered a medium for tourism promotion, through the experiences that a IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1351/1/012004 2 person shares on their social media [4].When visiting a heritage building, tourists often capture themselves against the background of objects and environments that they find interesting.The photos will be uploaded on social media to make their feeds more attractive.In this case, tourists are willing to spend money to visit some interesting places and objects, especially in the heritage area [3].Tourism photography can create a new perception of a tourist attraction so that people will be more sure to come to the place [4].Indirectly, tourism photography can increase local revenue.
Malioboro is one of the heritage areas in Yogyakarta with various backgrounds that can be used for heritage photography.One example is the Javanese signage, with the Indsche building in the background.This area with high historical and philosophical value attracts thousands of tourists every day.The high attractiveness of the area has encouraged a group of local people to develop photography services and Javanese traditional clothing rental in the Malioboro area [5].This study focuses on the development of tourism photography conducted by the local community as a form of adaptation to the lifestyle trend to sustain Malioboro's Heritage area.Whereas, the aim of this article is find out the sites and their architectural characteristics that are used as the setting of tourism photography.The activities of tourism photography in the Malioboro area play a key role in exploring heritage architecture as the attractive setting of photography.This effort may contribute to the existence of the Javanese culture through introducing Javanese traditional clothing and the maintenance of heritage architecture as the setting of tourism photography.

Toursim development
Tourism is a temporary trip from one place to another place that can be done by individuals or groups and aims to give the soul happiness, calmness, balance, and harmony.Communities, investors, and governments work together to provide facilities for tourism activities [https://www.kajianpustaka.com/2019/12/pariwisata-pengertian-unsur-bentuk-dan-jenis-wisata.html,accessed on October, 2023].Nowadays, there is a trend that tourists prefer to visit places with certain historical and cultural values [7].Cultural and heritage tourism are derived from the same type of tourism, but they have different meanings and forms.Cultural tourism is a trip to a place to see, feel, and learn about local culture [https://eticon.co.id/pariwisata-berbasis-budaya/, accessed on October, 2023].Meanwhile, heritage tourism is a trip to authentically enjoy activities and places that tell history.Each region has the potential of cultural and heritage tourism because of its unique historical and cultural values that can be a tourist attraction [7].

Photography tourism
The trend of tourism photography is increasing.Photography may be a tool for promotion and overview of a tourist destination to the public [https://dispar.lombokbaratkab.go.id/article/fotografibagian-penting-dalam-pariwisata, accessed on October, 2023].More people will be familiar with a tourist destination because of photographs uploaded on social media [10].According to Setiawan and Susanti (2021), architectural works are fascinating objects as backgrounds in tourism photography.In cultural and heritage tourism, the architectural works that can be framed as a background of photography can be a form of heritage buildings.A heritage building is a building that has a certain historical or cultural value.It is continuously used and characterizes an area [11].According to Indonesian Law No. 11, 2010 concerning Cultural Heritage, in Article 5, a building can be categorized as cultural heritage is a building with 50 years old and more that has a cultural value to strengthen the image of an area, and has special significance for history, science, education, and culture [11].

Tourism sustainability
The biggest issue in cultural heritage tourism is sustainability.How heritage buildings and areas can sustain their existence and keep their uniqueness in the fast growing technology and modernity, becomes a big question that should be considered in the development of sustainable tourism.The definition of sustainable development that involves four components that are cultural, social, economic and environmental, is deepened.As shown in Fig. 1, each component has a complex relationship to achieve sustainable development.Thus, the more parties involved in a sustainability strategy, the greater the chance of meeting sustainability goals [12].
According to the World Trade Organization (WTO), sustainable tourism is the development that meets the needs of tourists and local managers while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future.It seeks to manage resources to meet economic, social, and aesthetic needs while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity, and life support systems [13].Discussions on the interrelationship between sustainability and the historic environment refer to several issues, including the primacy of regeneration through conservation, unique local value or sense of place, historic assets and environmental/cultural/social capacity, cultural regeneration, economic attractiveness, and quality of place [14].A sense of place is an experience in space that then creates a feeling or emotional attachment for someone to a place [14].A sense of identity is a key motivational force behind the desire to preserve heritage areas.A sense of place as an attraction can be identified as culture, community life, and using local materials in buildings that generate curiosity about the place.Stubbs (2004) developed a methodology for the sustainability assessment of historic neighbourhoods, as shown in Table 1  Wider benefits of visitors/tourists to local and regional economy, to include impacts on investment/regeneration Generic Perception/evaluation  Public/visitor understanding and awareness of the heritage sector and links to sustainability  Appraisal of relevance of heritage sector to everyday life Source: (Stubbs, 2004) Based on Table 1, the assessment of the sustainability of the historic environment covers four topic areas: environmental, socio-cultural, economic, and general.Each topic area includes assessment issues that are detailed in the assessment criteria.Considering the potential and problems in Malioboro area, the topic areas are focused on environmental, socio-cultural, and economic topics, with assessment issues relevant to the local context, as shown in Table 2   Resources available for the heritage project  Jobs created from the heritage sector  Wider visitor/tourist benefits to the local and regional economy, including impacts on investment and regeneration Source: (Stubbs, 2004) To foster sustainable tourism, resilient infrastructure is also needed.Infrastructure resilience is the ability of an infrastructure system or function to survive and recover quickly from damage and disruption and adapt to changing conditions that occur.Infrastructure resilience talks about the ability to maintain a desired thing despite changes in the situation [https://repository.its.ac.id/55283/1/08211440007004-Undergraduate_Theses.pdf,accessed on October, 2023].Fauzan (2018) summarizes the principles of infrastructure resilience in several ways: robustness, redundancy, reducing shock, speed of return to the original state, provision of alternative facilities, flexibility, tolerance, cohesiveness, and adaptive learning.

Methods
The study was conducted in the Malioboro heritage area, Yogyakarta.This location was selected as the case study because of its unique history and the existence of heritage buildings in the area that are potential as a photo spot of tourism photography.Malioboro area is located in the philosophical axis of Yogyakarta with a series of Indische style buildings as the façade of the street.The study implements a descriptive-qualitative method with Malioboro heritage area as the case study.Qualitative research is a type of study that is descriptive and tends to use analysis.This process and meaning bring more emphasis to the study based on a theoretical basis that is used as a guide to direct the focus of the research into the field.Qualitative research requires depth in analysis by researchers [16].Qualitative research is identical to describing a result of findings in a field, generally obtained by conducting interviews or observations in a field, literature, and documentation.In analysing the findings, the study used the content analysis method, which produced a systematic description of the content contained in media communication [16].The implementation of the research method in this study is shown in the schematic research method Fig. 2 below:

Result and discussion
Currently, heritage buildings become one of the favourite tourist destinations, both domestic and international tourists, because it preserves fascinating stories and histories.While there is a fascinating history, the heritage buildings are primarily unique and influenced by local culture in both the use of materials and the style of architecture derived as a reference to the design of the building.The function of such buildings can also be an attraction to the laity.
Over the course of time, heritage buildings begin to change primarily based on the purpose of the building.The interest of tourists in heritage buildings and their historical values is increasing.Thus, they start new activities that enliven the atmosphere around the heritage area.One example of adaptive reuse efforts in the Malioboro heritage area is that it slowly becomes a new medium for social interactions that are gradually developed.The field observation shows that some new activities emerge around the heritage buildings in Malioboro area such as photography activity with heritage buildings as the background and wearing traditional Javanese clothes, live music, and cultural festivals.Such activities have the potential to increase the attractiveness of the Malioboro area for the visitors.
The increasing number of activities around the Malioboro area does not necessarily eliminate or disturb the existing culture and history.The activities taking place in the Malioboro heritage area can be used as a tourism promotional event.It is supported by photography as a documentary medium and the role of social media to spread the relevant information that may attract the interest of people who see the posts and are interested in visiting the Malioboro area.The growing enthusiasm of tourists to visit the Malioboro area has the potential to improve the economy of local communities and increase the promotion of indigenous culture of Yogyakarta.
Yogyakarta as a tourism city has many ways to attract tourists.One attraction of Yogyakarta that may be raised is the philosophy of an imaginary axis stretching from the South Sea to Mount Merapi.This axis shows the journey of human life, from birth to death.Each cultural site tells its story, as in the Malioboro area, which tells the story of the prime of one's career.In line with this, Malioboro became a trading space for immigrant people, especially the Dutch and Chinese, in their day [https://arsipdanperpustakaan.jogjakota.go.id/avemaria/index.php,accessed on October, 2023].Based on the table of the Historical Sustainability Indicator Development Framework, the socio-cultural aspect is an aspect that is relevant to the Malioboro area, because it becomes an artifact showing the Indische building style and the atmosphere of trade that still exists today.
Malioboro is still a commercial center, even increasing its role as a tourism center for Yogyakarta [18].It shows that the Malioboro area can adapt from time to time to maintain its existence.The sustainability of the Malioboro area is also supported by the resilience of infrastructure, in the form of the involvement of the surrounding community in building tourism in the Malioboro area, and cultural and heritage assets that are well utilized to support the movement of the tourism center.The movement of the Malioboro area can be seen in the increase of Yogyakarta City's Regional Original Income.According to Handoko (2023) As a tourism center, the Malioboro area is required to provide good accessibility for tourists.Public transport modes in the Malioboro area can be easily accessed.There are three Trans Jogja shelters along Malioboro Street, which operate from 05:30 to 21:30.In addition, there is a separation between motorized vehicles and pedestrians.The separation is in the form of pedestrians equipped with street furniture at the edges so pedestrians can move more safely and comfortably.However, non-car modes of transport are not separated from car modes in this area.
All five senses are activated when visiting the Malioboro area, providing a unique and authentic spatial experience.Gamelan tunes, the smell of incense, and detailed carvings typical of Yogyakarta can be found in several corners of Malioboro.Tourists can also taste typical foods and beverages offered along the Malioboro Arcade.In addition, Indische buildings combined with Javanese culture will be seen throughout the Malioboro area.This potential sense of place is then developed into a photographic artwork.The combination of heritage buildings, architectural elements, and the spatial atmosphere is always enjoyable to frame.The local photography community has responded well to the potential of tourism photography in the Malioboro area.The community of creative industry explores the phenomenon of the existence of heritage buildings by making heritage buildings part of the 'attributes' of photography activities, better known as heritage photography in the Malioboro area.The actors of the photography industry can also see the potential and historical value of the buildings.It may be said that such a phenomenon can be categorized as a form of adaptation to the resilience of infrastructure made by the local community.This effort aims to improve the existence of heritage buildings in the Malioboro area by using the heritage buildings as an attractive photo spot for tourists.

Bank Pembangunan Daerah (BPD) DIY Office
BPD DIY Office is located on the northernmost Malioboro Street, south of Pasar Kembang Street.It is one of Malioboro's iconic buildings and an interesting photography object.The building was used as a beauty salon for women and a haircut place for men, but it was left empty until 2018, and then it is used as a sub-branch office of BPD DIY [20].Attractions offered at the BPD DIY Office include the shape of the building with an Indische architectural style and architectural details on the roof with a curvilinear level type forming a triangular pattern.There is a window in the middle or dormer.At the bottom of the level there are two windows covered with krepyak, which can generally be found in Indische-style building designs [20].The architectural and historical details of the BPD DIY Office make this building a charm and become one of the photo spots favourite in the Malioboro area.To explore the Dutch colonial architectural details of the BPD DIY Office building as a photo background, tourists can use the pedestrian as well as the front yard of the office.In addition, tourists can explore the shopping arcades around the BPD DIY office as a photo background to show that the Malioboro area is still a trading centre today as written in history.
In addition, other activities are carried out around the building, including live music performances by local musicians, to create interaction and social relationships around the building (author's survey results, 2023).The series of activities around the BPD DIY Office has the potential to keep the existence of the building at the present time.

Simpang Pajeksan (Pajeksan junction)
This location is one of the photography objects that is often chosen as a photo spot in the Malioboro area by tourists.Simpang Pajeksan is also the starting and finishing point of the photography service offered by the creative industry businesses managed by the local community.The photography service involves photography service packages and Javanese traditional clothes rental.At Simpang Pajeksan, there is a signage of "Malioboro Street" with a bollart right in front of it, which becomes a point of interest around the junction.This signage is one of the favourite photo spots for tourists because the signboard gives tourists a memory that they have visited the city of Yogyakarta, especially the Malioboro area.To get a photo with the "Jalan Malioboro" sign in the background, tourists can take a position with their back to the sign or next to the sign.
Architectural elements found in this photo spot area include "Jalan Malioboro" signage, bollarts, and benches in the Malioboro pedestrian way.The main activities occurring around this spot include photography activities such as the transaction of photography package services.Such an activity shows the dynamic of the Malioboro area involving both the local community and tourists.

Kepatihan Complex (The Office Complex of Governor of DIY Province)
There are some options of photo spots in Kepatihan Complex that may attract tourists to take pictures in this area.Some photo spots that can be explored in this area comprise the courtyard, the landscape of the Kepatihan Complex, and Selasar Malioboro (the corridor of Malioboro) (Fig. 6).At certain times, the location becomes more attractive due to festivals organized by various parties as well as photography props provided at certain times (source: author's survey results, 2023).The attraction of the Kepatihan Complex is the atmosphere of the space, which has the style and details of a typical building in Yogyakarta City.The ornaments in the courtyard of the Kepatihan Complex, as seen in Fig. 6, are very relevant to the uniqueness of Yogyakarta, such as the gate of the Kepatihan Complex.The gate has a similar type of the details of the Sultanate Palace door.The perimeter wall resembles the bastion (Pojok Benteng) of the Sultanate Palace.There is also the typical Malioboro park bench provided in this area.These form a unique spatial atmosphere that can be framed by tourism photography.
There are at least three spots that can be used as backgrounds for tourism photography: in front of the gate of Kepatihan Complex, the pedestrian circulation, and the Malioboro promenade.In front of the gate, the architectural elements that can be framed are the details of the gate of the Kepatihan Complex, Malioboro's typical garden lights, and the typical bastion wall of the Sultanate Palace.In the park located on the north side of the Kepatihan Complex gate, tourists can explore the landscape, the perimeter wall of the Kepatihan Complex, and a mural of the DIY Bank Building as the background of photography.Meanwhile, the Malioboro passageway, which is located right in front of the Kepatihan Complex courtyard, can be framed by architectural elements in the form of Malioboro benches, Malioboro passageways, and the gates.
The spatial ambiance supporting the trend of photography tourism and the increasing number of photo spots in this area may be seen as a form of adaptation of the Kepatihan Complex to maintain the cultural existence of Yogyakarta City.In addition, the involvement of the local community through the photography services offered adds to the area's positive points of infrastructure resilience (source: author's survey results, 2023).

Titik Nol Kilometer
Titik Nol Kilometer is an interesting tourist photo spot, because there are some iconic heritage buildings in this area, such as the building of Bank BNI and the Great Post Office of Yogyakarta.In addition, the typical spatial layout of public space in Titik Nol Kilometer, along with the crowds of tourists who gather, is an added point of attraction for visitors to this area.Every time the author conducts a survey, this location is always crowded, with both visitors taking pictures and those just sitting and enjoying the atmosphere of the space.The atmosphere of public spaces in the Titik Nol Kilometer area with many tourists is also an interesting photo spot for tourists.If they want to take pictures with the Bank BNI building and the Great Post Office as the background, tourists must be clever in choosing the right moment.Vehicles traveling from all four directions pose a photographic challenge in this area.At certain times, festivals with various themes are held at the Titik Nol Kilometer.It is certainly a great attraction for tourists.However, without festivals, the distinctive spatial atmosphere offered by Titik Nol Kilometer can still attract visitors almost daily.
When choosing the background when taking pictures in the Titik Nol Kilometer area, tourists can explore the heritage buildings around the area, such as the Bank BNI building and the Yogyakarta Great Post Office to show the space and atmosphere typical of the Dutch colonial with the position of tourists in the yard of the 1 March monument (Malioboro Street intersection).In addition to heritage buildings, tourists can make the crowds of visitors in the area as a background when taking pictures because the crowd is a special attraction for tourists visiting.
Based on the description above, it can be said that the four photography spots in the Malioboro heritage are adjusted to the current needs of tourism that explore heritage buildings and area, especially in the Malioboro heritage area.The maintenance of the buildings become an important part, so that they can exist and be more attractive for tourists.Such a phenomenon may be seen as a form of sustainable tourism within the context of cultural and heritage tourism.The building of BPD DIY Office emphasizes the Indische building style as the photography background.The Titik Nol Kilometer and the Kepatihan Complex emphasize the spatial atmosphere created by the architectural elements and the spatial arrangement of the area.Simpang Pajeksan emphasizes the presence of the unique Malioboro signage.The conservation and revitalization of heritage buildings in the Malioboro area are manifested in the form of tourism photography with the heritage buildings as the backgrounds.To meet the needs of tourists, the buildings and other architectural elements will be continuously preserved and maintained.This has the potential to achieve the sustainability of the Malioboro heritage area.

Sustainable tourism through tourism photography in Malioboro Heritage area
Based on the selected indicators in the Malioboro Heritage Area, there are potentials focused on environmental, socio cultural, and economic topics as shown in Table 3 below.
The environmental aspect of the sustainable Malioboro heritage area through tourism photography can be understood from two aspects.First, the segregation between car-based transportation and pedestrians.Second, the providing of three shelters for public transportation "TransJogja" along the Malioboro Street makes it easy for tourists to switch public transportation.The socio-cultural aspects of the sustainable Malioboro heritage area can be seen from three components consisting of community pride and sense of place, social inclusion, and art and culture dimension.The Malioboro heritage area has a unique ambience formed by Indische buildings style.The existence and the uniqueness of the Malioboro heritage area increases the pride of the local community and deepen the sense of place.The local community has the opportunity to participate in the development of the heritage area through organizing the community of photography and the creative industry.The active participation of the local community in the tourism photography business in the Malioboro heritage area has the possibility to broaden the promotion of the Malioboro heritage area as the most favourite tourist destination in Yogyakarta.The economic aspects of the sustainable Malioboro heritage area through tourism photography can be from three components, that are source of finance, occupation and "multiplier" effect.The activities of tourism photography in Malioboro area contributes to the improvement of local community income, especially the actors of tourism photography such as photographers and the traditional Javanese clothes rentals.These activities open the opportunity to recruit the local community to get jobs in the business.Furthermore, the tourism photography in the Malioboro heritage area enriches tourists' experience in tourism photography and especially in exploring the local uniqueness as a medium of tourism promotion.
The smart response of the local community to the fast growing information technology and the sensitivity of the potential of the heritage area and the local culture reflect the hope of sustainability of the Malioboro heritage area located in the philosophical axis of Yogyakarta.However, the small action of the local community in the development of Yogyakarta as a tourist destination through tourism photography should be supported by the bigger system of the city involving more parties as defined by Sedova.Otherwise, this phenomenon will be swept away in the course of time.

Conclusion
Based on the results of the discussion above, it can be concluded that tourist areas and heritage photography activities are two things that cannot be separated.When tourists are visiting a tourist spot and find an interesting object (in the context of heritage buildings), they will document the object in a photo and then upload the photo to their social media, and the upload is seen by many social media users so that it triggers curiosity about the tourist spot.
Besides their beauty, heritage buildings also have interesting stories and histories.This makes tourists enthusiastic about heritage tourism areas and tries to document them.The local community captures this phenomenon by trying to offer photography services in the heritage area, and this is what makes a tourist spot that was dim now start to revive because there are new activities that are fun and keep up with the times in the present.
One of the heritage areas that can adapt to tourism photography trends is the Malioboro area.The adaptation of the Malioboro area, through revitalization and conservation of heritage buildings, provided interesting photo spots and was well received by the creative industry engaged in local photography services.Both components work together to create a good climate for the sustainability of tourism in the Malioboro area.The sustainability can be seen from the enthusiasm of tourists in utilizing the photo spots provided.
This article highlights four interesting photography spots: BPD DIY Bank, Kepatihan Building Area, Kilometer Zero Point, and Pajeksan Intersection.The four spots were chosen due to tourists' high intensity of picture-taking.Bank BPD DIY is interested due to the architectural details of the Indische building that contrast with the surrounding Javanese architectural elements.The Kepatihan Building area and Kilometer Zero Point become interesting photography backgrounds because of the spatial atmosphere generated by each area due to the architectural elements that form the space and its users.Meanwhile, the Pajeksan Intersection is interesting because of the signage and bollards that mark one's presence.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The schematic diagram of research methodAs shown in Fig.2, the research was based on the phenomenon of tourism photography in heritage areas.The phenomenon has been globally spread through social media.Such a lifestyle trend was observed in the Malioboro heritage area in Yogyakarta that has a high historical meaning.The tourism photography in Malioboro heritage area was observed to find out the distribution of photo spots and the heritage buildings and sites used as the setting of photography.The data were discussed to describe the architectural elements of the heritage buildings and their relevance to the context of Malioboro heritage area.The findings were formulated through analysing the data with the Indicators of Historical Sustainability within the context of Malioboro heritage area involving socio-cultural, environmental and economic aspects.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Map of photo spots distribution in the Malioboro Area Source: google maps, with author's processing, 2023

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Activity around the building of BPD DIY (a) Live music in front of the BPD DIY Office at night; (b) BPD DIY Office with unique architectural detail as a photo spot

a b Figure 5 .
Photography object in Pajeksan Junction (a) People capturing moments with signage "Jalan Malioboro" as a photo spot; (b) The ambience at Pajeksan Junction, where tourists are wearing Javanese traditional clothes.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Spatial ambiance formed in Kepatihan Building Area (a) Detail of the surrounding wall and fence of Kepatihan Building; (b) Malioboro bench details; (c) The ambiance during the festival

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Spatial ambiance formed in Titik Nol Kilometer (a) Spatial ambience at night; (b) BNI Bank in the lens of tourism photography

Table 1 .
below: Development framework for indicators of historical sustainability

Table 2 .
below: Indicators for heritage area sustainability applied to the case study , there is an anomaly of visitors in the Malioboro area, even

Table 3 .
Indicators for heritage sustainability in Malioboro area Malioboro is an artifact by showing buildings with the Indische ambience that still exists today. The local community has responded the potential of tourism photography in the Malioboro Area by establishing a photography community. The activities in Malioboro area can be used as a promotional event for tourism, supported by photography activity as a documentary media to growing enthusiasm of tourists to visit Malioboro area.Economic  Source of Finance  Occupation  'Multiplier' Effect  A tourist anomaly that improve to local income. Emergence of creative industries engaged in tourism photography. Provide new heritage photography experiences for tourists.