Domestic Water Consumption Behaviour Before and During COVID-19 Pandemic in Karang Pawitan District

Corona virus was out breaking globally in 2020. It leads governments to impose a lockdown that restricted people contact outside their home, so everyone works, study and more activity at home. It may increase in spending food and freshwater. Lockdown has been made significant changes in behaviour and attitudes of domestic water consumption. The main objective of this research is to identify the impact of COVID-19 lockdown and health protocol on domestic water consumption behaviour during pandemic by comparing it before pandemic. The research conducted by survey, interview and statistical analysis. Survey done by asks online questionnaire that consist a set questions of water consumption behaviour. Data are analysed by using likert scale. The behaviour of water consumption will be described by performance level and importance level. The results of the Likert scale analysis are plotted in a Cartesian Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) diagram. Research shows that respondents consume water efficiently in many domestic activities. The average score of the performance level is greater than the importance level, both in pre and during the pandemic. Respondents consume water more often during this pandemic than before, such as 2.76 for performance level during pandemic and 2.59 for performance level before pandemic.


Introduction
Freshwater is an essential need for human wellbeing either for domestic and commercial use.Domestic water consumption used to higher than the commercial either social water use, such as in Karang Pawitan District.The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted most people daily activities globally [1].Pandemic has changed many sectors of society, economic, industry, tourism and agriculture, including the vitally important of freshwater.Pandemic of COVID-19 effect will be vary in many countries based on their economic capacity, governance structure and regulations, health facility, demographic characteristics and resources.Water supply and sanitation have become central and primary approach all along this pandemic in order to mitigating the spread of COVID-19 [2].The observed changes in water consumption patterns were caused by the closure of schools and non-essential activities, increase in home-working, and other social restrictions introduced by the government.The lockdown has increased the domestic water demand and decreased the commercial demand [3].The pandemic may will be caused water insecurities in households around the world.We have to think sustainable water management and aware to water resources quantity and quality.
Since COVID-19 outbreak, governments issues health guidelines on how to reduce its transmission which is mainly from respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person [4].During this pandemic, water has an important role to prevent and control COVID -19 virus transmission, besides domestic requirement [2].Effects of the COVID -19 pandemic must be addressed health protocol to improve the fight against COVID -19.People have to practice COVID -19 health protocol such as IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1343/1/012006 2 hand-washing, more often to take a bath and hair washing after outdoor activities.Hand washing, for example, has been shown to reduce virus transmission by 45%-55% [5].Respondents in Brazil reported that since covid-19 pandemic, they always washed their hands either before or after did certain activities such as when arrived home, before meals, after using the bathroom, and they practically no changed after the pandemic [6].The correlation between increasing water consumption and COVID-19 cases has been changed water quantity requirement.A five-person family required 50-100 litres of water per day to ensure hand hygiene and that there would be 20-25% increases in water requirements during the COVID-19 pandemic [7].People's behaviour in washing hand increased in time average and frequent during this pandemic.People has a routine of washing hand 12 -16 times a day in India [8].People cannot follow sanitation rules or health protocol without water [9].
Coronavirus has many variants.A certain variant usually outbreaks in a certain term that caused this pandemic has many outbreak waves [10].The government would be took lockdown orders or any restriction in order to control the virus transmission [8].The stayed at home hours in Japan increased in home schooling and work from home both in working days and holidays.These evident of the Japanese people submission to the Japanese government in preventing covid-19 transmission [11].The extended time people stayed at home and safer at home during this pandemic shift in habits, behaviour, and lifestyles of people in consuming food, eating more often, cooking and dish washing more often, gardening activity more intense, and more hand-washing [12].People were no longer able to visit cinemas, malls, amusement park and restaurants replaced these treats with any relaxing activities at home.Domestic gardens became important spaces for recreation and socialising too.All these little things add up, a little increase in every household might not be big by itself but the aggregate is where it really comes in.Several changes in water consumption behaviour are causing the increase in water use [13].The stay-at-home or lockdown order on domestic water consumption has slightly stronger effect than the combined influences of all non-pandemic factors.The overall effect of the pandemic response was slightly greater than all non-pandemic effects combined [14].
Most of the respondents in Dammam Metropolitan Area, Saudi Arabia recorded that their water consumption meters, and water bills increased during covid-19 pandemic.The rank of water consumption percentage in Dammam Metropolitan Area from the highest to the lower one are for cooking, personal hygiene, and outdoor activity such as gardening, swimming and washing vehicles also [15].Domestic cleaning and more often take a bath are also activities that caused domestic water demand during the pandemic.There was no changes behaviour in washing clothes either by washing machine or manually, both during and before the pandemic in Brazil [6].
Domestic water consumption during covid-19 pandemic tends to increase in quantity.The observed changes in domestic water consumption quantity in Massachusetts were vary from 1% to 18%.It caused by schools and offices closing, non-essential activities restriction that switched with increased of homeschooling work from home, and other domestic activities such as gardening and swimming at home.The study showed that non-domestic water consumption decreases till 17% during the peak period of the pandemic [3].People with various education background in cities of Turkey recorded that average water consumption before Covid-19 pandemic was 4178.42L/day and it increased significantly during Covid-19 pandemic period with 10% increment as 4606.18L/day [12].The multiple regression analysis on responses from the survey indicates that water consumption increased by 50% in 86% of the respondents, leading higher utility bills.Social and economic factors influenced water consumption significantly [15].This is evident of changes in water demand and underlying challenges with water supply.Covid-19 pandemic also challenged either in water quantity or security, particularly in domestic water supply.Daily domestic water consumption peak increased during lockdown as 35% in UK and 11 % in Brazil.The rise of water consumption attributed by increase in hand washing and diurnal [16].Domestic water consumption quantity is attributed by domestic water consumption pattern that is determined by attitudes or behaviours of water consumers.The simple definition of behaviour is an actions, perception, agreement and people's response to direct questions or opinion about domestic activities that consume water efficiently [17].Behaviour is a qualitative parameter that describe people perception, opinion and assessment toward a statement or issue that we offered to others.Behaviour toward water usage can vary from person to person, from household to household, from community to community, from business to business, and from one point in time to another.The research among Sydneysiders showed that they are efficient in water use and also have good effort to reduce water use further.They have evidence in reducing water use such as using washing machine, dish washing in sink and take a bath under shower [18].
The background of this research is the earlier study that investigated efficient water use of West Antapani District residents in 2018.The research showed that kitchen activities such as daily cooking and meals preparation daily at home is really an un-favourite activity in many communities such as community in West Antapani District.Online delivered food creates new lifestyle that makes people prefer to buy meals online.Online delivered food offers instant or practical way to prepare meals, more variant of menu choices and many discounts.Washing activity was the biggest domestic water demands among any household activity, indoor either outdoor activity [19].The main objective or the aim of this research is to identify the impact of COVID-19 lockdown or restriction order and health protocol practice toward domestic water consumption behaviour during pandemic by comparing the domestic water consumption behaviour before pandemic.

Methodology
The study area is located in Karang Pawitan District, Karawang city, West Java province, Indonesia.The study area is a sub-urban area and majority is industrial area.Most houses in Karang Pawitan district have water supply from drinking water district company (PDAM).This study is done by statistical method, interview and survey.Survey is done by online questionnaire.Survey research is used to collect information regarding water consumption behaviour in households.This survey carried on during the first three months of the second wave lockdown order in Indonesia compared to pre-pandemic survey data.

Figure 1. Flow chart of research
A study was analysed that the stay-at-home during the second and third lockdowns, the UK Government COVID-19 guidance advice to limit outdoor activities although this behaviour was not sustained between lockdowns despite the continued threat of COVID-19.There were meaningful increases and temporal shifts in energy and water usage in the home following the UK Government's lockdown order [20].
The data for this research were obtained through a set of online questionnaire survey.Sampling size determined by Slovin equation.The online questionnaire consists of a set respondent identity and a set of questions regarding domestic water consumption.Second part of online questionnaire consists a set of scaling questions, based on likert scale score.The questionnaires separated all behaviour into four main domestic water consumption activities.The four main household activities are listed in Table 1.
Questions in red colour are kitchen activity, questions in green colour are personal hygiene or bathroom activity, questions in yellow colour are washing activity, then questions in blue colour are outdoor household activity.This second set questionnaire has a balanced number of questions for every activity, six questions for each activity.
Each question which second part of questionnaire is classified into positive and negative questions then give score to every question according to score of likert scale.Positive questions are domestic activity that consuming water in more efficient way than it is in negative one.A Likert scale is a type of rating or level.Likert scale is a set of statements offered for a real or hypothetical opinion under study.Participants are asked to show their level of agreement (from strongly disagree to strongly agree) with the given statement on a metric scale.Here all the statements in combination reveal the specific dimension of the behaviors towards the issue, hence, necessarily inter-linked with each other [21].The scale used to measure attitudes or opinions.The scale doesn't have to state "agree" or "disagree"; dozens of variations are possible on themes like agreement, frequency, quality, efficient and importance.In this online questionnaire, respondents are asked to rate each domestic activity on a level of important and frequent level which listed in Table 2. Important level will describe efficient of the domestic water consumption activity.The frequent level describes performance level of domestic water consumption.The results of the Likert scale analysis make every question has an importance level and has a frequent level.In hypothesis testing for likert scales, the independent variable represents the groups and the dependent variable represents the construct which are measured.The construction of likert (or likert type) scale is rooted into objective of the research that investigate about participant's captured feelings, actions and pragmatic opinions or perceptions related with specific phenomenon or situation.The studied phenomenon will construct questionnaire.The scores of the all questions of the questionnaire result a composite score, which logically in totality measures qualitative traits [21].
Importance level and performance level of each question is mapped in a cartesian Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) diagram.The study is dealing with different key performance indicators of domestic water consumption which help the respondent to focus on the parameters at that particular and powerful in efficient water usage.Importance performance analysis done by calculate the average of important level ( ܻ ̅ ݅ ) and the average of performance level (ܺ ̅ ݅ ).They classified all the questions or activity into four quadrants.Every quadrant describes or classifies each activity or question.Activity in first quadrant has high performance and high importance.Activity in second quadrant has high importance but low in performance.Activity in third quadrant has low importance and low performance.Activity in the fourth quadrant has low importance but high performance [19].Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) is a simple and useful method for identifying attributes of product, service, or attitudes that are most in need of improvement or possible cost-saving actions without significant detriment to overall quality.This formula makes allowances for total number of features considered, number of rankings, and reported orders of preference [22].Scheme of this research shown at Figure 1.

Result and Analysis
The survey was carried out to reveal the domestic water consumption behaviour among 26,078 Karang Pawitan residents.Respondent size is 100 according slovin formula.The study also attempts to analyse the respondent issues related to the domestic water consumption behaviour as well as the spatial relationship of behaviour pattern.Different factors have different degree of influence over people's perception and consumption behaviour.The profile of the respondents that collected through questionnaires is summarized in Table 3.
Most respondents are woman and most of them are housewife.Housewives are key person that manage most indoor household activity, particularly all activity that concern with domestic water consumption.This data describes that generally, many men tend to ignore the household activity and domestic water management.Most of respondents in productive age and well educated enough.The range of age is good target who able to educate and communicate about domestic water consumption behavior regarding efficient water consumption easily.They can learn and practice it at home.Most of Karang Pawitan district's residents have moderate to low income instead of well educated.A study in Turkey showed that water consumption increment did by respondents in 26 -30 years old, respondent with high income and respondents with education background at primary and secondary school [7].Habit is result of our most often behaviour.Behaviour can identify by how often we do an activity or the frequency of the behaviour happened.Performance level in this study shown at Figure 2 that describes frequency and intensity of an activity in a week.Lowest performance means rare to never IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1343/1/0120066 done than others.This study identified a number of trends and shifts in habits around domestic water usage even more during the lockdown or restriction order installed.Personal hygiene and kitchen activity have performance level beyond the average of performance level especially hand washing, take a bath, cooking, drinking and dish washing [18].Most respondents less attention in hair washing instead it is important enough in preventing and controlling the virus transmission from outdoor to indoor.Karang Pawitan residents have a good personal hygiene habit in take a bath daily and washing hand before and after doing any activity instead of washing hair per week.They also do not aware the difference of big and small toilette flushing button.

Figure 2. Performance level of domestic water consumption behavior
Washing activity has moderate performance level either during or before this pandemic.They prefer washing clothes to laundry service during this pandemic but they used to wash their clothes manually by themselves before the pandemic.Respondents have moderate to low income so washing machine is an expensive home appliance.Since school closing, many housewives burn out by tutoring and accompanying their children study from home along this pandemic.They also have to do many household activities by themselves so they have to save their energy.Service laundering is a good choice for most household.Outdoor activity has low performance level either during or before the pandemic.Gardening is not an interesting activity for Karang Pawitan residents.Washing car is the only outdoor activity that has higher performance level than other outdoor activities.Rainfall harvesting and biopori installation is not familiar for Karang Pawitan residents yet.This study identified that most respondents have used the water inefficiently during the pandemic than before.They also do not operate the tap wisely as they used to done before the pandemic.They often do not turn off the tap after washing han Personal hygiene activity has the most high performance level then followed by kitchen activity, washing activity and outdoor activity, either during or pre-pandemic.Karang Pawitan residents have well personal health awareness.Water consumption pattern of Karang Pawitan residents does not change significantly neither during nor pre-pandemic but all of the activity frequency increase significantly during pandemic as shown in Table 4. Hand washing, take a bath in shower, washing vegetable under running water, washing clothes into laundry service, cooking daily and washing car weekly increase performance level significantly during pandemic than before.Performance level of washing clothes manually at home, consuming frozen food, rainfall harvesting and use tap wisely are decrease significantly during COVID-19 pandemic than before.Every domestic activity must be done but each has rank of priority.Importance level is about perception that determined the benefit and indicated priority of every water consumption activity as shown at Figure 3.The most important activity has the first priority or high important level.High importance level also represents that activity will give more benefit than the lower one.Washing hand and take a bath using shower actually have both highest level either in performance or important level.They are important because they can prevent the virus infection and most of Karang Pawitan residents have good personal hygiene awareness.Washing vegetable under running water and cooking daily at home and using personal transportation are important for their healthy sake.Cooking daily at home is more economic and healthier instead it is ineffective water usage.Riding personal transportation caused the priority to wash car in car wash service higher than before pandemic [23].This study also discovered that people adopted water-intensive practices at the start of the lockdown period in a bid to protect themselves from virus infection, which included the washing of groceries, more frequent washing hand and any intensive personal hygiene [24].However, most of these practices have faded as people have become accustomed to living with the virus.Important level of washing with efficient softener, drinking water wisely, using water from rainfall harvesting, and take a bath with tube are decrease during pandemic than before.Their perceptions are right that they prefer to consume fresh water wisely even though their habits are ineffective during the pandemic.IPA diagram in Figure 4 identified that the importance level mean during pandemic is 2.58, higher than 2.51 before the pandemic.It tells us that pandemic do not only shift the frequency of water use butalso change people perception toward water consumption in every household.Their perception will determine the priority of domestic water consumption activity.The most importance activity before the pandemic is personal hygiene, followed by kitchen activity, washing activity and outdoor activity.The priority change during pandemic, personal hygiene switched it position with kitchen activity.People tend to aware personal hygiene and practice health protocol during this pandemic but they less attention to their hair health.Important performance Analysis diagram will classify all domestic water consumption in four quadrants.Every quadrant will describe which activity that has to be maintained in practice, which has to kill or ignore.Activities in first quadrant are keep up the good work activities category.It means that activities must be maintained and exploited to achieve its maximum benefit as potential advantage.At this point, it is important to sustain optimum level of effort to maximize their benefit in future.All kitchen activity, change the bed sheet and towel weekly, using effective softener, and washing car in a carwash service are classified as important activity and did frequently every week during this pandemic.Before pandemic, cooking daily, reuse waste water from washing the vegetable, and dish washing are not importance.Ordering delivered food online eliminated kitchen activity before the pandemic because people think they get more benefit from discount.Washing clothes manually at home is the only one activity in second quadrant during the pandemic and none in second quadrant before the pandemic.Washing at home is concentrated activity category that should become priority in order to ensure good performance.Washing clothes at home is more economic and efficient in water usage so need to do it more often in order to attain the performance level.The third Quadrant identified the low priority or less benefit that need no action or changes since it has less impact or benefit.Washing hand before activities and washing car more often in summer than in rainy season are less impact for the respondents during the pandemic.They prefer go to car wash service and take a bath under shower.Kitchen activity substituted by online delivered food so they have less benefit before pandemic.All activities in quadrant four are called possible overkill activity category.These activities successfully performed but unfortunately respondent percept that they are irrelevant or less benefit in efficiency of water use.It is important to redefine effort and concentration to the other activities in other quadrant so the domestic water management will be more efficient.All outdoor activities and many washing activity are in quadrant four.

Discussion and Conclusions
People excited to order online delivered food that offer many variants of menu and discounts so they did not cook at home daily anymore before the pandemic.Online delivered food and its discount still go on along the COVID-19 pandemic but most respondent prefers cooking daily and prepare meals in the kitchen more often during pandemic than before.They had perception that cook at home was more economic and healthy than buy online delivered food.It is also reducing physical contact with others.Stay long time at home during lockdown made daily routine and lifestyle changed, especially in eating behaviour.Eating behaviour changes, limiting physical contacts and dine in restaurants restriction forced people to cook daily at home.Daily cooking and food preparation become priority along extended stay at home time (Kartari et al., 2021, p. 3).Cooking may be a new hobby for any housewife since the beginning of this pandemic.
The new habits that people picked up during lockdown such as cooking, gardening, riding bike and online shopping will potentially linger for months and even years after the pandemic.Many people we interviewed to as part of our study expected to continue working from home after government restrictions were lifted.Work from home give freedom in time management and make close to each family member.Working from home will result in long-term changes in domestic water consumption behaviour, pattern and quantity such as cooking, washing hands, toilets, taking showers throughout the day.It will be challenging the water security globally.
COVID-19 out broke also increased everyone awareness of personal hygiene especially hand washing, take a bath, drinking and dish washing.Since lockdown order imposed by governments, people tend to washing clothes to laundry service.They think that laundry service has a good detergent that can eliminate viruses and bacteria.Daily household tasks and activities of housewives increased as effect of school closing and work from home.Laundry service be a way out for many housewives to saving time and energy during this pandemic.Karang Pawitan residents have moderate to low income so they prefer spent their money for basics need and health than spent their money for hobbies.Gardening is not an interesting activity for them.Outdoor consuming water activity did not change significantly neither during nor before pandemic.
This study identified that This study identified that most respondents have used the water inefficiently during the pandemic than before.They also do not operate the tap wisely as they used to done before the pandemic.They often do not turn off the tap after washing hands.Performance level mean during pandemic is 2,76, higher than performance level in pre-pandemic as 2.59.Performance level mean indicate water consumption activity in each household per week during pandemic is more often than its in pre-pandemic.Washing hand, take a bath in shower, washing vegetable under running water, washing clothes into laundry service, cooking daily and washing car weekly increase in performance level significantly during pandemic than before.Performance level of washing clothes manually at home, consuming frozen food, rainfall harvesting and use tap wisely are decrease significantly during pandemic than before.The up-coming research will be comparing the domestic water consumption of respondent in landed house toward in apartment or may study domestic water security toward climate change.
In the literature, many researches are about domestic water consumption pattern changes that related to domestic water consumption quantity during COVID-19 pandemic.There is no study has been found about domestic water consumption behaviour as a qualitative parameter.In this study, it has been aimed IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1343/1/01200610 to identified the changes of domestic water consumption behaviour during COVID-19 pandemic toward before pandemic as qualitative research.Result of research may differ at different times, different country and economic condition.Domestic water consumption depends on number of household member and type of home (house or apartment).This research has described domestic water consumption behaviour clearly in four area of domestic activity.This research does not determine domestic water consumption quantity changes due to quarantine or lockdown order and do not relate the water consumption behaviour with number of household member and type of home.

7 Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Important level of domestic water consumption behavior

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Important performance analysis diagram of

Table 1 .
Domestic Water Consumption Behaviour questionnaires

Table 3 .
The profile of respondents

Table 4 .
Performance level mean of each household activity