In-vitro digestibility of crude fiber, crude fat, and nitrogen free extract from mixture Sorgum mutants BMR (Sorghum bicolor L moench) and Mirasolia diversifolia

This research aims aim to obtain a combination of BMR mutant sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and Mirasolia diversifolia in vitro based on crude fiber digestibility, crude fat digestibility, nitrogen-free extract digestibility in ruminant rations. This study employed a Completely Randomized Design experimental framework, involving the application of four treatments, each replicated four times. The treatment consisted of A (80% BMR mutant sorghum + 20% M. diversifolia), B (70% BMR mutant sorghum + 30% M. diversifolia), C (60% BMR mutant sorghum + 40% M. diversifolia), D (50% BMR mutant sorghum + 50% M. diversifolia). The study explored various variables, including the digestibility of crude fiber, crude fat, and nitrogen-free extracts. The analysis revealed a remarkably significant impact (p < 0.01) of the treatment on the digestibility of crude fiber, crude fat, and nitrogen-free extracts. The conclusions that can be drawn from this research suggest that the combination of BMR mutant sorghum and M. diversifolia in vitro was the best in treatment C, with 60% use of BMR mutant sorghum and 40% the use of M. diversifolia with a crude fiber digestibility value of 55.84%, a crude fat digestibility value of 58.47% and a digestibility value of extract material without nitrogen of 57.68%.


Introduction
Forage has an essential role as the primary source of nutrition to meet ruminants' milk and meat production needs.A persistent issue concerning forage provision in Indonesia revolves around the requirement for enhanced soil fertility and the limited production during the dry season.Forage availability also requires specialized planting areas.Limited planting areas are caused by converting land into residential land, food cropland, and industrial land.Therefore, in addressing the scarcity of forage feed ingredients, one strategy is to seek alternative feeds with high nutritional content, while also prioritizing high production and adaptability.Alternative forage feeds that farmers have yet to widely use are BMR mutant sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and Mirasolia diversifolia.
The prospects for sorghum advancement in Indonesia are substantial due to its broad adaptability, particularly in challenging environments and on marginal lands.Sorghum has the potential to serve as animal feed, making it a viable option among cereal crops.A BMR mutant sorghum variety has been developed, characterized by its genetic quality, designed for use as forage in animal feed due to its lower lignin content and higher nutritional value [1].This BMR mutant sorghum boasts a nutritional profile with 8.37% crude protein, 19.65% crude fiber, 3.38% crude fat, 5.23% ash content, 73.66% total digestible nutrients, and 3.53% lignin content [1].Sorghum is an annual crop known for its ease of cultivation, drought tolerance, adaptability, and ability to yield substantial biomass even in less favorable climate and soil conditions [2].
IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1341/1/012069 2 Therefore, the introduction and development of this plant, especially in West Sumatra, hold promise for providing farmers with an alternative feed source and mitigating feed costs.
Sorghum and M. diversifolia are combined with the hope of fulfilling good nutrition for livestock and rumen microbes.The utilization of feed in combination form will undergo a process in rumen metabolism.This study aimed to obtain the best combination of BMR mutant sorghum with M. diversifolia on gas production, total protozoa population, and microbial protein synthesis in vitro.

Research Materials
In this research, the materials used were tebon (stems, leaves, and seeds) of BMR mutant sorghum, stems and leaves of M diversifolia, cattle rumen fluid, and Mcdougall's solution.The chemical composition of sorghum and M. diversifolia plants is shown in Table 1.

Research Design
The research methodology in this study employs an experimental approach using a completely randomized design, comprising four treatments and four replicates.These treatments are as follows: The mathematical model for the design used in this study followed the design specified in [9].The data underwent analysis through analysis of variance (ANOVA), and variance analysis was performed using SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics, USA; version 21.0).Differences among treatments were assessed using the Duncan multiple range test.The chemical composition of the treatment rations is shown in Table 2.

Result and Discussion
The digestibility data for crude fiber, crude fat, and nitrogen-free extract is presented in Table 4.The digestive ability of crude fiber, crude fat, and NFE exhibited an increase from treatment A to B to C (55.84%), corresponding to a decrease in the proportion of BMR mutant sorghum used in the treatment.The highest digestibility was observed in treatment C, where the crude fiber content in the feed was the lowest at 26.88%, in contrast to treatments B and A, with crude fiber contents of 27.59% and 28.30%, respectively (see Table 4).Therefore, the digestibility of crude fiber in treatment C exceeded that in the other treatments.This observation aligns with the findings of previous studies [10], [11], [12], suggesting that reduced crude fiber content in feed components facilitates the process of feed nutrient digestion by rumen microorganisms and leads to improved digestibility.
The decrease in digestibility value from treatment C to treatment D is attributed to the increasing percentage of M. diversifolia used in each treatment.It is noteworthy that M. diversifolia contains various anti-nutritional components, including phytic acid, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins [13], [14], [15].The greater utilization of M. diversifolia in the treatment is believed to elevate the anti-nutrient content in the feed ingredients, leading to suboptimal utilization of the feed ingredients' nutrients, potentially inhibiting microbial growth, and consequently, reducing digestibility.
Treatment C gives the highest value of crude fiber digestibility because, in this treatment, there is a balance of protein and energy (TDN).Protein and energy will stimulate bacterial growth to increase digestibility [16].Microbial protein synthesis is expected to elevate as the protein and energy equilibrium in the diet is maintained, in accordance with [17], [18], [19].

Conclusion
Drawing conclusions from the outcomes of this study, it is evident that the best combination of sorghum mutant BMR (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and M. diversifolia in vitro is in treatment C with 60% use of sorghum mutant BMR (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and 40% use of M. diversifolia with a crude fiber digestibility value of 55.84%, crude fat digestibility value of 58.47% and digestibility value of extract material without nitrogen of 57.68%.

Table 1 .
Chemical composition of sorghum and M. diversifolia plants

Table 2 .
Treatment ration composition

Table 3 .
The Chemical composition of the treatment in research