The influence of the form of feed on the productivity of Broiler chickens

Several factors influence livestock productivity, including feed intake, weight gain and ration conversion. This study aims to determine the effect of feed forms on feed intake, weight gain and ration conversion. This study used a randomized design complete with 3 treats and 3 repeats. The treatment used A1: mash feed, A2: pellet feed without adhesive, and A3: Pellet feed using adhesive. The results showed that the form of feed did not affect livestock productivity, but in value, it can be seen that the highest feed consumption in A3 treatment, amounting to 77,06 g/head/day. The highest weight gain was obtained in the A1 treatment, amounting to 105 g. The best FCR value in the A1 treatment was 1,21.


Introduction
Feed is the main factor in supporting the results of a livestock business, the problem that occurs today is the higher feed prices.The price of poultry feed in Merauke Regency ranges from Rp. 400.000,-toRp. 600,000,-.The main factor that causes the high price of feed is that the available feed comes from outside the region, this is related to the availability of raw materials both in terms of quantity and quality.The price of feed inputs is taken into consideration in the sustainability of feed production [1].In quantity, much is determined by the adequacy of raw materials, while in quality, it is determined by the content of the feed ingredients used.The growth, development and survival of livestock, influenced by the nutritional content in the feed, are related to metabolic processes in the body.Physical characteristics such as the shape, and particle size of feed affect metabolism in the digestive tract [2].
Feed is food given to livestock to meet their needs and does not interfere with the health of that livestock, feed can come from agricultural products or agricultural waste that is no longer used as food for humans, the use of agricultural waste also has a role in increasing livestock productivity [3].Feed is composed of various ingredients with different main nutritional content and all of them are needed for livestock productivity needs, such as raw materials carbohydrate sources can come from corn, bran, and sago pulp.Protein sources can come from fish meal, worms, and nuts.Sources of vitamins and IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1341/1/012057 2 minerals can be obtained from vegetable or fruit waste.The availability of these feed raw materials determines the sustainability of the feed produced.Maximizing natural resources to produce feed ingredients will support feed production, both in terms of availability and in terms of cost.Local raw materials from Merauke Regency have been widely researched and have the content needed by livestock [4][5][6] [7].The utilization of these natural resources will be very useful which needs to be supported by processing technology, to maximize the role of local raw materials, the processing technology in question such as processing into pelleted feed needs to carry out physical processing related to the forms and characteristics of feed ingredients to be formed into pellets.
The forms and characteristics of feed ingredients are related to feed intake, weight gain and efficiency of feed use.The higher the level of feed intake, indicating the higher the level of feed palatability, it is expected that with higher consumption the weight gain obtained is also greater, and more efficient, and not the feed intake by poultry, will be seen through the conversion of the feed produced, the smaller the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) value indicates the more efficient the livestock converts feed into body weight.Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) is the ratio of feed intake to be formed into live weight and a benchmark for the productivity of feed costs given [8].The form of feed given will greatly affect the palatability and digestibility of the feed itself, especially in broiler chickens, this will ultimately determine the quality of livestock production produced in the form of body weight, and feed intake, feed processing technology is increasingly refined to increase feed intake and nutrient utilization efficiency [9].
Feed forms are distinguished into mash form, pellet form and crumble form.Pellet form is one form of feed that is widely used as chicken or bird feed to increase feed intake and conversion [10].Making pelletized feed also requires attention related to the technology applied, because the texture produced in the formed feed will adjust to the texture of the material used.The pellet-making process also needs to be considered, related to materials that act as adhesives in gluing pellets so that compact pellets can be formed and preferred by livestock, in this case, broiler chickens.Several studies have been conducted related to adhesives added to the pellet-making process.
This study aims to analyze the effect of feed form on the productivity of broiler chickens, which includes feed intake, weight gain, and FCR.

Material
This study used 45 broiler chickens and carried out maintenance for 15 days.The research carried out was in the form of experimental research, with 3 treatments and 5 repeats.The treatment provided includes A1: mash feed, A2: pelleted feed without adhesive and A3: pelleted feed using adhesive.

Research procedures
The research includes several stages, the initial stage is to compile a formula according to the needs of the poultry grower period.The collected feed ingredients are mixed into feed and prepared into 3 forms to be given to livestock, mess form, pellet form and pellet form using adhesive.After the feed is formed, the next stage is to raise grower period chickens, aged 2 weeks, the chickens are raised with an adaptation period of 5 days, then raised with feed according to treatment.The number of chickens used for each treatment and repeat was 15 heads, so the total number of chickens used were washed, and the age of harvesting chickens was 35 days.This research has been approved by taking into account and fulfilling the terms and conditions regulated by the authority of the Animal Ethics and Welfare Commission (ethical approval 2023) [11].The feed ingredients used and their composition are shown in the following table 1.The final stage is the analysis stage, the data analyzed includes the amount of feed intake, weight gain and conversion ratio.Feed intake is calculated during maintenance, while body weight gain is known by weighing every three (3) days and the final weight calculation minus initial weight is carried out, to obtain the FCR value obtained from the results of body weight division minus feed intake.The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Duncan test, using the SPSS 20 application.

Feed Intake
Feed intake is related to the level of palatability, palatability itself is influenced by the quality of pellets used as feed such as shape, smell, taste, texture and temperature of the feed given [12].The quality of pellets produced from a feed processing process is also influenced by several things such as the nutritional composition of feed, the particle size of ingredients, temperature and conditioning time, feed humidity, and several other factors [10].The effect of feed form on broiler chicken feed intake in each treatment can be seen in The table above shows that A3 treatment, namely feeding in pellet form using adhesives, has the highest value and differs significantly from other treatments.The average feed intake of broiler chickens with pelletized feed using adhesives is 77.07 g/head/day.This amount of feed intake is in the standard range based on the results of the study [13] which is 76.08 g -78.32 g/head/day.The next highest amount in the average mash form feeding treatment was 64.77 g / head/day Feed intake in IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1341/1/0120574 pellet form feeding treatment without using adhesives was 61.55 g / head/day.The amount of broiler chicken feed intake is still higher than the results of the study [14] which has an average consumption of 59.41 g / head/day.Most feed intake in pellet feeding uses adhesives, this is because the adhesive used in making pellets is sago flour, sago flour makes the texture of the pellet not hard, while the texture of the pellet without using an adhesive when dried becomes hard, the texture of the resulting pellet will affect the palatability of the feed produced, so that the feed intake of pellets without using adhesives is of smaller value than With feed form mash, although statistically, it does not show a noticeable difference.According to the opinion [15], The harder physical form of feed affects the feed intake of broiler chickens.Feed intake in mash form feed is not as much as feed intake of pellet form feed using adhesives, because the nature of mash form feed scatters so that more is wasted, some research results show the same thing, that pellet form feed intake is greater than mash form [16][17].Pellet form A3 using sago flour as a source of starch as much as 10%, This also affects the compactness of the pellet produced, so it is not easily destroyed.

Weight Gain
Body weight gain is the difference in value from the final body weight minus the initial body weight.Data on the weight gain of broiler chickens produced can be seen in Table 3 below: Statistically, broiler weight gain with different forms of feed has no real effect, but the highest value is in the A1 treatment, which is fed in the form of mash.This happens because the technology in the process of making pellet feed is straightforward, such as siege with makeshift equipment, so that the particle size of the feed ingredients used is not the plus the drying process in pellets makes pellet form feed harder than mash form feed, this affects the ability of livestock to collect, digest and metabolic processes, because the physical properties of a material are closely related to the speed of the digestive process in the body.The addition of different adhesive materials affects the stack density, compaction density and impact resistance of pellets [18].The addition of different adhesive materials affects the stack density, compaction density and impact resistance of pellets [19].
Weight gain will be related to the digestive tract, pellet particle size affects the development of gizzards, fine particle size will increase energy consumption, and accelerate the process of digestion of food, but large pellet particle sizes stimulate gizzard development due to larger amounts of grinding activity [20].The processing process of making pellet feed that does not pay attention to supporting factors such as particle size, temperature, and physical properties required from pellets can make pellets do not contain the composition of materials that have been prepared and needed by livestock optimally, besides the influence of these unnoticed factors in large quantities can provide responses from livestock that are different from expected [10].

Feed Conversion (FCR)
The best value obtained in the A1 treatment (feed mash form) was 1.21.The smaller the FCR value indicates a better value since less feed is needed to produce 1 kg of meat.In the opinion of researchers [21], The best value obtained in the A1 treatment (feed mash form) was 1.21.The smaller the FCR value indicates a better value less feed is needed to produce 1 kg of meat, in the opinion of researchers.
The FCR value on A1 indicates that feed consumed in the form of mash is more easily converted into body weight than A3 treatment.FCR is influenced by several factors including livestock health, weight gain, and energy content of feed metabolism [22].It was further explained that the high FCR is caused by excessive feeding, and poor feed places and can also be caused by poor feed quality.The nutritional content of feed has met the needs of livestock, but the processing technique of the form of feed that is still abandoned, pellet form, especially those without using adhesives after drying becomes harder than other treatments, this makes the metabolic process run slower.Good pellet quality is needed in increasing poultry production, in this case, broilers.Feed conversion for broiler chickens given goodquality feed will be lower than for broiler chickens given low-quality feed [23].

Conclusion
The conclusions obtained from the results of the study are that technology in the processing of feed ingredients can affect the physical quality of the raw materials that make up the feed, into mash form feed, pellets without adhesives and pellets using adhesives.It also has an impact on livestock productivity.The effect of feed form on consumption showed a noticeable difference, the best value was obtained in the A3 treatment of 77.07±10.52g/head/day, while the highest weight gain was obtained in the A1 treatment, amounting to 105 g.The best FCR value in the A1 treatment was 1,21.

Table 1 .
The composition of the feed used

Table 2 below : Table 2 .
Average broiler chicken feed intake with different feed forms

Table 3 .
Average body weight gain of broiler chickens with different feed forms Xylanase Enzyme on Broiler Performance Fed Cassava Based Diet in Forms of Pellet and Mash Proc.6th Int.Semin.Anim.Nutr.Feed Sci.(ISANFS 2021) 21 304-8 [18] Rahmana I, Mucra D A and Febrina D 2016 Kualitas Fisik Pelet Ayam Broiler Periode Akhir Dengan Penambahan Feses Ternak dan Bahan Perekat yang Berbeda J. Peternak.13 33-40 [19] Wan Y, Ma R, Khalid A, Chai L, Qi R, Liu W, Li J, Li Y and Zhan K 2021 Effect of the pellet and mash feed forms on the productive performance, egg quality, nutrient metabolism, and intestinal morphology of two laying hen breeds Animals 11 [20] Amerah A M, Ravindran V, Lentle R G and Thomas D G 2007 Feed particle size: Implications on the digestion and performance of poultry Worlds.Poult.Sci.J. 63 [21] Livingston M L, Cowieson A J, Crespo R, Hoang V, Nogal B, Browning M and Livingston K A 2020 Effect of broiler genetics, age, and gender on performance and blood chemistry Heliyon 6 [22] Sultan S, Horhoruw W M and Wattiheluw M J 2023 Performance of Broiler Raised on the Upper and Lower Floors Postal Dounle Deck Cages with Semi Close House System 2 248-59 [23] Dozier I A, Behnke K C, Gehring C K and Branton S L 2010 Effects of feed form on growth performance and processing yields of broiler chickens during a 42-day production period J. Appl.Poult.Res.19