Application of C.odorata liquid fertilizer and leaves maize trimming as an integration of maize- livestock and farming analysis supporting food security

This experiment aimed to determine the effect of trimming the maximum vegetative phase which was applied C.odorata liquid fertilizer (CLF) to increase food security and animal feed as well as to analyze its farming. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) by factorial. The first factor was trimming consisting of an untrimmed and trimmed maize plant top. The second factor was the concentration of C.odorata liquid fertilizer (Crocober Plus), namely: 0 ml L−1; 50 ml L−1; 100 ml L−1, which was repeated 4 times. Data were analyzed using an F test at level 5%. Based on the experimental results, it can be concluded that 50 ml L−1 CLF is the optimal dose for producing a model of integration of livestock maize in increasing food security for farmers and ranchers. The results demonstrated that the integration of maize and the procurement of forage by trimming maize plants at 43 DAP along 30 cm at the top to down, was very profitable for farmers with an R/C ratio of 4.29 and provided an income of IDR 7,548,750. There was a difference in IDR—5,420,000,- per each harvest for 4 months between trimming and un-trimming.

There are bright prospects for maize development business in Indonesia as the products of this crop could serve as multi-purpose maize that can be directly consumed as cooking, feed, industry and seed.As well as harvesting the crop, the result can also be part of the tree canopy that can be used as fodder, especially for ruminants [1].[2] reported that maize production in West Sumatra province fell from 118,674 tons in 2020 to 119,689 tons in 2019.The decline in maize production was due to land diversion and declining soil fertility as yield potential in certain areas resulted in reduced productivity.In addition to growing high-quality varieties, several efforts have been made to increase maize yield through fertilization, one of which is the use of CLF.Successful use of liquid fertilizer from C.odorata feedstock has been demonstrated in rice.Fertilizers are very important to provide the nutrients needed for growth and production.As an annual plant, maize requires readily available nutrients.To this end, artificial Fertilizers can be applied in the form of liquid organic fertilizers.
C.odorata liquid fertilizer (CLF) can increase the growth and yield of rice and maize.It is characterized by the appearance of male flowers when it reaches its primordial maximum or at the end of the vegetative period.With these feed ingredients, the edible plants rice and maize can be used to produce high-quality feed for livestock.Trimming the upper part of the canopy was expected to produce high-protein forages suitable for high-protein, low-fiber lowland rice [8,9].The maize plants that have undergone canopy trimming are expected not to impair their ability to carry out photosynthetic activity and thus not result in a reduction in maize yield.Therefore, to maintain maize yields, it is necessary to provide sufficient fertilizer, including the addition of CLF, to allow the plants to overcome the loss of photosynthesis.This is done by the plant immediately generating new plant tissue.This is aided by a supply of nutrients to the sprayed foliage.every two weeks.Therefore, the technology is expected to provide farmers and agronomists with information on how to produce feed for livestock that can be consolidated by maize fields that are difficult to acquire but consciously managed.In addition, it was also necessary to analyze farms to provide an overview of these activities that would have a positive impact on future agricultural and livestock development.The purpose of the study was to inform his application of CLF to harvesting maize crops as an integrated activity for rice and livestock and agricultural analysis to support food security.

Materials and Methods
The experiment was conducted in dry land in Manggopoh Village, Lubuk Basung District, Agam Regency.The materials used in this study were chicken manure, C.odorata liquid organic fertilizer (Crocober Plus), and Pioneer P23 maize seed.Experiments were performed using a factorial complete randomization design (CRD).The first factor was trimming at 2 levels, namely un-trimming and trimming about 30 cm from top to bottom.The second factor was the concentration of CLF, namely; 0 mL L -1 , 50 mL L -1 , and 100 mL L -1 and 4 replications, so we had 24 experimental plots with a plot size of 3 x 3 m.Artificial fertilizers applied at 50% of the recommended amount i.e.Urea 150 kg ha -1 , SP36 75 kg ha -1 , KCl 50 kg ha -1 .Observed data were tested for variance with an F-test at the 5% level and, if this had a significant effect, continued LSD at the significant 5% level.CLF application was initiated when plants reached 15 DAP and then at 2-week intervals until cob formation.Trimming was done at 43 DAP.Plants were protected from plant pests and diseases.Maize seeds were planted at 75 x 30 cm intervals, one per hole.Observed parameters include several nutritional and reproductive parameters.
The materials used in the approximate analysis were prepared according to the instructions [10,11] as follows.Whole grain maize stalk powder sample, concentrated standard NaOH, filter paper, petroleum ether, 0.25N H 2 SO 4 , 0.313N NaOH, acetone, hot distilled water, Whatman Ashles filter paper and litmus paper.Crude protein content was determined as follows: % crude protein = %N x protein conversion factor, multiplication factor for animal feed is 6.25.The determination of N-Total is made from the following calculations: The cost of growing maize is determined by the value of all production cost factors in growing maize .The costs considered in this study include variable costs.This is the cost used directly by farmers in their production activities, including financing for the purchase of inputs, production equipment (fertilizers, seeds, pesticides) and wages (LW).Fixed costs are now costs that farmers indirectly invest in their production activities, but are still considered in agriculture.These include land rents and farm equipment depreciation [12].Computations of mathematical functions can be formulated as follows: TC = FC + VC ... (1) TC is the total cost of growing maize (IDR ha -1 ) per growing season (OGS) -1 , FC is the fixed cost (IDR ha -1 OGS -1 ) and VC are variable costs (IDR ha -1 OGS -1 ) [13].For a systematic analysis of agricultural income and profits, the calculation can be formulated as follows: TR = Y x Py...2, where TR is the total income from maize cultivation (IDR ha -1 OGS -1 ), Y is the total value of total production in agricultural activities (kg ha -1 OGS -1 ), Py is The value of maize sold per unit (IDR kg -1 ).Analyzing the income or profit that a IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1341/1/0120443 farmer earns from agricultural activities, the income levels of maize cultivation are: ߨ = ܴܶ − ‫ܥܶ‬ (3).Whereas ߨ is the income or profit of maize cultivation, TR is the total income of maize cultivation (IDR ha -1 OGS -1 ), and TC is the total cost or total cost of maize cultivation (IDR ha -1 OGS -1 ). ).Feasibility analysis of R/C ratios to ascertain the degree of comparability of returns and costs invested in agricultural activities [14].

Results and Discussion
Table 1 showed the plant height, leaf area index (LAI), and fresh weight of maize diets before trimming that are strongly affected by CLF application.Application of 100 ml of L -1 CLF may increase plant height, LAI, and fresh forage weight.It has been proven that the higher the CLF concentration, the more concentrated the content of nutrients applied to the plant and the plant receives more concentrated nutrients.However, no analysis was performed for feed production, only the data were averaged.Maximum feed volume was achieved using 50 ml of L -1 CLF.Liquid organic fertilizers have a significant impact on plant height growth and LAI.The higher the CLF dose, the higher the plant height and his LAI maize .However, this does not apply to the weight of raw feed and dry feed.The optimal dosage reached 50 ml L -1 and the LAI figure close to 3.6 indicates that the leaf area index of maize plants is optimal.It became clear that the smaller the leaves, the less effective the photosynthetic products produced by the leaves [15,16,17].According to [18], this leaf area parameter can give an overview of the process and rate of plant photosynthesis.A large leaf area helps the light to be properly absorbed by the leaves.Light is the energy source used to carry out photosynthesis, which is ultimately involved in plant seed formation.Table 2 shows several investigators' reports from the chemical analysis of crude protein (CP) (%) of plants used as animal feeds.Referring to the results of [19], the production of maize leaf biomass for sweet maize cultivation was 8,157.91 kg ha -1 , with an average biomass of 815.79 kg ha -1 .The nutrient contents of maize leaf biomass were TS 24.92%, ash 8.22%, CP 14.60%, CL 4.20% and 19.30%.When compared with CP content, the results of this study were even lower.According to [20], the dry matter (DM) of the cow's daily diet was his 3% of the total weight of the cow.For example, for a cow weighing 330 kg, the amount of feed per day is 9.9 kg, and the monthly requirement is 297 kg.A cow of this size can hold up to two cows.According to [21], a suitable animal diet should contain at least 12% crude protein.
Factors of maize productivity include hulled maize cob length, number of seeds per maize cob, weight of 100 seeds, and seed weight.In general, observations showed that trimming effects significantly reduced maize yields.Application of 50 ml of L -1 CLF reduced all yield factors in terms of stripped cob length, number of seeds per cob, weight per 100 seeds, and yield weight at 14% moisture content was the highest yield.The Trimming tended to have no effect on yield, but the 14% dry seed moisture content weight data showed significant reductions in yield, cob length, number of seeds per panicle, and 100-grain seed weight.Although not shown, no significant reduction was seen.This normal size is the result of photosynthesis in plants, making it optimal for this production factor as it is available for cob and seed formation.Trimming also helps to reduce the effects of salt shading between leaf blades and optimize photosynthetic activity.The lower leaves are usually covered with the upper leaves of the crown.Shaded sheets are now sinks (users) instead of sources (producers).[22] explained that the main reason for the reduced number of seeded cobs and grain yield in each maize plant was that the leaves overlapped on each other and photosynthetic activity was not optimized.Sunlight is a key factor in the process of photosynthesis and a key factor in plant growth rate (PGR).Therefore, intensity, irradiation time and quality have a great influence on the process of photosynthesis.Trimming of plant shoots reduces the competition between leaves and fruits in photosynthesis and helps inhibit vegetative growth of the plant, allowing the plant to better focus on plant reproductive growth [23].Trimming is a means of increasing crop yield by cutting off the top part of the plant.The purpose was to allow sunlight to penetrate between plants to stimulate reproductive growth so that flowers and fruits could form more optimally [24].This is because in the future, trimming will be avoided if better fertilization techniques and types, or other cultivation techniques that are very helpful in sustaining droughts, increase the management of maize crops in the field and do not reduce maize yields.It provides useful information on how it can be done.Cob length in trimmed maize plants did not reduce cob size because plant photosynthesis was still sufficient for cob formation and normal seed size and number production.However, because it accumulates in larger units, the trimming effect becomes more pronounced, reducing dry peel yield.It is not surprising that dry husk maize yields are declining due to reduced sources.The price of green fodder was Rupiah.4000 kg -1 [25] is controlled by growth for optimal flower and fruit formation [24].
Table 4 shows the results of calculating the profit and loss of cut maize cultivation based on the agricultural analysis.You can calculate the R/C ratio based on fixed cost, variable cost and revenue analysis.His R/C ratio for maize trimmed at 43 DAP reached 7.23, while for untrimmed maize it was 6.09.According to [14], R/C > 1 means this business is viable and profitable to operate.In fact, in both trimmed and untrimmed maize models, forage feeding was still viable as R/C > 1, but comparing numbers showed that maize plants were trimmed at 43 DAP.They were still more profitable when they received feed.The yield after trimming maize is 8.30 tons ha -1 .2.58 tonnes of ha -1 feed from maize crowns achieved his IDR turnover.Harvest income was IDR compared to no trimming with a yield of 39,370,000 and a yield of 9.7 tonnes ha -1 .33,950,000 There was a difference of 5,420,000 IDR per harvest for up to 4 months.Consolidation of maize and feed suppliers, therefore, benefits farmers on the same land.During this period, if farmers had to acquire special grass growing areas, they would have to increase their land acquisition, making it difficult for pastoralists.Therefore, the agricultural model of growing maize with feed trimmed to 43 DAP is very suitable for obtaining more profit and can provide food for livestock that are already kept.In addition, the crude protein content is also very high at 13.97%, exceeding the expected standard of 12% [26], leading to improved livestock quality, thus the nutritional quality of the forage animal feed is also very good.However, in order to make feed available to livestock, it is also possible to adjust maize cultivation models with crop rotation so that forage is harvested in rotation to ensure a sustainable feed supply.

Conclusion
A dose of 50 ml of L -1 C.odorata liquid fertilizer (CLF) was the optimal dose to create maize-livestock integration model for increasing food security.As a result, it was very beneficial for farmers to integrate maize as a source of forage by trimming maize plants at 43 DAP about 30 cm from top to bottom.The feasibility analysis reached R/C ratio of 4.29, generating an income of IDR 7,548,750.was obtained.There was a difference of Rp 5,420,000 per crop between trimming and un trimming in 4 months.Thanks are expressed to the Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture at Tamansiswa University, Padang, for providing assistance in accessing laboratory facilities for the collection of data on the agronomic constituents of maize plants and their chemical analysis.Additionally, thanks are extended to the Head of the Research and Community Service Institute at Tamansiswa University, Padang, for generously providing funding for a portion of this research.

Tabel 1 .
Effect of CLF application on plant height and fresh weight of forage fodder from plant at 43 DAP Figures followed by superscripts uppercase letters in the column were not significantly different according to LSD at a 5% significance level.

Table 2 .
Crude Protein (CP) Levels From Various Sources and Age of Harvest of Forage Animal Feed

Table 3 .
The effect of CLF application on the length of cobs without cobs, the number of seeds per ear, the weight of 100 seeds, and the weight of seeds per hectare

Table 4 .
Feasibility analysis of Trimmed and Untrimmed Maize Farming for R/C ratio