Utilization of Bidara Leaf Plant (Ziziphus mauritiana) as Feed Aditive For Carcass, Abdomen Fat, and Inside Organ In Raja Duck

This study aims to determine the application of Bidara leaves (Ziziphus mauritiana) as a feed additive at different percentages of carcasses, abdominal fat, and internal organs in Raja ducks. This study used 80 DOD Raja ducks. This study used an experimental method with a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 4 treatments and 5 groups. Treatment of Bidara leaf plants A(0%), B(1%), C(2%) and D(3%). The results showed that the use of Bidara leaves as a feed additive, using a percentage of 2% was the best for carcass percentage of 66.79%, abdominal fat percentage of 0.78%, liver percentage of 2.27%, and proventriculus percentage of 0.42%. Efficient in using Bidara leaf plants against Raja ducks. The conclusion of this study showed that the use of Bidara leaves as a feed additive at different percentages had significance on the abdominal fat carcasses and internal organs of the Raja duck, but had nonsignificant on the proventriculus organs.


Introduction
The increase in population in Indonesia has an impact on increasing the need for animal protein for the Indonesian population, one of which is fulfilled by poultry protein (Sjofjan et al., 2019).Poultry livestock is a livestock commodity that has fast growth and a short harvest time.One of the easiest poultry to develop is ducks.Ducks are one of the local poultry producing eggs and meat as a source of protein from livestock which has the potential to be developed.The economic advantages of ducks to other poultry livestock is easy maintenance because ducks are more resistant to disease and have high adaptability.In addition, according to Akhadiarto (2002), ducks have good efficiency in converting feed into meat properly.So ducks have high meat productivity.Indonesia has a variety of livestock that can be used to fulfill the animal protein that is needed by the body.Animal protein is protein derived from livestock which is consumed with the advantage of having a more complete composition of essential amino acids compared to vegetable protein.Along with the increase in population and awareness of the need for animal protein, the demand for livestock products tends to increase.To provide animal protein that is beneficial to the body, the world of animal husbandry is required to produce high-quality products that are always available continuously.
IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1341/1/012013 2 One type of duck that is well-known and developed by the people of Indonesia is the Raja duck.Raja ducks are the result of crosses between male Mojosari ducks and female Alabio ducks.According to Supriyadi (2012), Raja ducks have an advantage compared to other male ducks which have faster growth, have thicker meat, and are not too fishy.To increase the superiority of Raja ducks, it is very necessary to pay attention to their maintenance management.In raising ducks, The relevance of attention on the management factors of raising ducks, one of which is feed.Feed is an important factor in raising ducks.Feed must be ensured availability and always sufficient for ducks every day.Feed is vital and requires a large amount of money to provide it so the use of feed must be maximized in supporting the productivity of ducks.To reduce production costs increase the safety of the resulting production and increase the productivity of broiler ducks, it is necessary to use feed additives from natural ingredients added to the feed.Feed additives are additional feed ingredients given to livestock to support the productivity and quality of livestock production.According to Agustina (2006), additives given to livestock are classified into 5, namely: 1.Additional vitamins, 2. Additional minerals, 3. Antibiotics, 4. Anabolic (hormonal), 5. Agroindustry.According to Ravindran (2012), feed additives can be classified into two types, namely nutritive feed additives and feed additives that aren't particularly healthful.The inclusion for nutritive feed additives to the ration to complement or increase the nutritional content of the ration, for example, supplements, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids.Nonnutritive feed additives do not affect the nutritional content of the ration and the content depends on the type, among others, to increase palatability (flavoring or flavoring, and colorant or coloring), feed preservatives, inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms and increasing the digestibility of nutrients, anti-fungal, helping digestion thereby increasing digestibility nutrition.Feed additives are given to livestock by mixing them with animal feed.One of the feed additives that can be used for Raja ducks is flour made from bidara leaves (Ziziphus mauritiana).The bidara plant (Ziziphus mauritiana) is a kind of small tree that usually grows in dry areas.The leaves of bidara plants are commonly used by the community as herbal medicine and have long been used to maintain a healthy lifestyle because they contain high antioxidants.In addition, the leaves of the bidara plant can be used as a feed additive for the nutritive feed additive class which is mixed with feed to support the productivity of poultry, one of which is the Raja duck.Feeding bidara leaf additives for Raja ducks can be done by making flour from bidara leaves which are dried and then mashed.Bidara leaf flour can be mixed with the ration as feed for the Raja ducks.In bidara leaves some substances are useful in increasing the productivity of poultry livestock.Bidara leaves contain There are actually two distinct kinds for amino acids: essential and supplemental..This amino acid functions as a building block for protein and enzymes in poultry, but it can also reduce the levels of fat and cholesterol found in poultry.Bidara leaves also contain vitamins B1, vitamin B2, and vitamin C.These vitamins are very useful in restoring peak egg production in poultry and can increase appetite in poultry (Supratman, 2020).The use of bidara leaves as a feed additive in duck rations has not been widely carried out, this is because bidara leaves contain anti-nutritional content in the form of saponins which are quite high.Saponins when given more than the tolerance of ducks to saponins will make saponins a toxin that will prevent the formation of ducks.Based on the outcomes of Dwi's research (2019) incorporating bidara leaf meal at various dose levels of 0.25% ineffective feed can increase the percentage of carcass and the proportion of chicken carcass parts.The results of Sindhu's research (2019) showed that how adding bidara leaf changes things flour to broiler rations at a level of 0.25% gave the best results because it was able to decreasing the amount of abdominal fat in broilers.Considering the explanation the contributors are interested in studying the issue described above below the heading "Utilization of Bidara Leaf Plant (Ziziphus mauritiana) as a Feed Additive to Carcass, Abdominal Fat and Internal Organs in Raja Ducks"

Materials
The animals implemented in the current study were Raja ducks produced from a Poultry shop in Padang.Farms and reared for 80 heads for eight weeks.In this study, the cage used was a wirefloored box cage with a total of 20 units with each size W x L x H, namely 75 x 60 x 50 cm/unit containing four ducks per cage unit.The rations in this study contained several types of feed for the preparation of rations in the form of bran wheat, fishmeal, soybean flour, top mix, coconut oil, garlic, and.The nutritional content of the treatment rations was arranged with iso protein and iso calorie.The dietary composition of the research ration feed ingredients is evident in Table 1.

Data analysis
The data obtained was analyzed statistically for if there were differences, variance between the treatments then it was continued with a further test using the Ducan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) based on Steel and Torrie (1995) The first step before the research is to carry out fumigation.Fumigation, namely the cages and equipment used for research must first be cleaned and washed with pests by liming and spraying using rhodalon.Fumigation aims to make the conditions of the cage comfortable for researchers and ducks.In addition, eating and drinking equipment for ducks is neatly arranged according to the needs in the cage.
c. Preparation of Bidara Leaf Flour Bidara leaf flour is made from the leaves of the bidara plant which are dried by aerating at room temperature.Dried bidara leaves are mashed using a blender then sifted through a sieve.Bidara leaf meal is weighed and separated according to the concentration of administration in the duck feed for one week.The amount of bidara leaf flour used during the study was 5.5 kg.Bidara leaf flour is stored in plastic and placed in a dry and pest-free place c.Ration Preparation Ration preparation by preparing the ration to be given to the ducks.The ration's components include maize, bran and corn, fish powder, soybean flour, coconut oil and bidara leaf flour.The ingredients for the rations are weighed as needed and mixed thoroughly.The ingredients for the ration are stirred based on the weekly ration requirement of the Raja duck.The rations were weighed and stored in a dry and pest-free place.

Result and Discussion
The Result of Treatment in terms of percentage Raja Duck Carcass and Abdominal Fat The effect of giving bidara leaf flour with different on shows the proportion of carcass and belly fat.carcass and abdominal fat percentage can be seen in Table 3 Table 3  The study added bidara leaf powder to the 1% treatment ration containing 0.44 g/kg saponin, the 2% treatment ration containing 1.76 g/kg saponin, and the 3% treatment ration containing 3.96 g/kg saponin.so that the greater, dose of bidara leaf flour, the saponin content in the ration will also increase.In treatment D (3% bidara leaf meal) In proportion, there were also smaller bodies present., namely 60.28%.The reduction in the treatment's carcass percentage D (3% bidara leaf meal) was caused by the saponin content in the feed exceeding the saponin tolerance limit in the ration.The tolerance limit for saponins in rations is 3.7 g/kg (FAO, 2005) In addition to flavonoids, bidara leaves also contain tannins and saponins.Tannins and saponins are known to be used to reduce fat content in poultry.Tannins and saponins can be used to inhibit fat accumulation thereby increasing carcass quality (Anggorodi, 1994).According to the perspective of Ponte et al. (2004) the saponins can decrease the amount of fat in chicken meat.
The leaves of bidara plants also contain vitamin C which can play a role in synthesizing carnitine which will transfer long chain fatty acids to be oxidized in mitochondria with the help of carnitine.
As a carrier of long-chain fatty acids, carnitine will penetrate the mitochondrial membrane in the pathway of fatty acid oxidation, so that the need for carnitine in the body is fulfilled, which reduces fat deposits (Kusnadi, 2006).
The results of the research on giving bidara leaf flour to Raja ducks are by the results of Sindu's research (2019) concerning the outcomes of additional bidara leaf flour to broiler rations with a level of 0.25% giving the best results because lower in our research than it can lower the proportion of broiler stomach fat.The proportion of belly fat that in Arlin's research (2022) which percentage varied from 1.06 to 2.13%, of abdominal belt in hybrid ducks treated with garlic flour and greater than the outcomes of Putra et al. 2015, namely 0.40% in CA ducks aged 8 weeks.This is presumably due to the different types of ducks used and the different treatments given.

The Effect of Treatment on the Liver and Percentage on the Proventriculus of Raja Duck
The effect of giving bidara leaf flour with different percentages about the proportion of abdominal fat Table 4 shows that.In Table 4 Demonstrates the highest average percentage on the liver was discovered in treatment D (3% bidara leaf meal), which was 2.90%, while the lowest expected % of the liver discovered during therapy A (0% bidara leaf meal) that was 2.21%.Based on this results the diversity study revealed that the impact of providing bidara leaf flour having various percentages a very significant (P <0.01) effect on the proportion of Raja duck liver.The Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) observations continued test showed that the proportion of the liver in treatment D (3% bidara leaf powder) was noticeably different (P< 0.01) from therapy) A (0% bidara leaf meal), treatment B (1% bidara leaf flour) and treatment C (2% bidara leaf flour).Whereas treatment A (0% bidara leaf meal), treatment B (1% bidara leaf meal) and treatment C (2% bidara leaf meal) (P> 0.05) did not show a difference that was significant.This shows the giving bidara leaf flour to rations with different percentages can increase the liver percentage of Raja ducks but is still within the normal range.According to Widianingsih (2008), The metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, iron, bile secretion, as well as detoxification are each controlled on the liver.The Functions is the process of creating red blood cells as well as the vitamin metabolism and storage.The detoxification function is carried out by enzymes by turning toxins into inactive, the liver will be damaged if there are excessive toxins in the body.According to Arief (2000) states that liver alterations are usually characterized by swelling and thickening of one of the lobes in the liver, and cause an improvement.
There resulting liver mass.That perspective has been firmed up by Sinurat et al (2002) who stated that an increase in liver mass is induced by sickness or poisons transmitted by food.The improved consumption of toxins, the liver works extra to increase the production and secretion of bile to neutralize these toxins so that the size of the liver will increase.Bidara leaf flour contains anti-nutritional compounds, namely saponins.According to Jayanegara (2019), saponins are anti-nutritional components that are toxic.Saponins are natural compounds in bidara leaves which if used excessively will become poison in the ducks' bodies.High concentrations of saponins in feed can cause abnormalities in the digestive tract and interfere with the mechanisms of the digestive organs, especially the liver (Noor, 1992).The a rise in the liver's proportion of weight in Raja ducks is believed to be due to an increase in liver activity due to bile secretion and the presence of toxic compounds in bidara leaf flour.In Basya's opinion (2004) in the liver, toxic compounds will undergo a detoxification process, excessive toxic compounds cannot be fully detoxified, and this is what causes the liver to experience damage and swelling.The liver percentage of Raja ducks in the study ranged from 2.21 to 2.90% of body weight, this shows that there was an increase in liver mass as a proportion given bidara leaf flour with 1% treatment, 2% treatment, and 3% treatment but did not exceed the average The average liver weight is normal, this is because apart from containing tannins, bidara leaves also contain vitamin C and flavonoids.According to who mentioned the feed was in the proventriculus for only a short time so there was no accumulation of feed distributed from the crop.The proventriculus functions as an enzymatic digestive gland.Sari and Ginting (2012) stated that a proventriculus is a place for digestive enzymes such as pepsin and HCl to secrete proteins and fats.The factor that affects the proventriculus weight is the content of animal feed.No difference which was significant (P>0.05) in the study allegedly because the feed given did not contain high crude fiber and phytic acid so the ventricular weight was beyond the normal range in the study's results.Proventriculus weight is affected by proventriculus performance in digesting feed.If the feed given is difficult to digest, then the performance of the proventriculus will be harder to produce high amounts of HCl and pepsin enzymes.It is this proventriculus performance that influences the proventriculus weight.Amrullah (2004) states this means that the proventriculus' measurement is affected caused by animal feed, the more phytate in this ration will affect the size of the proventriculus, since the proventriculus functions as a source of pepsin and hydrochloric acid (HCl).as well as enzymes that may absorb protein and uncooked fiber in the feed given.In line with the opinion of Lesson and Summer (1997) which states that the cruder the higher fiber Through phytate integrated into the feed to broilers, the performance and weight of the proventriculus organ will be affected.

Conclusion
Utilization of bidara leaf meal with different doses (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%) as a feed additive affected carcass proportion, abdominal fat composition, and liver portion of Raja ducks, but did not affect the proventriculus portion of Raja ducks.Giving bidara leaf flour at a dose of 2% gave the best results with a carcass percentage of 66.79%, abdominal fat percentage of 0.78%, liver percentage of 2.27%, and proventriculus percentage of 0.42%.Bidara leaf powder to feed can be given at a dose of 2% because it can provide the best carcass percentage.
or observation value from treatment to I and factor level of bidara leaf flour concentration µ = Common mean Ti = Effect of the ith treatment Bj = Effect of the jth group Ɛ ij = Effect of experimental error on the 1st treatment and the 1st group i = Treatment (A, B, C, D) j = Repeat to(1,2,3,4,5)

Table 1 .
The structure of ration ingredients and dietary structure and metabolic energy of rations Source: a. Goyal et al. (2012) b.Nuraini et al. (2013) c.Jailani et al. (2019)Table2.The composition of the meal ingredients In addition to nutritional content and metabolic energy of bidara leaf flour rations during the study

Table 1 Methods
The method used in this study was an experiment with a randomized block design (RBD), grouping based on body weight consisting of 4 treatments and 5 groups.A: Supply of bidara leaf powder in feed of 0% B: Supply of bidara leaf powder in feed of 1% C: Supply of bidara leaf powder in feed of 2% D: Supply of bidara leaf powder in feed of 3% Raja ducks are grouped based on body weight.All ducks were weighed and then placed in the planned weight rank, namely: 1. Group 1 body weight: 122 -125 g 2. Group 2 body weight: 126 -136 g 3. Group 3 body weight: 137 -146 g 4. Group 4 body weight: 147 -156 g 5. Group 5 body weight: 157 -175 g Mahtematis model of Randomizes Block Design (RBD) regarding Steel dan Torrie (1995) as follow: Yij = µ + Ti + Bj + Ɛ ij

Table 3 .
Pribady (2008)of abdominal fat to carcass (%) f Raja Duck on the Study The highest average carcass percentage was found in treatment C (2% bidara leaf meal), namely 66.79%, while most minimal average carcass percentage was found in treatment D (3% bidara leaf meal) namely 60.28%.Based on the results of the investigation of diversity it shows that the result of providing bidara leaf flour changing proportionately has a very significant (P <0.01) effect on the percentage of Raja duck carcass, this shows that giving bidara the ration contains leaf meal gives the percentage results different carcasses., and treatment D (3% bidara leaf flour) were not considerably different (P> 0.05), this indicated that the administration of bidara leaf flour percentage of 1% and percentage of 2% in the ration can increase the percentage of Raja duck carcass.However, in the administration of 3% bidara leaf flour in the ration, there was a decrease in the percentage of Raja duck carcasses.The results of the average percentage of Raja duck carcasses are in Table4.There was an increase from treatment A (0% bidara leaf meal) which was 62.28%, treatment B (1% bidara leaf meal) which was 63.08%, and treatment C (2% bidara leaf flour) which was 66.79%.However, in treatment D (3% bidara leaf meal) the A portion of Raja Duck stays decreased with an average carcass percentage of 60.38%.The carcass weight is affected by live weight, the bigger the live the bigger the carcass weight.By the opinion ofPribady (2008), the higher the slaughter weight, become increasing carcass weight.The variation in real carcass weight was influenced by the variation in live weight.The increase in carcass weight is thought to be due to the phytochemical compounds in bidara leaves that can increase absorption in the digestive tract of Raja ducks.According to Sukirmansyah et al.(2016)stated that the better the procedure of dietary absorption and breakdown, the better the body weight gain and will directly impact the weight of slaughter.
Hastiana et al. (2022)alues demonstrate very important differences in impact (P <0.01) D (3% bidara leaf meal) but significantly different (P< 0.05) with treatment A (0% bidara leaf flour) and B (2% bidara leaf flour).Whereas treatment A (0% bidara leaf flour), treatment B (2% bidara leaf flour)Bidara leaves contain an essential amino acid, namely lysine, which is needed by poultry.Yuniza et al. (2011) stated that lysine in rations can increase the live weight, carcass thigh weight, breast weight, shoulder weight, and breast percentage of native chickens.The proportion of carcasses This study discovered than that of Putra et al. (2015) namely 56.55% in 8 weeks of maintenance of Cihateup Alabio (CA) ducks.The results of Dwi's research (2019) regarding the addition of bidara leaf flour at various dose levels of 0.25% ineffective feed may improve the ratio of chicken carcass.The difference in the results of the research is thought to be due to the different types of ducks and the treatment given is also different.The active ingredient in bidara leaves also has a negative effect if given in excessive amounts because bidara leaves contain anti-nutritional substances, namely saponins.Saponins are anti-nutritional compounds that, if given beyond tolerance, can reduce the palatability and digestibility of feed nutrients.According to Jayanegara et al.(2019), saponins have a negative effect which can prevent the development and absorption of nutrients in the digestive tract of livestock.In general, the content of 0.1 -0.3% saponins in the ration can inhibit the growth of poultry, reduce ration consumption, and reduce the efficiency of ration use.Hastiana et al. (2022)stated that the saponin content in bidara leaves was 5.3% taken from a sample of 1.2 g of bidara leaf extract.

Table 3
(Widyamanda et al., 2013)plication of f bidara leaf flour can decrease the percentage of abdominal fat in Raja ducks.Stomach fat content is influenced by the energy content contained in the ration.According to the opinion ofWahju (2004)by increasing the energy content of the ration, will increase the abdominal fat content.Kurniawan et al. (2014) stated that stomach fat is formed since the presence of power in the body which is fat as a form of reserve.In this investigation, the energy content of the rations was relatively that same.The decrease in the proportion of belly fat in Raja ducks in every session in this study was caused by the part in it which is active bidara leaves.One of the energetic ingredients that affected reducing the proportion of belly fat in this research was flavonoids.Flavonoid active compounds have properties that can activate the lipase enzyme.The lipase enzyme will convert excess fat in the duck's body into fatty acids and glycerol so that it does not accumulate fat in the body(Widyamanda et al., 2013).

Table 4 .
Liver Percentage and Percentage Proventriculus on Average of Raja Ducks In the Study (Zainal, 2007)l.(2019)003)dthat vitamin C and flavonoids help the liver's performance to detoxify toxins so that the blood that carries nutrients flowing through the liver no longer contains toxins.The results of the research giving bidara leaf flour with different percentages of the percentage of Raja duck liver showed lower results compared to the results of research bySumiyati and Sumirat (2003), which ranged from 2.10 to 3.32% in male local ducks with various levels of kayambang in the ration and higher than the results ofFrasiska et al. (2021)the percentage of liver weight of Cihateup ducks that were given natural isotonic ranged from 1.22 to 1.59%.That is believed because an increase in the proportion of liver weight is due to the different treatments and types of ducks used.Table5shows that the typical proventriculus proportion of Raja ducks extends from 0.38 to 0.42%.The results of the proventriculus data obtained were lower than those of Anggraeni et al.(2019)who stated that the proventriculus percentage was 0.84% in Mojosari ducks which were given bay leaf extract.The difference in the percentage of proventriculus is thought to be due to the different treatments given.Based on the results of the exploration of difference it shows that the outcome is bidara leaf flour with various percentages had no apparent effect (P > 0.05) on the proventriculus percentage of Raja ducks, this is to the results of research byKusmayadi et al. (2019), regarding the provision of rations containing a combination level of mangosteen rind flour and turmeric flour had no discernible impact (P>0.05) on the percentage of proventriculus the mass of Cihateup ducks.This proventriculus is a digestive organ located before the ventricles(Zainal, 2007).In the proventriculus, feed passes only a short time.According to the viewpoint of Anggraeni et al.(2019)