Body measurements and body weight from the crossing of Swamp Buffalo with Murrah Buffalo in Tanjung Bonai Regency, Lintau Buo Utara Subdistrict, Tanah Datar District

This study aimed to determine the body measurements and body weight of crossbred Swamp buffalo with Murrah buffalo in Nagari Tanjung Bonai, Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra. This study used 42 buffaloes from the crossing of Swamp buffalo with Murrah buffalo aged <12 months, 12-24 months, and >24 months. The methods used in this study were survey and census. The research location was determined based on the location of the crossbred buffaloes. The data collected consisted of primary data and secondary data. The variables observed were chest circumference, body length, shoulder height, and body weight. Data were analyzed descriptively, including mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variance. The results showed: Chest circumference of buffaloes at <12 months old males 145 cm and females 140.13 cm; 12-24 months old males 182.75 cm and females 175.33 cm; and>24 months old males 199.56 cm and females 181.14 cm. Buffaloes’ body length at the aged <12 months old males 101.33 cm and females 95.87 cm, 12-24 months old males 127.25 cm and females 115.33 cm, and > 24 months old males 141.78 cm and females 127.71 cm. Buffaloes’ shoulder height at <12 months old males 100.11 cm and females 97.25 cm, 12-24 months old males 121.75 cm and females 119.50 cm, and >24 months old males 141.11 cm and females 126 cm. Body weight of buffaloes at the age of <12 months 270.48 kg and 232.96 kg, age 12-24 months male 410.27 kg and female 379.75 kg, and age >24 months male 472.50 kg and female 403.97 kg. This study concluded that male and female buffaloes from crossing Swamp buffalo with Murrah buffalo had chest circumference, body length, shoulder height, and body weight that increased with age. Male buffaloes have a larger size than female buffaloes.


Introduction
Buffaloes in Indonesia are generally domestic buffaloes of two types: Swamp buffalo and River buffalo, which are farmed extensively and semi-intensively.FAOSTAT [1] reported that 20.51 % of the world's total buffalo population is swamp buffalo, with the largest population in China and Southeast Asia [2].The main difference between both buffalo is the number of chromosomes.River buffalo has 2n=50 and swamp buffalo 2n=48.Physically, the River buffalo has a black body color, while the Swamp buffalo has a body color dominated by light grey [3].
Generally, swamp buffalo have lower productivity in dairy and meat production.Productivity is represented by physical like chest circumference, body length, shoulder height, and body weight.The productivity could be accelerated by genetic improvement like species crossbreeding, which aims to combine dominating benefit characteristics to improve a better descendant characteristic.In addition, the crossbreeding aimed to increase milk and meat production for the swamp buffalo or even the riverine buffalo.Crossbreeding has succeeded in China, the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Brazil [4], [5], [6].
Moreover, the top two buffalo species crossing the world are Murrah from India and Nili Ravi from Pakistan [4], [5].In Indonesia, the species treated for crossbreeding are swamp and Murrah buffalo.The first descendants from the crossbreed expect better physic size, body weight, and improved productivity than the parents [7].
Buffalo farming still becomes a priority for people around "Tanjung Bonai" to utilize swamp buffalo milk and then produce the "Dadiah" as originally traditional (meals) in West Sumatra.Swamp buffalo is not classified as a dairy producer.As a result, the milk production under expected.Artificial insemination of the swamp buffalo and riverine buffalo is projected to increase milk production and have bigger physic for the first generation than the parent.
Body weight and body size have generally been recognized as an indicator of animal growth [8].The most accurate to determine weight is by utilizing a weight scale.However, weight scale application could be more efficient because un-available of massive weight scales on the field [9].Weight prediction could be applied based on animal body size, like chest circumference measurement, which has the highest correlation to other body size parameters by synchronizing the regression equality [10].
Physical measurements like chest circumference, body length, and shoulder height correlate to determine the productivity level and the reproduction ability of buffalo crossbreed.Body size as a parameter that could be applied to predict animal weight is one of the solutions offered to society to examine carcass weight to minimalizing prediction mistakes [11].

Etichal Approval
This study refers to the ethics of research using experimental animals based on the law of the government of the Republic of Indonesia Number 18 of 2009 article 66 (animal care, killing, treatment, and reasonable care).

Materials
Forty crossbreeds of the Murrah and swamp buffalo from Tanjung Bonai, Lintau Buo Utara district, Tanah Datar Regency, get involved in this study.The buffalo grouping is based on the age < 12 months, 18-24 months, and > 24 months.

Methods
The research method is a survey and direct observation to research venue support with sampling to census mode by observing the entire population [12].The body measurement was conducted on-site, where the buffalo crossbreeds in Tanjung Bonai were based on recording inseminators and direct interviews.The parameter examines in the research are: -Body weight; follow the equation [13] Male buffalo body weight: BW = -266,456 + 3,703 CS Female buffalo body weight: BW = -351,218 + 4,169 CZ NB: BW = Body Weight CS = Chest Circumference -Chest Circumference: examined through measure scale right behind scapula via Gumba (BSN, 2011) -Body length: examined through measure stick from Processus spinous vertically to os ischium/scapula cartilage [14].-Body height: measured vertically from Scapula cartilage to the ground [15] through a measurement stick.
The data then analyze descriptively then shown at average value, deviation standard, and diversity coefficient.

Result and Discussion
Table 1 Figure the body size of riverine and swamp buffalo crossbreeds.The body size physically increases as age increases.The increase happened because all buffalo were observed still in the growth phase.In the growth phase, the body growth escalates at the beginning of life, then becomes slower when the animal enters the adult phase, then constant when it becomes old [16].

Chest Circumference
Chest Circumference of male buffalo and female buffalo crossbreed of swamp and riverine buffalo at various age levels (Tabel 1) increase as well as age.The growth as an effect of the buffalo observed on the peak growth.As a result, development comes faster before entering the adult phase.A similar idea is also stated [17] that growth comes slowly, accelerates to the peak of development, gradually decreases, and then stops at the adult phase.It moreover claimed that chest circumference would increase slowly 11 .
Hormonal factors are responsible for the faster growth in the chest circumference of male buffalo compared to female buffalo in this study.Androgen and testosterone hormones in the male buffalo affected the development.As a consequence, male buffalo develop faster than male buffalo.Testosterone and androgen is the hormone the testis produces to support male buffalo growth faster than the female buffalo, especially at puberty [18].
The chest circumference rate in this research over 24 months group was more significant than reported in Cirebon [19], which is 172 cm in male buffalo and 180.2 cm in female buffalo.The differences are a consequence of the heterocyst effect of crossbreeds.The heterocyst effect is the change led by the crossbreeding of two species.The hybrid creates gene composition and becomes heterozygote.As a result, the crossbreed's superior body size compared to swamp buffalo (parents).The heterocyst forming better performs and productivity to the descendant [20].The discussion was strengthened where crossbreed swamp and riverine (Murrah) buffalo in north Sumatra have a high heterocyst effect on male chest circumference at 16.47% and female at 4.11%.
The chest circumference rate on the buffalo crossbreed of swamp buffalo and Murrah buffalo at the group age >24 months in this research is more petite than male and female Murrah buffalo in India [21].They moreover informed the chest circumference rate of male buffalo for 216.1 cm and 195.8 cm for female buffalo.The size difference is because the first crossbred (F1) has a 50% gene proportion of Murrah buffalo.The body size and body weight of the Murrah buffalo, are more significant than the crossbreed with swamp buffalo [22].In addition, Murrah Buffalo has a predominance for growth compared to crossbreeding with swamp buffalo [4].
Variety coefficients on the chest circumference of male and female buffalo group age <6 months, 12-24 months, and >24 months in this research (3.91 -17.01%) classified as even uniformity on the chest circumference.A population is classified as even if the variety coefficients below 20%, the selection is ineffective based on the chest circumference in this research [12].

Body Length
Body length in male and female crossbred Rawa buffalo with Murrah buffalo at various ages (Table 1) increased with age.The body length rate of older buffalo is higher than younger buffalo [11].The main factor of body length is the central body skeleton-the vertebrae, lumbar spine, and sacrum that a part of vertebrae affect body length [23].Female is shorter than male buffalo because of hormone existence inhibiting skeleton growth.The estrogen hormone in female buffalo slows the humerus and femur growth [24].Estrogen secretion decreasing calcium and lipid absorption in the blood slowed skeleton growth [25].
The body length buffalo crossbreed group over 24 months old in this research is higher than that of the swamp buffalo [26].In addition, buffalo's body lengths are 122.2cm and 120.22 cm for male and female buffalo, respectively.The higher body length is because of the heterocyst effect on buffalo crossbreeding with a couple of heterozygote genes.Generally, heterocysts generate better generation inheritance.The highest heterocysts have demonstrated functional traits that affect animal production and growth.Furthermore, the heterocyst effect of crossbreeding swamp and Murrah Buffalo in North Sumatra reached 10.99 and 6,80 % for male and female buffalo, respectively [27].The crossbreed swamp and Murrah buffalo create benefits by growing like Murrah Buffalo Instead Swamp Buffalo [5].
The body length rate of buffalo crossbreed Swamp Buffalo with Murrah Buffalo male and female in the group over 24 months old was shorter than study in India [21].In addition, the Indian buffalo body length is 151,1 cm and 138.9 cm for male and female buffalo, respectively.The 50 % inheritance gene in first-generation buffalo crossbreeds explains the shorter phenomena.The body size and body weight of riverine buffalo, like Murrah Buffalo, is more significant than that of swamp buffalo descendants [22].
Diversity coefficient of body length in male and female buffalo grouping less than 6, 12-24, and over 24 months old around 3,36% -18,71% means evenness for body length.Consequently, more than the body length is needed to become a parameter for selection.A diverse population is a better way to select the animal 28 .

Shoulder Height
Table 1 figures the shoulder height of the swamp and Murrah buffalo crossbreed on the male and female buffalo at various age levels.Based on the table exposure, the male buffalo have a higher shoulder height rate than the female buffalo shoulder height.The hormone factor also affected the shoulder height.Androgen hormone in male buffalo and estrogen in female buffalo is why males have higher shoulder height.Steroids like androgen get involved in the body's growth [18].In addition, estrogen inhibits the longitudinal growth of female metacarpals [24].
In this research, male and female crossbreeds swamp and Murrah buffalo shoulder height rate group aged 12 -24 months higher than swamp buffalo in the group aged 24 -42 months in Siborongborong [29].Moreover, shoulder height in this research is 115.5 and 112.75 for males and females, respectively.Murrah buffalo male introduction came from an outside population supplying superior genetic quality to the crossbreeds.Crossbreeding with individual external population increase production performance and body [30].
Inbreeding on to local swamp buffalo led to shoulder height shorter than Murrah and riverine buffalo crossbreeds.Local swamp buffalo traditionally farmed are generally not documented well regarding the parent's pedigree [31].Furthermore, the chance of inbreeding skyrockets.They were inbreeding reduced production performance, donating harmful effects on animal bodies by up to 52% 32 .
In this research, the shoulder height rate of male and female buffalo crossbreed swamp and Murrah buffalo at the age group over 24 months is shorter than male and female Murrah buffalo [21].Moreover, declare that the shoulder height rate for male and female buffalo in India is 144.2 cm and 130.9 cm, respectively.The shorter condition is because the Murrah buffalo gene is only 50% at the first descendant.Consequently, the shoulder height rate on the swamp and Murrah buffalo crossbreed is lower than the original Murrah buffalo.As stated by [22], the body size and body weight of River buffaloes, such as Murrah buffaloes, are larger than those of Swamp buffaloes and their crosses.
The diversity coefficient to shoulder height male and female buffalo group age below six months, 12 -24 months, and over 24 months in this research is 3.72% and 17.28% (Table 1).The coefficient indicates that the similarity of shoulder height in this research led to the un-effectively selection.Diversity population getting effective if it has more multiplicity [28].

Body weight of Swamp and Murrah buffalo Crossbreed
This research estimated body weight equation regression 13 .Male body weight = -266,456 + 3,703 chest circumference.On the other hand, female Body weight = -351,218 + 4,169 chest circumference.Body weight estimation was conducted because of the impossibility of arranging weight measurements on the field.The body weight rate of male and female crossbreed swamp and Murrah buffalo at various age level increase as well as age progress, as shown in Table 2.The increase is because of the male or even female buffalo in this research on sexuality maturity (30 -36 Months) and the growth accelerating before peak growth after the second maturity.Growth accelerates slowly, accelerating high up and slowing back when the adult phase comes [23].The growth phase spare into three steps is; accelerated phase, linear phase (the growth faster at a certain period), and slow phase (maturity phase) [16].Sigmoid illustrates the curves.
The male buffalo body weight rate in this study is higher than the swamp buffalo body weight rate at ages 13 -18 months and over 18 months [33].The body weight difference is because the crossbreed only has 50% of the parental gene.Moreover, the body weight rate of the buffalo crossbreed is higher than the swamp buffalo body weight rate.The idea is that the swamp and Murrah buffalo crossbreed have 9.8% superior body weight than the swamp buffalo 4 .In addition, the swamp and Murrah buffalo crossbreed have bodyweight improvement per day more significant (0,44 kg/day) than the swamp buffalo (0,39 kg/day) [34].
The body weight rate in this research is lower than male and female Murrah buffalo in India's rive research for 533.76 kg and 465.07 kg, respectively.Impurities blood gene is the culprit of decreasing body weight.The body size and body weight of the Murrah buffalo, are more significant than the swamp buffalo crossbreed [22].
Diversity coefficient in body weight crossbreed Swamp and Murrah at 12 -24 months and over 24 months male and female less than 20% and categorized as equal.The number indicates body weight is un-effective as a base of selection at the age 12 -24 months and over 24 months.However, the effectivity increase at the age below 12 months.Ineffective selection based on low diversity levels [35].

Conclusion
The swamp and Murrah Buffalo crossbreed to males or even females in Nagari Tanjung Bonai, Tanah Datar District, and have increased body size and times, like chest circumference, body lengths, and chest height.Body size and body weight rate of male buffalo crossbreed swamp and Murrah buffalo bigger than female buffalo at every age group.

Table 1 .
The body measurements of male and female buffaloes from crossing swamp with murrah buffalo at various ages in tanjung bonai district

Table 2 .
Average body weight of male and female buffaloes from crossing swamp buffalo with murrah at various ages in tanjung bonai district