The head and body morphometrics of semi-intensively managed Kacang goats in the Talawi district, Sawahlunto, Indonesia

Morphometric characterization is the foundation for conservation initiatives, performance enhancement, breeding, and a long-term utilization strategy. This study aimed to determine the morphometrics of Kacang goats under a semi-intensive system in Talawi District, Sawahlunto, based on different ages and sexes. This study used 221 total Kacang goats (140 female and 81 male). Morphometric measurements included the head length, head width, head height, chest girth, body length, and shoulder height. A descriptive analysis approach was utilized in this study, with mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation presented. The findings demonstrated that the head and body size of Kacang goats in Talawi increased by age, with female sizes higher than male goats. Adult goats showed chest girth, body length, and shoulder height less than the Indonesian Standard for the Kacang breed. According to the findings of this study, Kacang Goats in Talawi have features below the SNI standard, and female goats have larger morphometric sizes than male goats. Selection programs and the introduction of superior males should be done to improve the productivity of Kacang goats in Talawi.


Introduction
Indonesia had a goat population of 19.229.000heads in 2021 that was distributed in the Islands of Indonesia, dominated by Kacang goat and local breeds.The goat population in Indonesia has shown a continuously increasing trend from 2016 to 2021 [1]).In contrast to the national trend, the goat population in Talawi Regency showed a decline from 1,651 heads in 2018 to 877 heads in 2021 (BPS Sawahlunto. 2022).This condition becomes a challenge for the development of the goat population in this area.
The majority of goats in Indonesia are owned by small-scale farmers, many of whom are landless and have a low level of formal education.Low levels of formal education may lead to a lack of technological adoption, which may be one of the causes of low livestock output [3].Previous studies by Lendrawati et al. [4] reported that characteristics of the farmers of Kacang goats in Talawi are dominated by smallscale farmers with goat owners of 1-5 heads managed mainly by a semi-intensive system with low productivity because a large number of adult females disabled to increase goat population as a result of a lack ability of farmer about management goat production.
Ilham et al. [5] stated that the high body weight and measurement diversity are challenging in local goat farming due to a desire for a selection procedure to improve offspring's genetic quality and economic worth [6].Morphometric-based selection is still popular among rural farmers because it is more practical and economical than the molecular technique.Body measurements are an easy way to collect and describe genetic differences to obtain morphometric data [7].Moreover, planning for IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1341/1/012007 2 performance enhancement, breeding, and sustainable consumption depends on mapping morphometric traits [8].This study aims to identify the body morphometric traits of Kacang goats in Talawi district, Sawahlunto.The findings of this study should add to our knowledge of breeding selection, especially for Kacang goats.

Material and method
This study used 221 Kacang goats (81 males and 140 females) from Talawi District, Sawahlunto.The Purposive sampling techniques were used to collect observational samples.All goats used in this study were reared in semi-intensive conditions, allowing them to graze in the pasture throughout the day and then be housed and fed in the afternoon.The goats were divided into age groups, namely kids (0-6 months), young (7-12 months), and adults ( more than 13 months).The quantitative information was gathered on-site in the Talawi District, Sawahlunto, by measuring the goats' heads and bodies with a measuring stick and tape.The head length (measured from the anterior point to the posterior point), head breadth (from the outermost points on the left and right of the skull protrusion), body height (perpendicularly from the top of the spine to the ground behind the front legs), body length (the distance between the protrusion of the shoulder and the protrusion of the sitting bone, and chest circumference (the coil around the scapula or the hind forefoot.Data were calculated to analyze body morphometrics according to Setiawan et al. [9].

Result and discussion
The mean value of head and body size of male and female Kacang goat in Talawi are shown in Table 1 and Table 2.In general, the body size of the Kacang goats in Talawi increases with age, both male and female goats.However, according to SNI, the mature Kacang goats in Talawi have a smaller body size than usual.Table 1 shows that the head size of the Kacang goat increases with age.The head and feet grow faster after birth, but the body, particularly the back, grows slowly and is the last portion to achieve adult size [10].While the bones of the head, thighs, front, and hind legs grow quickly to adult size, the thoracic cavity and shoulder bones expand slowly.Adult male Kacang goats reared semi-intensively in Riau Province had a face length of 13.94 cm, a chest circumference of 55.16 cm, a body length of 49.06 cm, and a shoulder height of 47.14 cm [11].Meanwhile, the Kacang goat grown in Talawi similarly produced better results.It occurs due to genetic, environmental, and maintenance management variances in goats [12].Table 2 demonstrates that female Kacang goats in Talawi had 1-2 cm larger chest girth, body length, and shoulder height than male Kacang goats.The average chest girth of adult male Talawi Kacang goats aged 1-3 years is 60.93 cm for males and 60.80 cm for females.It was higher than that of Kacang goats from Jambi and Sidoarjo, with a chest girth of 58.09 cm and 58.60 cm [13,14].This condition may result from environmental variables and management of maintenance, in which farmers lead the goats to the grazing area.The freshness and excellent palatability of the grass in this area made it a favorite among Kacang goats.
The size of the bodies of both adult male and female Kacang goats in Talawi is smaller than the Standards National Indonesia (SNI) and the Indonesian Minister of Agriculture.Adult female Kacang goats have chest girths, body lengths, and heights of 66 cm, 59 cm, and 56 cm, respectively.It is also less than the Indonesian Minister of Agriculture's decision number 2840/Kpts/Lb.430/8/2012,which states that the chest girth, body length, and shoulder height of mature female Kacang goats are 63.2 cm, 58.9 cm, and 55.6 cm, respectively.So, the selection of adult Kacang goats and improvement of management production should be made to increase the productivity of Kacang goats in the Talawi district.

Conclusion
Characteristics of head and body morphometrics of Kacang goats in Talawi District increase in age.However, both adult male and female Kacang goat morphometrics are still lower than Standards National Indonesian (SNI) and the Indonesian Minister Agriculture No.2840/Kpts/Lb.430/8/2012.Therefore, to increase the genetic quality and productivity of Kacang goats in Talawi, selecting the male and female breeds and improving rearing management is necessary.

Table 1
Mean value of head length, head width, and head height of Kacang Goat in Talawi

Table 2 .
Mean values of chest girth, body length, and height Kacang Goat in Talawi