Renewable energy transition in facing climate change in Indonesia

Indonesia with energy dominance from fossil (non-renewable) sources is expected to last until 2050. As a signatory to the Paris agreement, Indonesia has the duty to reduce the release of CO2 into the atmosphere, which means that the country cannot depend on fossil fuel sources such as oil and coal. Moreover, the Indonesian government is currently targeting an ambitious use of renewable energy of 23% of total energy sources. To achieve this target, the government has increased the renewable energy program. The energy transition has been widely discussed as part of global initiatives to reduce the impact of climate change, since the climate crisis is intensifying and causes many disasters. Indonesia has published an Indonesia Long Term Strategy for Low Carbon and Climate Resilience (LTS-LCCR 2050) and a National Determined Contribution (NDC 2021) document to incentivize the energy transition. The purpose of this research is to carry out a literature study approach related to renewable energy application and challenge in order to support the acceleration of the energy transition in the midst of increasing the disaster due to climate change in Indonesia. Gas emission cause more extreme weather as climate change could delay the energy transition. These findings summarize the energy transition and provide insights solution by incorporating climate adaptation into strategies that reduces carbon emissions, including renewable energy deployment. The application of renewable energy on energy transition has an implication on local, regional, and national level.


Introduction
The way people live is being greatly impacted by the current climate change.The earth's climate system is altered by temperature increases in a way that affects many aspects of nature and human existence, including water quality and quantity, habitat, forests, health, agricultural land, and coastal ecosystems.Extreme weather, like thunderstorms and lightning, along with human activity that impacts aquatic environments, like algal blooms, are the factors contributing most to climate change, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [1].Making the transition to new, renewable energy sources is the first step toward mitigating climate change.In comparison to coal, oil, or gas, renewable energy sources like wind and solar produce little to no greenhouse gas emissions, are readily available, and are frequently less expensive.With over 75% of greenhouse gas emissions worldwide and nearly 90% of total carbon dioxide emissions coming from conventional fuels derived from fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas, these fuels are the main causes of climate change.
Science clearly shows that emissions must be reduced by almost half by 2030 and completely eliminated by 2050 in order to prevent the worst effects of climate change.The NDC states that by 2030, coal should account for 10% of electricity generation; however, Indonesia's coal capacity is expected to rise until 2027, meaning that by then, coal will account for 64% of electricity generation [2].Ending our reliance on fossil fuels and making investments in clean, affordable, accessible, sustainable, and dependable alternative energy sources are necessary to achieve this [3].There are numerous renewable energy sources available everywhere, including geothermal, solar, wind, and water energy.Natural regeneration allows them to emit little to no glass, air pollutants, greenhouse gases, or emissions at all.
Following the Paris Agreement on climate change, which aimed to prevent global warming from rising by more than two, or even 1.5 degrees Celsius, many countries declared that they would undoubtedly face risks and that they would need to achieve net-zero emissions (NZE) by 2050 [4].As a result, the world is currently entering a period of energy transition.This will affect Indonesia's obligation to implement an energy transition along with other signatory nations to the Paris Agreement.By enacting numerous laws pertaining to new renewable energy, the Indonesian government must actively participate in carrying out the Paris Agreement.Indonesia has only just failed to meet the energy mix target of 11.2% in 2025, out of a target of 23%, in order to fulfill this international agreement.Indonesia currently uses 40% of all energy in Southeast Asia, and in the upcoming years, that percentage is predicted to rise to 80%, while the country's need for electricity may triple [5].According to the mandate in the Paris Agreement, the road map for renewable energy must be clear and future opportunities and challenges must be identified, especially at the implementation stage.

Data acquisition and stages in research process
The literature review method was employed in this study.In order to produce a paper related to a specific topic or question, a literature review is a search and study of the literature through reading and analysing numerous journals, books, and other published manuscripts related to research topics [6].
There were three stages to this study, as illustrates in Figure 1.The first stage involved collecting literatures and evaluating related prior research.The reviewed literature is drawn from academic works that are accessible through the scientific data database, consisting of ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, SpringerLink, ResearchGate, Semantic Scholar, Sinta (Science and Technology Index), Core, and Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ).In addition to academic works, it also originates from Indonesian government regulations or guidelines.During this phase of the study, we look up literature using the following key research terms of 'emission', 'energy transition', 'renewable energy', 'climate change', 'Indonesia policy, regulation on renewable energy', 'Indonesia energy transition', and 'fossil fuel'.

PHASE 2:
• Review the data gathered from the literature: article's title, abstract, and the entire body.

PHASE 3:
• Comparative descriptive qualitative analysis that focuses on in-depth understanding and description.
IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1339/1/012036 The second stage involves analysing the data gathered from the literature, which includes going over each article's title, abstract, and the entire body.In the stage three, rather than statistically quantifying complicated issues, this study employs a descriptive qualitative method that focuses on in-depth understanding and description.This approach proves particularly beneficial for researchers who wish to examine the subtleties and background of a topic and contrast these elements in various situations or settings.

Indonesia's Challenges on Climate Change and Renewable Energy
Indonesia is confronted with numerous noteworthy challenges concerning renewable energy and climate change.Due to its large archipelago, the nation is especially susceptible to the negative effects of climate change, such as increasing sea levels, harsher weather, and ecological threats.At the same time, because of its reliance on fossil fuels for energy and deforestation for agricultural purposes, Indonesia is among the top emitters of greenhouse gases in the world.
There are some key challenges that Indonesia faces in addressing climate change and advancing renewable energy.Indonesia has one of the highest rates of deforestation globally, mostly due to the growth of the pulp and paper and palm oil industries.Deforestation exacerbates climate change by increasing carbon emissions and destroying important forests that absorb carbon.Indonesia's energy transition is largely dependent on the production of electricity from coal, which is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions.The nation's current infrastructure and the coal industry's financial interests make it difficult to switch to greener energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower.Increased energy demand is being driven by infrastructure development as a result of Indonesia's fast urbanization and economic growth.It will be difficult to develop environmentally sustainable infrastructure while maintaining this growth.Infrastructure for renewable energy must be funded while maintaining affordable and dependable electricity access for the entire nation.Electricity is still unavailable to millions of Indonesians, particularly in rural areas.It is still difficult to give all residents access to reliable, reasonably priced energy while reducing its negative effects on the environment.
Fossil fuels have historically been subsidized by the government, which can encourage overconsumption and impede the switch to greener energy sources.While phasing out these subsidies is necessary, political challenges may arise.Natural catastrophes including floods, droughts, and tsunamis are common in Indonesia.It is anticipated that climate change will increase these risks, so disaster preparedness and adaptation will become more important.
Indonesia has an abundance of renewable energy resources, and their use may be able to lessen the effects of climate change on a worldwide scale.The switch to renewable energy will also address the energy trilemma because of its cost-effective, plentiful, and eco-friendly qualities.Three common issues in energy discourse are identified by this energy measurement triangle: affordability, energy security, and sustainable energy use [3].A decentralized energy system is one approach to achieving the shift to renewable energy.According to Jain and Kattuman [7], a decentralized energy system is one in which energy is produced locally and within predetermined geographic boundaries.Consequently, the energy transmission flows that are typically present in conventional energy production systems can be shortened or even eliminated by decentralized energy systems.
Indonesia's reliance on fossil fuels is one of the country's many energy-related problems.Government regulations meant to limit activity also have an impact on the ways that society, business, and industry consume energy.Further barriers include hold-ups in investing in the developing power and renewable energy sectors, as well as delays in executing energy and power project development [8].Accelerating Indonesia's renewable energy transition faces several challenges, including: (1) The current lack of focus in research and science ecosystems on new renewable energy (EBT) is impeding the development of new EBT technology; (2) Government subsidies for fossil fuels are selective, which contributes to the current very low EBT mix goal; (3) A significant hindrance to accomplishing the EBT mix target is the lack of legal frameworks and regulations pertaining to the social and environmental implications of these EBT initiatives, which are designed to offer a clean and sustainable living environment.

Energy Transition Framework in Indonesia 3.2.1. Energy transition policy
Policy is the first step in the government's involvement in the energy industry.Indonesia's policy regarding the energy sector has undergone multiple updates due to its significance.According to timelines, the General Policy on Energy (KUBE-Kebijakan Umum Bidang Energi), which was released in 1981, brought particular attention to the energy sector in the 1980s.Two updates were made to KUBE in 1987 and 1991.By taking into account elements of the energy sector, the investment climate, and energy price mapping, KUBE concentrated on intensification, diversification, and conservation in the energy industry.The environment and energy prices were then elevated to the top of the KUBE update hierarchy in 1998 [9].
Emissions reduction and increased integration of renewable energy sources are the main objectives of energy transition policies.The global concern over climate change is the driving force behind this.The excessive reliance on fossil fuels has led to an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that surpass permissible limits, thereby intensifying the effects of climate change [10].Presidential Regulation No. 41, which governs energy crises and emergencies, outlines the government's policy [11].Renewable energy sources, such as geothermal, wind, bioenergy, sunlight, water flow and fall, and temperature variations in the ocean layer, are energy sources that can be sustained with appropriate management [12].It is known that Parliament is still debating the Draft Law on New Energy and Renewable Energy.The National Energy General Plan (RUEN), a cross-sectoral plan for implementing and developing the National Energy Policy with the aim of achieving its objectives, has been the subject of a policy released by the Central Government [13].Up to 2050 is the time frame for RUEN, which is further developed by the Central Government and specified by the National Energy Council.Indonesia has set a goal to increase its share of renewable energy in the national energy mix to 23% in 2025 and 31% in 2050 under the RUEN, as shown in Figure 2. According to Hertanti et al. [14], there is still a 10% gap to meet the target by 2025, as the use of renewable energy has only reached 13.55% up until 2021.Equity, sustainability, and environmental responsibility serve as the three guiding principles of Indonesia's National Energy Policy (KEN), a comprehensive energy management strategy [15].It is believed that Indonesia has the potential to become a global leader in the development of renewable energy.Solar, hydro, microhydro, wind, geothermal, wave, and bioenergy are examples of renewable energy sources, according to the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR).With 207 megawatts (MW) of solar energy, Indonesia has a total renewable energy potential of 443 gigawatts (GW).Hydro, wind, bioenergy, geothermal, and micro hydropower are the next most energy-producing sources that are used for electricity generation [16].The use of nuclear power is the most avoidable energy transition solution, according to six out of ten respondents, despite the abundance of renewable energy options.This is noteworthy, though, because nuclear energy is one of the alternative energies listed in the National Long-Term Development Plan (RPJPN) in an attempt to reach net zero emissions [17].
As part of the Paris Agreement, Indonesia is also required to develop and publish climate resilience strategies after 2020 in a formal document called the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).According to Bappenas in 2022, this document has been submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).The Indonesian government has enacted Law No. 16 of 2016 to formally ratify the Paris Agreement, which aims to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2030.According to data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, coal-fired power plants (PLTUB) accounted for 61.95% of all energy production up until 2020 [18].This represents coal-based energy sources.The government's policy initiatives also support the target indicators in Goal 7 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Community perspectives on barriers to the energy transition in Indonesia
The relationship between energy and society is inseparable, as they are intrinsically linked in the context of societal dynamics.The equilibrium reached in the use of energy resources for the good of society serves as evidence of the interdependence between these two entities.The interdependence of energy and civilization also brings forth other difficulties, such as the rise of tensions and even conflicts over energy resources.
According to Budiarto et al. [19], the four primary principles of renewable energy awareness campaigns are: 1) equality; 2) participation; 3) self-sufficiency or independence; and 4) sustainability.The goal is to shift public perception from objects to subjects.These four principles are not new; rather, what makes them novel is that they have not been incorporated into people's daily lives, either individually or collectively.However, because they haven't assimilated into people's daily lives, these entities are still seen as novel.It is expected that social strategies aimed at encouraging the social adoption of values related to renewable energy will be framed by these principles.
The primary criticism of the agenda's implementation is that it still heavily favours misleading solutions, since most energy transition formulations still rely on fossil-based energy, especially coal.More land is being taken over and forests are being cut down as a result of this theory of a fake solution that promotes increased investment in the extractive industry.Damage to marine ecosystems must also affect the rights of local residents, particularly women, small farmers, fishermen, indigenous peoples, and laborers.When implementing the energy transition agenda, it is important to consider the wider range of injustices and inequalities that come with resource extraction.Hence, a just energy transition needs to be seen more structurally through the analytical lens of "market society-market society," which is made up of two opposing forces.Unregulated markets, on the other hand, serve to turn society and the environment into commodities, guaranteeing their destruction as a result of nature and society being subordinated to the market [15].
Apart from the social dimensions and vulnerability of the regions, there exist other impediments to the rapid advancement of energy infrastructure, particularly with regard to investment: insufficient funding, inadequately coordinated planning, and recurrent implementation issues [20].In the end, these elements impede efforts to quicken society's energy transition [21].The sustainability of the environment and greenhouse gas emissions are significantly impacted by the agricultural sector.Obstacles to the energy transition in this industry include cutting back on the use of chemical fertilizers, switching to a more sustainable diet, and introducing eco-friendly technologies in the processing and production of food.Furthermore, the advancement and expansion of Indonesian agriculture depend 1339 (2024) 012036 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1339/1/0120366 heavily on the development of the agricultural sector.The energy transition is not accelerating at the best rate due to these conditions [10].

Progress of the energy transition in Indonesia
Climate change is a serious issue that needs to be addressed right away.It's interesting to note that some people believe that government policies are insufficient to mitigate climate change is marginally higher than the people who believe otherwise [17].The primary contributors to climate change are deforestation and degradation of peatlands, with waste, energy, and industry following closely behind.According to the report of IESR about Indonesia Energy Outlook 2023, shown that the majority of people think that solar power should be used more frequently in Indonesian electricity generation.Wind power and hydropower are the next most popular options.In the meantime, support for nuclear, coal, oil, and natural gas was declining [22].
It is essential that governments play a major role in promoting the implementation of public and private financing mechanisms in order to expedite the energy transition.One illustration of a financing or investment strategy is the Just Energy Transition Partnership (JETP) [23].The JETP was started in the International Partners Group (IPG) forum, which brings together stakeholders from different backgrounds, including representatives from developed nations, who are interested in helping to accelerate the energy transition.
In late 2022, during the Group of Twenty (G20) Leaders' Summit in Bali, the Indonesian government and the International Partners Group (IPG) established a collaboration that bolsters audacious new objectives for Indonesia's energy shift.In particular, the goal of JETP-Indonesia is for the country's electricity sector to become NZE by 2050 and to incorporate 34% renewable energy by 2030.To this end, the Energy Transition Mechanism (ETM) Country Platform is one of the projects that JETP-Indonesia gives high priority.As stated in the National Electricity Supply Business Plan (RUPTL) for 2021-2030, the partnership supports a freeze on plans for the construction of on-grid coal power plants.Additionally, it supports a moratorium on on-grid coal power plant construction in compliance with Presidential Regulation No. 112 of 2012 [24].
It is anticipated that the potential for an energy transition in the tourism industry, specifically the implementation of new renewable energy (EBT) in Indonesia, will have a major impact on the growth of the industry both in the short and long terms.Particularly healthy nature tourism, which primarily depends on the purity and freshness of the surrounding air, eventually affects visitors' health, both domestically and internationally [25].Furthermore, there is hope for the energy transition and room for rapid growth in the near future.The Indonesian government has taken action to encourage the switch to sustainable energy in response to the growing public awareness of the problems associated with climate change and the importance of clean energy sources.In Indonesia, there will be a separate labour market for experts in renewable energy engineering, energy policy, energy management, solar panel and renewable energy installation technicians, energy consultants, and energy research.Changes in the market and advances in technology could lead to new opportunities in the future.In order to determine the most pertinent and fascinating careers in Indonesia's energy transition, it is imperative to keep an eye on advancements and opportunities in the renewable energy sector [17].
Governments can speed up the transition and boost public support for it by reducing poverty, achieving other SDGs, and improving energy access with the aid of a just transition.On the other hand, an unfair transition tends to violate and deny people's rights, which will cause political backlash and popular opposition, ultimately postponing the transition [26].Just transitions are those that control the effects.In order to minimize risks and maximize benefits from the shift to the economy and society, the government should plan measures to manage the transition [27]

Conclusion
To facilitate the advancement and implementation of renewable energy technologies, Indonesia must establish regulations and policies that are unambiguous and uniform.Indonesia should put a high priority on creating a comprehensive framework for climate policy, making investments in infrastructure for renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use practices and reducing deforestation, and collaborating with other nations to secure financial and technical support for mitigating and adapting to climate change.Investors may be discouraged by regulatory uncertainty, which would hinder the renewable energy industry's expansion.It is imperative to attract investments for climate adaptation and renewable energy projects.Collaboratively, the public and private sectors can secure funds for sustainable projects.It is crucial to involve communities and make sure they support initiatives to adapt the climate change and use renewable energy.The success of these initiatives can be significantly influenced by social acceptance and cultural norms.As a worldwide concern, climate change requires cooperation from Indonesia and other countries in order to lessen its effects and secure financing for projects and activities addressing the issue.Furthermore, educating and raising public awareness can be extremely important in promoting a sustainable and climate-resilient society.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Stages of literature review analysis.