Microbiology Profile of Dairy Product Raw Materials to Prepare Superior Products for Politeknik Negeri Jember

The government continues to make efforts to reduce the incidence of stunting through education on the provision of animal protein food products especially Ultra High Temperature (UHT) milk product. Tefa (Teaching Factory) Polije (Politeknik Negeri Jember) in preparation for UHT Milk production required several product tests, one of them is the Microbiology Profile. This study aimed to determine microbiology profile of Tefa UHT Polije milk products. The method used were descriptive quantitative consisting using fresh milk samples from Tefa Dairy Cows and water quality with 2 replications each used Total Plate Count (TPC) test. The results showed the Total Bacteria content in fresh milk raw materials was normal, namely 1.45 x 104 ml/cfu. The quality of water as a raw material for made superior Tefa UHT milk products is <1 x 101 cfu/ml. The quality of pH value and water were normal (6.8 and 6.9), and the quality of milk density 1.028 and water 1 (normal). The conclusion was the quality of Tefa Polije UHT milk raw materials was of good quality to prepare UHT milk production as Polije’s superior product.


Introduction
Animal food products are important food products to people's nutritional needs.One of the animal food products commonly used by the public is milk.Milk is a product produced by cow, goat and buffalo.Indonesian people's milk consumption increases every year.In 2020, national milk consumption was 946,912.81tons; 2021 was 946,388.17tons; and 2022 was 968,980.14 tons [1].Currently, the population of Indonesian society continues to increase along with the increasing number of families in Indonesia.This is directly proportional to the national milk nutritional needs with the increasing need for these milk products.The main need is in Jember Regency.
The way to fulfill the need for dairy products in Jember Regency is through local milk production.Currently, stunting cases in Jember Regency are quite high.Jember State Polytechnic (Polije) is committed to providing the best service to the people of Jember by contributing to the provision of flavored milk products.This flavored milk product is Polije's contribution to handling and preventing stunting cases in Jember Regency.Flavored milk production begins with standardizing the raw materials for making it.The raw materials for making flavored milk drinks are fresh milk and water.Polije has facilities to produce flavored milk drinks with the establishment of the Teaching Factory (Tefa) UHT Milk.Tefa UHT Milk is one of Tefa's pioneers in animal milk food products.However, observations regarding the quality of fresh milk and water as raw materials for flavored milk drink products have not been studied.Therefore, this research aims to determine the quality of raw materials, namely fresh milk and water in preparation for the formulation of Tefa UHT Milk Polije flavored milk products.

Material and Method
The method used was quantitative descriptive.The samples used were fresh milk and water samples.Fresh milk is obtained from milk produced at Jember State Polytechnic Dairy Dairy Tefa.The milk samples were taken after the entire milking process was completed in the morning.Milked milk samples are put in one container.
The water samples used came from clean water sources provided by the Jember State Polytechnic.Tested with 5 repetitions, 10-20 ml of each sample was taken and then analyzed for the Total Plate Count (TPC) test.The TPC test was carried out at the Jember State Polytechnic Bioscience Laboratory.The TPC test method refers to SNI 2897:2008 [2] and SNI 3141.1.2011[3].The TPC testing stages are (1) 0.1 ml of fresh milk mixed into 15 ml of NA (Nutrient Agar) medium.(2) The sample is then cooled and incubated at 35ºC for ± 48 hours.(3) The number of colonies is observed and counted.

Results of TPC Analysis of Fresh Milk and Water Quality Raw Materials for Tefa UHT Milk Polije Flavored Milk Drink Products
Fresh milk is an animal food product produced from livestock, generally dairy cows [4].The importance of fresh milk as a raw material for dairy products is because it has good benefits for life.One of them, fresh milk can prevent the risk of various diseases.Milk is also useful in improving brain performance [4].The results of the TPC analysis of fresh milk as a raw material for Tefa UHT Milk Polije flavored milk drink products are presented in Table 1.The results showed in Table 1, the TPC quality of fresh milk is 1.45 x 10 4 cfu/ml.The quality standard for milk food ingredients according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) is 1 x 10 6 ml/cfu.This figure is included in normal quality.The nutrient quality of fresh milk consists of a complete nutritional composition such as protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins [5].Efforts to maintain the quality of fresh milk can be done in various ways, one of which is storing it in the freezer.Storage in the freezer has been proven to show that the quality of fresh milk is maintained well [6].Total bacterial observations for fresh milk products were carried out to determine the quality of bacterial contamination in the milk.The higher the total number of bacteria in milk, the higher the risk of the milk potentially causing disease in those consumed.Hygienic fresh milk products are influenced by several factors, including sanitation of the dairy cow pen, handling of milking, and the environment [7].
The quality of water as a raw material for preparing flavored milk drink products is an important component to test.Water used as a medium for mixing food ingredients in the product.It was important chemical compound that people need for life on earth [8].The use of water in food helps in mixing ingredients because water has the property of easily binding to non-polar compounds.The benefits of water for life cannot be replaced by other compounds.This is because the main and vital use of water for life is as drinking water.Apart from that, water is also used primarily to meet the water needs of the human body itself.
The TPC results showed in Table 1 show that the TPC quality of water is <1 x 10 1 cfu/ml.
According to the standards for the total bacterial content in water, namely 1 x 10 2 cfu/ml.Based on this data, it shows that the quality of the water prepared for making Tefa UHT Milk Polije flavored milk drinks is included in good water quality.Generally, water sources in nature generally contain bacteria.However, the number of bacteria contained in several water sources is different.This depends on the location and water conditions which affect the quality of the water.These quality indicators can be seen microbiologically, in this case the total bacteria test (TPC) [8].
The absence of coliform bacteria is an indicator of the quality and safety of drinking water.The absence of these bacteria is expected to be an indication of the absence of other pathogens.Producers are required to routinely check raw water and refill produced water with the district health service, once every 3 months.Raw water and water consumption.Consuming unhygienic drinking water can cause digestive tract diseases.One way to reduce disease rates is to pay attention to the quality of drinking water consumed every day.To determine the quality of drinking water, laboratory tests are required, one of which is a bacteriological test [9].

Results of pH Value Analysis of Fresh Milk and Water Quality for Raw Materials for Tefa UHT Milk Polije Flavored Milk Drink Products
The pH value determines the quality of a product, including UHT milk products.The results of the analysis of the pH value of Tefa UHT fresh milk raw material was 6.8.This figure is still classified as a normal figure for the pH of UHT milk.This is in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) Number SNI 3141.1:2011concerning Fresh Milk-Part 1: Cows [3].The microbiological profile will affect the quality of fresh milk, one of them can affect the pH value.pH levels that are lower than normal milk levels can be used as an indicator that bacterial contamination is high [10] because bacteria will convert lactose into lactic acid.
On the other hand, if the pH value is higher than the normal pH of milk, it indicates that the milk product has had these ingredients added or is said to be adulterated with alkaline ingredients.Generally, the addition of this ingredient aims to control high bacterial counts.The results of observations of the pH value of the water raw material was 6.9.This value is included in the normal pH for water.The pH of water is influenced by organic and inorganic pollution.Examples of organic pollution in water include a mixture of mud, iron and minerals carried from around springs.Examples of inorganic pollution in water such as heavy metals are carried due to environmental pollution such as post-mining [11], [12].
A high pH value if consumed by children will cause foodborne illnesses.This will have an impact on children's health, especially digestive disorders.In addition, at severe levels it can cause death.Common bacteria that cause digestive system disorders in humans, in this case children, are Mycobacterium bovis, Campylobacter spp., and non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica [13].

Results of Density Analysis of Fresh Milk and Water Quality for Raw Materials for Tefa UHT Milk Polije Flavored Milk Drink Products
Density value determines milk adulteration in laboratory tests.The results of the density analysis showed that the density value of fresh milk is 1.028 and water is 1.000.This density figure is included in the normal density for both fresh milk products and water as raw material for Tefa Polije UHT milk production.The density parameter, it is an indicator of milk adulteration.Milk adulteration is the entry point for cross-contamination in the additives in milk products.If milk adulteration is detected, it will greatly affect the level of microbial content in the milk.The research results showed normal microbial levels, so the density read was also normal.The normal density of water is 1.000.If the density value is more than 1.000 was indicated that contamination has occurred in the water, so that it is outside drinking water standards, especially as raw material for making UHT milk products [11].
If a dairy product uses inappropriate raw materials (falsification) such as the addition of coconut milk, rice washing water and melamine, it will greatly affect the interaction of components during the processing process.One of the most dangerous indicators is the production of toxic substances when consumed, especially materials derived from melamine.The target consumers for our products are children, so the quality of UHT products must be maintained properly.[14] stated that the impact of adulterated milk products made from melamine can have a bad impact on children, namely the presence of stones in the urinary tract which results in kidney damage in the long term.The melamine compound can be metabolized in the body, but cannot be excreted through urine, so it will accumulate in the urinary tract and turn into stones.

Conclusion
The conclusion of this research is the quality of Tefa Polije UHT fresh milk raw materials was good quality to be prepared for standardizing milk as Polije's superior product.The quality of fresh milk has a total of 1.45 x 10 4 cfu/ml bacteria and water quality has a total of <1 x 10 1 cfu/ml bacteria.The quality of pH value and water were normal (6.8 and 6.9), then the quality of milk density 1.028 and water 1.000 (normal).

Table 1 .
Results of Total Plate Count (TPC) Analysis of Raw Materials for Tefa UHT Milk Polije