Designation of a maritime conservation area in the waters of Haruku-Sameth, Central Maluku Regency

Two traditional villages in the Central Maluku Regency are called Haruku-Samet. They have unique historical and ecological potential, as well as being locations for traditional ceremonies and historical maritime landmarks. The potential exists for development as a marine conservation area. The study’s objectives are to evaluate and identify the type of designated maritime conservation area. The study was carried out from April through October 2020. Data on the species and density of seagrass and mangroves, as well as the percentage of coral reef cover, were gathered by surveys and observations. Community organizations and fishermen participated in participatory mapping, interviews, and discussions to gather data on the potential and uses of coastal and marine resources. Mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef habitat distribution was determined by field surveys, with supported by an examination of Landsat 8 imagery. In compliance with the E-KKP3K Supplement Guidelines (Supplement 1), 20 assessment indicators are analyzed for the identification, inventory, and reserve of Maritime Conservation Areas. According to the results, the candidate for the traditional marine conservation area of the Haruku-Sameth villages was deemed highly suitable for development as a conservation area under the category of Maritime Conservation Area, specifically classified as a Maritime Indigenous Protection Area.


Introduction
Marine and fishery resources are Indonesia's natural resources and are widely used by the community.However, the use of these natural resources gets less attention to its sustainability resulting into a decrease in the quality and diversity of existing biodiversity [1].Thus, more comprehensive, and measurable governance is needed that integrates the management of community needs as users of natural resources so that sustainability could still exist [2].
Protection of coastal and marine resources through the establishment of water conservation areas is utmost necessaty to ensure the sustainability of marine resources and strengthen customary-based management [3].The establishment of a Conservation Area is one of the efforts to protect fish resources and their environment which is managed by a zoning system to create sustainable management.The conservation area is expected to maintain the food chain system and fish life cycle which is economically important; ensure the existence of culture, customs and historical values; and guarantee access to local 1329 (2024) 012005 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1329/1/012005 2 community areas in the utilization of conservation areas so that the rate of habitat degradation and extinction of fish resources can be reduced, as well as the providing of social and economic benefits for the community [4].
One of the main challenges for engaging communities in governance is the need to balance and reconcile multiple goals.Conflict is the biggest challenge in MPA governance.They can arise from various directions and involve various actors: the community and managers, the community with monitors and law enforcement, the community and the government, and the community and private sector actors involved in MPA development [5].
Ministerial Order formulates the categories of coastal and small island conservation areas which consist of Coastal and Small Islands Conservation Areas (KKP3K), Maritime Conservation Areas (KKM), Marine Protected Areas (KKP), and Coastal Borders [6].Maritime Conservation Areas (KKM) consist of maritime customary and cultural protection areas that have archaeological, special historical values, maritime historical sites, and places of traditional rituals which are in line with efforts to implement conservation areas [7].
The main challenge for community involvement in governance can be answered by internalizing local values in coastal conservation areas and small islands.Whereas, the existence of KKM can solve various problems in governance.
Research on the development of KKM in Indonesia is still concentrated on archeological values [7,8,9,10].Therefore, KKM research that concentrates on the value of maritime history and customary rituals has found very few.Only identified by [11] are those who meet traditional values, but are limited only to ethnoecology and ethnomedicine.
The Maluku Islands is one of the provinces in Indonesia that possess one of its famous local cultures, namely Sasi.This is a customary rule made for the management and monitoring of natural resources [12].Haruku-Sameth are two of several "Negeri Adat" (Villages) in Maluku which is still implementing their customary rules.According to [12] there are six types of Sasi such as: sea Sasi, river Sasi, forest Sasi, village Sasi, Lompa Fish Sasi (Thryssa baelama), and Maleo Sasi (Eulipoa wallacei).Apart from sasi, one of the local cultures that still exist up to the present time is sacred locations where certain activities are not allowed to be carried out in these locations and are well-known as "pamali places".In addition to existing local culture, the territorial waters of Haruku Sameth have also become megafauna highways at certain seasons and have potential fishery resources that fall into the category of Endangered, Threatened and Protected species (ETP species).
Lompa Fish Sasi which was held annually had to stop in 2008 because of several obstacles, including lompa fish stocks that drastically decreased, the weakening values of kewang and sasi arrangements, the mining of stone and sand, logging near the Sasi area, the use of sasi area as a waste dump, oil spills from the boats in the sasi area, and the expansion of the agricultural near sasi area.Hence, the afore mentioned are some implications for the environmental quality of the sasi lompa area, and the impact on the loss of economic value of sasi lompa production in Haruku village [13].
Haruku-Samet are indigenous villages that have special ecological and historical potentials, maritime historical sites, and places of traditional rituals can that be developed as maritime conservation areas and are studied in this research.The purposes of this study are to assess the designated maritime conservation area and determine each type.

Time and Location
This research was conducted from April -October 2020 on Haruku Island, precisely in Haruku-Sameth village, Central Maluku Regency, astronomically located from 128 o 24'43.542" to 128 0 25'07.889"East Longitude, and -3 0 34'40.242" to -3 0 38'02.220"South Latitude.The study area is a coastal and marine area based on village boundaries calculated from a coastline of 2 miles seaward and includes river areas and mangrove forests (Figure 1).The Data source in this study is the area and distribution of coral reef, sea grass, and mangrove ecosystems which were collected using image data from Landsat 8 recordings in 2017; the percent of coral reef cover collected by the manta tow method; the types and densities of seagrass and mangroves were obtained by the linear quadratic transect method, while, potential and activities for utilization of coastal and marine resources were obtained through interviews and open discussions as well as participatory mapping with community groups and fishermen; as well as field surveys conducted to collect data on positions of important locations and other related data.

Methods of Analysis of Area Assessment Criteria
An analysis of the area assessment criteria was carried out through an assessment of 20 indicators.The indicators used are as proposed in the E-KKP3K Guideline Supplement (Supplement 1) concerning Guidelines for the Identification, Inventory, and Reserve of Marine, Coastal and Small Island Protected Areas [14,15] which are classified as ecological criteria, socio-cultural and economic criteria.
Biodiversity is calculated in two main ecosystems in coastal waters, namely mangroves and seagrass.The diversity index is calculated using the Shannon-Wiener Index where the conditions are: H' = -Σ ni/N x log ni H' = Diversity Index; N = Total number of individuals; ni = number of individuals in genus i.The assessment criteria include a score of 3 if H' > 3 (high diversity index value); a score of 2 if 1 ≥ H' ≤ 3 (moderate diversity index value); and a score of 1 if H' < 1 (low diversity index value).
The Calculation of the naturalness of the ecosystem/habitat has been done using the formula: Or = (1-(Am/An)) x 100% Where, Or = Naturalness (%); Am = Area of ecosystem that has experienced human intervention; An = Area of ecosystem assessed.Assessment criteria include a score of 3 (natural)  Ecological relatedness, is assessed from the functional relationship between ecosystem habitats where changes to one ecosystem will affect another ecosystem in the same area, for example, changes in conditions in a mangrove ecosystem will affect other ecosystems such as seagrass ecosystems or coral reefs.This parameter is assessed by looking at the influence of the relationship between existing ecosystems where a score of 3 is if 75-100% of ecosystem components are ecologically related; a score of 2 if 50-70% of ecosystem components are ecologically related; and a score of 1 if <50% of the ecosystem components are ecologically related.
Representativeness, assessed by considering the relevant ecosystem/habitat to a protected area (conservation) in a biogeographical area or island with the following calculation: Pr = (EEc/EEs) x 100% Where Pr = Representativeness (%); EEc = Number of ecosystem types in the assessed area; EEs = The ideal number of ecosystem types in an area (biogeography or island).
Uniqueness is assessed by looking at the presence or richness of animal and or plant species in an assessed water area or ecosystem within a biogeographical area or island.The value given for each level is Score 3 (unique) if it is only found in one area in Indonesia; score 2 (unique) if 2 are found in several areas within the same biogeographical area; and score 1 (not unique) if there are many in Indonesia.
Productivity level is seen from chlorophyll-a, plankton, or fish biomass.The assessment for this study area refers to a scoring system using fish biomass indicators.The assessment criteria for this indicator include a score of 3 if productivity is high (> 1,200 kg/ha); a score of 2 if productivity is moderate (600 -1,200 kg/Ha); and a score of 1 if productivity is low (< 600 kg/Ha).
Migratory areas, are analysed from the condition of the waters of an area, whether the area is a migratory area for certain types of fish, or certain marine mammals, such as whales and dolphins.Water areas that are migration routes have a high rating in this parameter.The parameter assessment is based on the following criteria: Score 3: Many (>1) species of fish are migrating; Score 2: Few (1) species of fish that migrate; Score 1: No fish migration.
Typical/rare/unique/endemic fish habitat and protected fish, assessed on rare/unique/endemic/typical fish and protected fish.Typical/rare/unique/endemic fish are carried out with a three-criteria approach.The criteria used include score 3 if there are several (> 2) unique/rare/unique/endemic fish species; score 2 if only one or two types of fish are typical/rare/unique/endemic, and score 1 if there is no typical/rare/unique/endemic fish.Protected fish is determined based on the existence of fish species protected by applicable laws or government regulations or ministerial order.Parameters for the existence of protected fish are also determined based on the abundance of each type of protected fish.The assessment of protected fish is carried out using the criteria approach: a score of 3, if there are several (≥1), protected fish species in large numbers; a score of 2 if there are several (≥1) protected fish species in small quantities; and the score of 1 if there is one type of fish protected in small quantities.
Fish spawning areas, assessed from a water area, are suitable and suitable habitats for several important fish species for spawning.The assessment criteria for this parameter include a score of 3 if there is≥1 fish spawning area, in large quantities, of economically important fish species; a score of 2 if there is≥1 fish spawning area, in small quantities, of economically important fish species; and a score of 1 if there are ≥1 fish spawning area, a lot/a little amount, not from economically important fish species.
Nurture areas are assessed from areas that have optimal ecosystem conditions for fish growth.This condition can be seen from the condition of ecosystems such as sea grass, coral reefs, and mangroves which can provide good nutrition for fish growth.For the assessment in this guideline, only seagrass and mangrove ecosystems are seen because they have a more significant role in fish-nurture areas.The assessment of the nurturing area is a score of 3 if there are seagrass and mangrove ecosystems; a score of 2 if there is only one seagrass or mangrove ecosystem; and a score of 1 if both ecosystems are not present.
Community support is assessed based on community aspirations, and is supported by a list of questions about the surrounding community and/or those who have concerns for the area being assessed.The value given to this parameter depends on the number of respondents (local people) who agree on the designate of the area which being assessed.The formula used in the assessment is: Am = (Eps/Epo) x 100% Where Am = Community aspirations; Aps = Number of residents who agree; Epo = Number of respondents.To asses a scoring system, the following assessment criteria are determined as a score of 3 if ≥ 75% (support); a score of 2 if 40 -75% (enough support); and a score 1 if ≥ 40% (not supportive).
The potential for conflict of interest in the management and utilization of natural resources is important to assess.It could lead to unmanageable and not properly supervised.Assessment of the potential for conflict is a score of 1 if the potential for conflict is high; a score of 2 if the potential for conflict is moderate; and a score of 3 if there is less potential for conflict.
Potential threats, with several main factors being over-exploitation, use of fishing gear and techniques that damage the environment, changes and physical degradation of habitats, pollution, climate change, natural disasters, and others.The assessment of this potential threat is a score of 1 if the threat potential is high, there are > 5 existing threat factors; a score of 2 if the potential threat is moderate, there are 2 to 5 existing threat factors; and a score 3 if it is less potential, there are < 2 existing threat factors.
The potential for maritime history is demonstrated by the opportunity to support maritime history in the development of conservation areas.The assessment of the potential of maritime history is grouped into two parts of the assessment, including the existence of maritime history, and the effectiveness of maritime history.Assessment of Maritime Historical Potential which is owned and supports conservation areas refers to the following criteria with a score of 3 if it has Maritime History that supports conservation; a score of 2 if has Maritime History but is not effective, and a score of 1 if you do not have Maritime History.
Local Culture, assessment of local culture, can be seen from the maintenance of customs in the community which is a wealth in itself and this helps in preserving existing natural resources.The assessment of this parameter is based on the following criteria: score 3 if local wisdom supports conservation; score 2 if they have local culture but are not effective; and score 1 if they do not have local culture.
Customs are assessed based on whether some institutions or customs have the potential to provide support for the management of marine, coastal and small island conservation areas.The assessment of this parameter is based on criteria including a score of 3 if you have customary institutions that support conservation; a score of 2 if you have customary institutions but are not effective; and do not have customary institutions.
The importance of fisheries, with an economic analysis of the area being assessed.Regional economic analysis using LQ (Location Quotient).The LQ model is used to see the basic or non-base sectors of a planning area and can identify leading sectors or a region's comparative advantage.The approach of the LQ method is to analyze the value of fishery production in Haruku Island District compared to Central Maluku Regency, with the formula: = !"#/!". !.#/!..
Where, LQij = location quotient index; Xij = marine fishery production value in Haruku Island District; Xi. = marine fishery production value in Central Maluku Regency; X.j = total value of fishery production in Haruku Island District; X.. = total value of fisheries production in Central Maluku Regency; Scoring criteria for this parameter: score 3 if LQ > 1; score 2 if LQ = 1; and score 1 if LQ < 1.
Recreation and tourism potential, with aspects to be considered related to recreation and tourism potential that have the opportunity to support the development and management of traditional marine protected areas, including the location of the prospective conservation areas located parallel to the reach of existing tourism destination areas; has unique or endemic fish species and does not exist in other areas; has a unique natural phenomenon.The criteria set for this assessment: score 3 if potentially high (at least two points from point a/b/c); score 2 if potential enough if (has one of the points a/b/c); score 1 if less potential if (no potential).
Aesthetics is described through natural beauty such as coral reefs in the waters, stretches of white sand, environmental cleanliness, wave break, and the comfort of being in the location.The basis for the assessment follows the criteria: score 3 if you have high aesthetics; score 2 if it is quite aesthetic, and score 1 if inadequate.
Ease of reaching the location.Accessibility can be assessed by taking into account the availability of access roads or transportation from the nearest cities to interesting objects in the assessed area.Calculated by the formula: Kp = (EOc/EOs)x100% Where Kp = Accessibility (%); EOc = Frequency of vehicles going to interesting object; Eos = Optimum frequency of vehicles towards interesting objects.The assessment given to the results of the accessibility calculation is grouped into three assessment categories as follows: score 3 if Kp ≥ 75% (easy to achieve); score 2 if 40 ≤ Kp ≤ 75% (achievable); score 1 if Kp < 40% (difficult to achieve).

Methods for Determining the Type of Conservation AreaArea
The scoring value for determining the selected conservation area is calculated using the formula proposed by [14] as follows:

𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 (𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔) 𝑆𝑢𝑚 (𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 + 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 + 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)
The highest scoring value is the type of conservation area that is most suitable based on the assessment that has been carried out, which is the Main Recommendation for a potential marine protected area.

Methods for Determining the Type of Maritime Protected Area
Maritime Conservation (KKM), which includes: (1) Maritime customary protection areas (DPAM); and (2) Maritime cultural protection areas (DPBM), as stipulated in Article 7 of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Regulation Number 17 of 2008.Assessment of the two types of KKM if they meet the criteria in the Ministerial Regulation, the scoring system is: (1) high with a score of 3; (2) moderate with a score of 2; and (3) low with a score of 1.

Delineation of Regional Designate Plans
The delineation process for prospective traditional marine conservation areas in the waters of the village of Haruku and Sameth was carried out by considering several criteria.The intended criteria include 1) determining the boundaries of the customary petuanan area in the terrestrial part of the North coast between Haruku and Rohomoni Village; 2) determining the boundaries of the customary petuanan area in the terrestrial part of the south coast between Sameth and Oma Village; 3) determination of three boundary points in the sea area taking into account the midpoints (points) between the sea management area of Tulehu State on Ambon Island and Haruku and Sameth; and 4) determination of points along the coastline, mangrove habitat along the Learissa Kayeli river estuary and Maleo bird nesting sites.
The determination of the proposed boundary points for the traditional marine conservation area was carried out through an agreement between the national government, community leaders, and representatives of the people of Haruku and Sameth Village.According to the results of the study of the four criteria for consideration of area delineation and various inputs from the agreement forum, the boundary points were agreed upon, both in coastal terrestrial areas and sea waters which are the management areas of the people of Haruku and Sameth Village.
Following this process, the proposed traditional marine conservation area delineated in the waters of the village of Haruku and Sameth reached an area of 2,400.55 ha.The planned area of this area was delineated by mapping 19 boundary points according to the distribution of coordinate points as shown in Figure 2. The results of the delineation of the area planned as a candidate for a traditional marine conservation area include all important locations, including 1) fishing grounds; 2) coral reefs; 3) seagrass beds; 4) mangrove forest; 5) important traditional conservation locations such as the Maleo bird sanctuary and the Sasi Lompa fish (Tryssa baelama) location; and 6) important locations for beach tourism, historical sites, and traditional sites.

Assessment of Suitability Criteria for Prospective Conservation Areas
The assessment of the criteria for this area refers to supplement 1 of E-KKP3K [14].Ecological criteria include 10 indicators, socio-cultural criteria include six indicators, and economic criteria include four indicators.The distribution of the assessment results for each criterion and indicator is shown in Table 1.The results of the assessment of designated coastal conservation areas and small islands are dominated by the very suitable category.The distribution of the assessment results on ecological criteria shows that Haruku-Sameth village is very suitable for the development of conservation areas.the biodiversity indicator has a score of 2 (appropriate) where the results of the analysis of the Shannon-Winner Index for mangrove ecosystems are 1.54 and the Shannon-Winner index for seagrass ecosystems is 1.47 with an average distribution of Shannon-Winner Index values of 1.51.The naturalness indicator has a score of 2 (appropriate) because the naturalness of the mangrove ecosystem is 43%, the naturalness of the seagrass ecosystem is 91.97%, and the naturalness of the coral reef ecosystem is 72.16% with the accumulated value of the naturalness level for the three ecosystems of 69.04%.
The ecological linkage indicator has a score of 3 (very appropriate) where the contribution of mangrove productivity contributes to the level of water fertility in seagrass beds and coral reefs as well as between seagrass and coral reef ecosystems.If the relationship shown is analyzed based on linkage, then the accumulation rate of the value of ecological linkage with the fish route indicator is 75.00%, and for the productivity, an indicator is 87.50%.The representativeness indicator has a score of 3 (very appropriate) because the Haruku-Sameth area has 90.91% of the ecosystem on Haruku Island.
The uniqueness indicator has a score of 3 (very appropriate) because it identifies a type of fish fauna known locally as Roto/Giant Grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) and has a unique ecosystem, namely "Saaru or Pasi".The productivity indicator has a score of 2 (appropriate) where the consumption or economic fish stock is 1,960 kg/Ha of coral reef area, MSY is 980 kg/Ha and JTB is 784 kg/Ha.
The fish spawning area indicator has a score of 3 (very appropriate) and the results of the identification show that there is one location where several species of trevally and grouper spawn.The nursery area indicator has a score of 3 where seagrass ecosystems in the study area are distributed over an area of 6.65 ha and mangrove ecosystems in the study area are distributed over an area of 1.37 ha.
The distribution of the assessment results on socio-cultural criteria shows that this area is classified as very suitable for the development of a conservation area.This is indicated by the community support indicator having a score of 3 (very appropriate), which is based on the results of interviews with 70 respondents where 68 respondents (97.14%) agreed with the development of a conservation area in this area.The potential conflict of interest indicator has a score of 3 (very appropriate) where the average level of potential conflict of interest in traditional marine conservation area candidates based on interview results is concentrated at a low level of potential conflict (82.50%).
The potential threat indicator has a score of 3 (very appropriate) where based on six potential threat parameters.Only one potential threat is identified using fishing gear and fishing techniques that damage the environment.Identification of maritime historical potential has a score of 3 (very appropriate) because there are six maritime historical potentials: 1) shipwreck locations, 2) maritime tourism routes, 3) colonial era spice trade transportation routes, 4) warship landing history, 5) historical tourism colonial, and 6) sacred locations distributed along the sea and coastal waters.
The local culture indicator has a score of 3 (very appropriate) because the identified local culture that is still developing in the community and is seen as very supportive in protecting resources is Sasi and traditional ecological knowledge of important locations for fishing bae (Caranx spp) called Saaru and Pasi.The customs indicator has a score of 3 (very appropriate) where local institutions in Haruku-Sameth village that have the potential to support the management of coastal and marine areas, especially traditional marine conservation areas are quite strong as indicated by the institutional structure: 1) state consultative bodies, 2) state government , 3) customary institutions such as Soa and Kewang, 4) state cooperatives and 5) community supervisory groups, 6) non-governmental organizations, 7) educational institutions, and 8) religious institutions.
The distribution of the assessment results on economic criteria shows that this area is classified as very suitable.The fishery important value indicator has a score of 3 (very appropriate) based on the calculation results for the LQ value yielding a score of 2.01.The indicator for recreation and tourism potential has a score of 3 (very appropriate) because it has high tourism potential, including beaches, seagrass ecotourism, coral reef ecotourism, Gosong/Maleo ecotourism, as well as historical and cultural tourism related to maritime affairs.
The aesthetic indicator has a score of 3 (very appropriate), this is based on the high distribution of scores for all aesthetic criteria, except for the wave-breaks criteria where the aesthetic value of the area is at 86.67%.The indicator of accessibility of reaching the location has a score of 3 (very appropriate), this is based on the frequency of access to several points of speedboat transportation reaching 94.44%, motor ferries at 100%, cars at 71.43% and motorbikes at 88.00% with average value accessibility of 88.47%.The outcomes of an examination of biological, sociocultural, and economic indicators are used to determine categories and types of the conservation areas [15].Community participation, socioeconomic traits, biological aspects, MPA design, governance, and law enforcement are all indicators of a conservation area's effectiveness [16].

Determination of the Categories of Designated Conservation Areas
The determination of categories of traditional marine conservation areas to be developed is determined based on three categories of conservation areas including (1)  The results of the assessment based on Table 3 show that KKM with the type of Maritime Customary Protection Area (DPAM) area has an average score of 3, while the type of Maritime Cultural Protection Area (DPBM) has an average score of 2. Thus, the results of the assessment in aggregate prove the choice of the type of designation for the Haruku-Sameth conservation area is in the KKM category of the Maritime Indigenous Protected Area (DPAM) type.[19] suggest that marine protected areas (MPAs), such as Maritime Indigenous Protected Areas are very likely to protect critical habitats and cultural heritage sites, where their impact is convincing as a tool for improving fisheries management.The significance of taking historical sites into account while creating marine protected areas [20].Further efforts are required to guarantee that present and prospective MPAs fulfill the twin objectives of conserving biodiversity and upholding the rights of Indigenous people [21].

Conclussion and Recomendations
The assessment of the category of coastal conservation areas and small islands according to ecological criteria, socio-cultural criteria, and economic criteria includes 20 indicators.These results indicate that the designate for the conservation area of Haruku-Sameth Village is classified as very suitable for a conservation area with the category of conservation area classified as a maritime conservation area at a suitability value of 1.15.The candidate for the Haruku-Sameth village conservation area belongs to the maritime customary protected area (DPAM) type with a high assessment status at an average score of 3.
Follow-up actions that must be taken concerning efforts to encourage the establishment of the Haruku and Sameth village Traditional Marine Protected Areas, include: 1) area initiative proposed, 2) area reserves, 3) feasibility assessment (continued), 4) preparation of area management and zoning plans, and 5) area determination.The steps outlined are important to obtain legal documents from the conservation area.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Map of conservation area boundaries

Table 1 .
The assessment result of suitability level of the conservation area designate

Table 3 .
Coastal and Small Islands Conservation Areas (KKP3K); (2) Maritime Protected Areas; and (3) Marine Protected Areas (Ministry of Marine Affairs Regulation number 17/MEN/2008 concerning Conservation Areas in Coastal Areas and Small Islands).The results of the analysis of determining the category of candidate conservation areas can be seen in Table 2. Results of the assessment of designate Maritime Conservation Areas in Haruku and Sameth