Effects of Air Pollution on Surface Water Contamination

Water is unpolluted for life, but when it is polluted, it dies. we are known pollution big problem for any country today. An engineer is a scientist who finds a solution to this problem. Some major problems for Environment pollution are water, air, land and sound pollution. This pollution is harmful to the environment, humans, wildlife, and ecosystems. It also affects aquatic life and water parameters. Not only India but also other countries suffer from the same problem. Air pollutants increase the alkalinity of the water surface with the changes of Ph, BOD and turbidity, which directly affects the water surface. Some human activities that affect water quality include fertilizers, mining, industrial waste emissions, animal activity, domestic waste, burning fossil fuels, especially coal, and as-loaded water for irrigation. Water use, As-based pesticides, herbicides, and leisure activities. Air pollution and smoke debris are a complicated combination of natural and inorganic debris which include soot, smoke droplets and aerosols. The purpose of this study is to produce pm diagrams of water quality parameters such as turbidity, COD, pH, Total dissolved solids, and hardness.


Introduction
Water is essential for life and Earth is the only planet with liquid water.Another name for water is life.We consume water every day for drinking and household use.However, water pollution has become a major concern in our society.In addition, one of the main risks to humans from surface water pollution is contamination from pathogens and diseases in the water.There are many types of aquatic ecosystems such as oceans, rivers, lakes, and ponds that are inhabited by many different types of organisms.[1][2][3][4][5] These are attributed to human activity and the fact that rainwater carries pollutants into the water, polluting industry, reducing oxygen production in water, and the inability of organisms to survive in low-oxygen water.
The soil that these microorganisms feed on has a great impact on the ecosystem.They can accumulate various impurities while reorganizing the water phase, with dangerous effects on aquatic organisms.Air pollution also affects water surfaces, as smog can have a significant impact on the global water cycle.Light winds, Sunlight, high temperature and car traffic will increase the huge amount of Fog.there are various reasons for levelling up air pollution in the atmosphere.[6][7][8] The element is one of the pollutants that contributes to multiple stressors.Even though national environmental authorities regularly monitor water quality parameters, data on the environmental status of particulate matter are still lacking.Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine graphical plots between PM concentrations (2.5, 10) and various physical parameters of water quality.[9][10][11][12][13]

Data collection methods
Some steps needed to achieve our research goals: 1. Water samples and photographs were collected on site.

2.
Water samples were tested at the Environmental Laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering.
3. Surface water samples were taken, and the samples were taken according to the correct sampling procedure.

4.
Analyze water quality and pollution levels to determine the current water quality scenario and pollution growth rate.

5.
In this case, the sampling depth was chosen such that the purpose of this study was to collect particulate matter present in water.

Sample handle and preservation
Doing so ensures that the samples are processed and saved correctly.Some factors to consider are: -

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Start with clean plastic and glass containers commonly used for inorganic samples.

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Proper specimen storage is critical to obtaining accurate sampling results.In general, collect all samples on ice in the dark.

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Analysis should be started as soon as possible after sampling to avoid sample degradation.

Determination of water high satisfactory parameters
Air pollution can have various indirect effects on surface water contamination, which can impact parameters such as total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, turbidity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO).While air pollution primarily affects the atmosphere, it can have secondary effects on water bodies through atmospheric deposition and other mechanisms.Here's how these parameters can be influenced:

Total Dissolved Solids:
To determine the total dissolve solid we have to place a multimeter in the beaker full of water samples, total dissolved solid will be determined by using a multimeter.

Hardness:
Place 50ml of water sample in a beaker and add 50ml of distilled water to dilute the sample.The water was then mixed with 1 ml of starch from the reagent pack, and the mixture was then titrated.The reading, however, was made as the colour turned purple.

Turbidity:
The sample water was placed in the turbidity meter's little tube.The meter was used to take the reading.

pH:
Place the water sample in a small beaker and place the pH probe.keep the watch in sometimes.The reading is displayed on the pH meter, but the reading on the display assumes the final value is Currently static (Table 1).The total hardness is 128-152 mg/l.Calcium and magnesium dissolved in soil and aquifers and minerals in soil and limestone aquifers cause total hardness.Total Dissolve solid is a measure of total solids dissolved in water including Organic substances from salts, and nutrients to toxic substances.Chemical oxygen demand and Biochemical oxygen demand increase by dissolved oxygen which affects the total dissolved solid in water.Total dissolved solids Values in this study were between 105 to 136 mg/l.
A high TDS value Shows a mixture of sewage, laundry, and landfill.the most important sources of TDS are sewage, sewage treatment plants, landfills, soil conditions, and hazardous materials.Landfills, Municipal Effluents, Industrial Effluents, and Chemicals Used in Water Treatment (Fig. 1).The maximum turbidity value should be 5 NTU according to Indian Standard: 10500 (Drinking Water Specification).But it's more than that in this case.Determined by fineness and concentration of particles in water Turbidity values ranged from 3 to 4.2 NTU (Figure 3).
Dissolve oxygen value between 3mg/l to 3.8 mg/l.This low level is a measure of the level of pollution in water and therefore leads to the death of aquatic organisms due to lack of oxygen (Fig. 5) [8][9][10][11][12].Fig. 1 shows Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and refers to the concentration of inorganic salts and small amounts of organic matter dissolved in water.Air pollution can contribute to TDS in surface water through the deposition of pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which can react with water vapor and form acid rain.Acid rain can increase the concentration of ions, such as sulfates and nitrates, in surface water, leading to higher TDS levels.Fig. 3 shows Turbidity which is a measure of water clarity and is influenced by the presence of suspended particles.Air pollution can contribute to turbidity by depositing fine particulate matter onto the surface of water bodies.These particles can come from sources such as vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and smokestack emissions.When deposited in water, they can increase turbidity and reduce water clarity.4 shows pH which is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water.Air pollution can affect water pH through the deposition of acidic pollutants, like sulfuric acid and nitric acid, from sources such as industrial emissions and fossil fuel combustion.Acid rain resulting from these pollutants can lower the pH of surface water, making it more acidic.Fig. 5 shows Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and refers to the amount of oxygen dissolved in water, which is essential for aquatic life.Air pollution can indirectly impact DO levels through the deposition of pollutants on land and water surfaces.Pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone and smog.High levels of ground-level ozone can harm vegetation, reducing oxygen production, while smog can obstruct sunlight and limit photosynthesis in aquatic plants, leading to lower DO levels [14][15][16][17][18][19].

Conclusion
Based on the above parameters, the increase of water pollution has increased due to development activities in Greater Noida, it can be concluded that surface water is polluted.Due to its high turbidity, it is not suitable for drinking water.It has a hardness that makes it difficult to lather with soap.Although the pH is acceptable, the water is unfit for human consumption.It also makes the water unsuitable for agricultural purposes.Some parameters are within specification, but water conditions are generally not satisfactory.It's important to note that the specific effects of air pollution on surface water contamination can vary depending on the location, sources of pollution, local climate, and other factors.Additionally, other factors such as point source pollution (e.g., industrial discharges) and nonpoint source pollution (e.g., runoff from agricultural activities) can also contribute to water contamination.Monitoring and mitigating air and water pollution are crucial for preserving the quality of surface water resources and protecting ecosystems.

Recommendations
In this study, a selective site was used for water sampling.In the future, can be able to select these more representative locations in addition to the defined stations.
Concentrations of heavy metals such as mercury, lead and cobalt in river water samples can be measured in future studies at various industrial wastewater discharge locations.Within 24 hours, the Sample should be tested as soon as possible after entering the laboratory.If this is not possible, the sample should be cooled sufficiently.o Lack of availability of enough facts for fashion evaluation limits the usage of such facts.Therefore, it's miles encouraged to display and acquire non-stop water high-satisfactory facts at key factors withinside the river system.
Management plans are had to restrict the release of waste to floor waters to lessen water effects pollution-associated fitness problems.This may be done via powerful waste control Techniques and the availability of dependable public water supplies.
Government agencies and local populations should conduct regular monitoring exercises Researchers should review the environmental impacts of Contamination of surface water from time to time to show trends in the pollution load of rivers, streams, and lakes around the world.

Conflict of Interest:
There is no conflict among authors.5. Funding: There is no funding available to conduct this research.6. Ethical Statement: This research paper is not submitted anywhere and is not considered anywhere as correspondence.

Fig 2 .Fig 3 .
Fig 2. Total hardness (mg/l)Fig.2showsthe Total Hardness and measures the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water.Air pollution can indirectly affect total hardness through acid rain formation.Acid rain can dissolve minerals from soils and rocks, releasing calcium and magnesium ions into surface water, thus increasing total hardness.

Fig.
Fig.4shows pH which is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of water.Air pollution can affect water pH through the deposition of acidic pollutants, like sulfuric acid and nitric acid, from sources such as industrial emissions and fossil fuel combustion.Acid rain resulting from these pollutants can lower the pH of surface water, making it more acidic.

6 Fig 5 .
Fig 5. Dissolve Oxygen (mg/l) riverbanks to ensure that these sanitary standards and other sanitary requirements are met.

Table 1
shows the limit values for various water quality parameters.