Water Quality Assessment using different Indices for Irrigation Purpose at Wardha District

With the help of multiple indices (SAR, LI, RI, SSP, and RSC) for irrigation, the current study set out to determine the level of groundwater pollution in the Wardha region. The research involved 15 villages in the Wardha District, five from each of Wardha, Seloo, and Hinganghat. Over the course of two years, 90 samples were taken from fifteen groundwater structures. 13 physicochemical factors and 5 indices were evaluated using analysis. The study discovered that the groundwater sources in each of the 15 villages in the Wardha District are contaminated, making the water unfit for human consumption and necessitating some sort of filtration before usage for domestic or agricultural purposes. The findings of Langlier that practically all groundwater samples exhibit factors that cause scaling are supported by the Ryznar index values, which range from 5 to 7. SAR data indicates that around 60% of the groundwater being examined had low levels (10.0).


Introduction
Evaluating the adequacy of water sources for agricultural irrigation is the goal of water quality evaluation using several indicators in Wardha District.The purpose of this evaluation is to guarantee that crops, soil, or the environment are not harmed by irrigation water usage.The specific objectives of the assessment include the following:  Determine water quality  Classify water quality  Evaluate soil compatibility  Access crop suitability  Identify water treatment needs  Environment Impact Assessment  Recommendations and Mitigation  Regulatory Compliance Making knowledgeable judgement about the use of water for agriculture while keeping in mind the requirements of the crops, the condition of the soil, and environmental preservation is the ultimate objective of this evaluation.It assists farmers, managers of water resources, and legislators in Wardha District in optimizing water use for productive and sustainable agriculture.
Salts in solution are present in all irrigation fluids.Dissolved salts exist because some chemical elements are attracted to water strongly while being attracted to other chemical elements weakly.Such chemical elements include, for instance, sodium and chloride.The overall quantity and types of salts decide whether the water is suitable for agricultural usage.Due to the potential threat to the crops or soil, some sources of water may be too salty to be used for irrigation [1,2].
One of the most harmful impacts on water for irrigation of low quality is the excessive development of salts that are soluble and/or sodium ions in soil.Crops experience water stress even when the soil is 1327 (2024) 012034 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1327/1/012034 2 moist because excessively soluble ions make it more challenging for plants in the soil to absorb soil moisture.When too much salt accumulates in the soil, humus and clay particles float into the large soil pores and clog them.Although there may be water on the soil's surface, this blocking action prevents water from moving through the soil and into crop roots, notwithstanding any standing water.According to the layers present and how they affect the crops and soils, irrigation water's total salts and sodium concentration are classed [1,3].
Groundwater contamination in Wardha has increased over the past many years on account of the city's expanding industrial activity and population [4,5].The authors have already analyzed water quality index for 106 villages of Wardha district, from which 15 villages have been selected for the present study [6].

Study Area
There are 1,300,774 people living in the Wardha district of Maharashtra state in western India as of the 2011 Census.The district's principal cities include Wardha, Hinganghat, Arvi, and Seloo [4].The current study examines the water analysis for 15 villages in the Wardha District, five villages each from Wardha, Seloo and Hinganghat.The details of the study location in shown in Table 1.

Materials and Methods
These indicators considered for the study are crucial for evaluating irrigation water quality since the water's composition has a big influence on the health of the soil and crops.Sodification, low infiltration rates, high salt concentrations, and other issues can cause the soil to become salinized and hinder crop development [15][16].Farmers and agricultural specialists can use these indices to help them decide if a water source is appropriate for irrigation or if management or treatment procedures are required to lessen any possible adverse impacts on crops and soil.Over a period of two years, 90 samples were taken from fifteen groundwater structures.The sampling locations chosen are depicted in Table 1. 13 physicochemical factors, were assessed through analysis.On-site monitoring was done for a number of physical factors, including pH, temperature, and electrical conductivity.Water samples were collected, examined, and preserved in accordance with Standard Protocols [7].The following five indices were constructed to evaluate the quality of ground water for use in irrigation.

Calcium Carbonate Saturation Indices
Ryznar Index and Langlier Index provide calcium carbonate saturation indices.The following four factors provide the basis for the two indices: the total solids content, the temperature, the calcium hardness, and the alkalinity of methyl orange.The following is how the two indexes are determined: Langlier Index = pH -pHs ( 1 ) Ryznar Index = 2 pHs -pH ( 2 ) Where, pHs = (9.Little bit corrosive 7.5 -8.5 Extremely corrosive

Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)
SAR is a crucial factor in determining if irrigation water is suitable.This index gauges the proportion of sodium (Na + ) to calcium (Ca ++ ) and magnesium (Mg ++ ) ions in a sample.Knowing SAR will help you understand the sodium risk associated with irrigation water [8].SAR values less than 6 are considered "fit," between 6 and 10 are considered "marginally fit," while SAR values beyond 10 are considered "unfit" for any crop [9,10].The sodium hazard increases with decreasing sodium ionic strength, whereas it decreases when calcium and magnesium predominate.Each water sample's SAR values were determined using Richard's equation [11].
The amount of salt absorbed by the soil is significantly correlated with the SAR values of irrigation water.The cation-exchange complex may become sodium-saturated if the irrigation water is high in sodium and poor in calcium.Due to the dispersion of clay particles, this could disrupt the soil's structure [2,8].

Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP)
The SSP measures the proportion of sodium to all cations, which include calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium.In meq/l, all concentration values are expressed.Todd's equation is used to determine the SSP [10].

Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC)
High levels of CO3 2-and HCO3 -in irrigation water will cause calcium to precipitate out and boost salt levels, which are reflected in RSC.It slows down infiltration by causing the clay complex to become saturated.For crops, RSC levels below 1.25 meq/l or 66 mg/l are classed as "fit," between 1.25 and 2.5 meq/l or 66 and 133 mg/l as "marginally fit," and beyond 2.5 meq/l or 133 mg/l as "unfit" [9].Water 1327 (2024) 012034 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1327/1/012034 sodium (CO 2-and HCO -) and cations (Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ) values are used to calculate RSC, and the ionic concentration is measured in meq/l [12].RSC value is calculated by using Richards equation as [10] RSC = (CO 2-+ HCO -) -(Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ ) Apart from the particular constraints of these indices, it is important to acknowledge that the appropriateness of water for irrigation is a multifaceted matter impacted by several aspects.As a result, depending just on one or a small number of indices could not give a complete picture of the water quality.In order to get around these, it's customary to take into account a variety of indices and carry out an extensive water quality study that takes a larger range of factors into account.A thorough evaluation of irrigation water quality could also take into account other indices and elements, such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), concentrations of different ions, and the crop's tolerance to water quality characteristics.The kind of soil and climate at a certain location are important factors that influence how suitable water is.The analyzed water quality index for 106 villages of Wardha district, from which 15 villages have been already taken into consideration [6].

Results and Discussion
Tables 2 to 4 provide the range of analytic results for 13 parameters and 5 indices for 15 samples.An automated notebook of water analyses was used to double-check the results [13].The relevant values of each of the 18 measures were compared to the upper limit recommended by Indian drinking water standards [14].0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 5.8 5.9 5.8 5.9 5.9 6 6 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.5 6.3 6.6 6.6 6.4 6.9 6.7 Langlier Index Ryznar Index Graph 3 : Graphical representation for Sodium Adsorption Ratio From 0.3 to 21.9, the SAR readings were different.According to the statistics, Graph 3's low values (10.0) are present in around 60% of the study's water samples.

Graph 4 : Graphical representation for Soluble Sodium Percentage
The soluble salt percentage (SSP) varied from 5.7% to 75.3% in the water samples.While the greatest value of 75.3% was found in a water sample from W-1, the lowest value of 5.7% was found in W-7.
The water may provide a sodium danger to soil quality and irrigation due to its high salt level in comparison to other cations.Soil sodicity may result from irrigation water containing high salt levels.The term "sodicity" describes the buildup of salt in the soil exchange complex, which can cause structural disturbances, lower soil permeability, and adverse effects on crop development.Sodic soils can compress and have poor drainage, which makes it difficult for plant roots to get water and nutrients.Whereas low levels of SSP indicates reduction in the risk of soil sodicity.
Additionally, as can be shown in Graph 4, the data showed that almost 65 percent of the water samples had high SSP values (>60).The RSC values ranged from 333 to 1853 and are therefore much over the acceptable level.Graph 5 displays the graphical depiction of RSC values.

Graph 5 : Graphical representation for Residual Sodium Carbonate
Water's suitability for irrigation use depends on the quantity and makeup of its dissolved elements.Water's usefulness for irrigation is influenced by a number of chemical components, containing the ratio of sodium to magnesium and calcium as well as the total amount of soluble salts.Additionally, the effectiveness of water for agricultural use depends on how certain minerals in the water have an impact on the soil as well as on the plant.While other sampling locations were discovered to be inadequate even for irrigation as they showed salinity.The preceding are regarded acceptable for irrigation use: (GW-2) from Wardha, (GW-7) from Seloo, (GW-13, GW-14, and GW-15) from Hinganghat.The Ryznar index values, which range from 5 to 7, support Langlier's finding that nearly all water samples have scaleforming features.SAR data indicates that around 60% of the groundwater being examined had low levels (10.0).Soluble salt percentage values in the groundwater results also revealed that more than 60 percent of the water samples showed high values.The RSC values obtained are also relatively high in number.

Conclusion
The conclusion for the above and previous results is as follows: 1.The maximum permitted values of ISO for drinking water have been surpassed for TDS, hardness, chlorides, calcium and also magnesium, suggesting that the groundwater in the Wardha district is seriously contaminated.2. Also due to the water's high values in all the indices SAR, LI, RI, SSP, and RSC, the groundwater in the Wardha District is unsuitable for agricultural purposes.a) The findings of Langlier that practically all water samples exhibit scale-forming characteristics are supported by the Ryznar index values, which range from 5 to 7. b) According to SAR data, low amounts (10.0) were present in around 60% of the groundwater under investigation.c) More than 60% of the water samples had high soluble salt percentage levels, according to the groundwater data.d) The number of RSC values obtained is likewise rather large.In order to solve the Wardha District's problems with water quality, a comprehensive strategy that incorporates technological, governmental, educational, and community-based solutions should be part of the future scope.Finding sustainable solutions for drinking water and agricultural demands will 3 + A + B) -(C + D) Total solids are measured by factor A, Temperature by factor B, Calcium Hardness as factor C and factor D by methyl orange alkalinity.If the Langlier index is zero, the water's chemical balance is perfect; a positive value indicates that the water has a propensity to produce scale; and a negative value indicates that the water is corrosive.The following is a classification of Ryznar index values:

Table 1 :
Details of ground water considered as study stations.

Table 2 :
Range of analytical data for groundwater samples GW-1 to GW-5

Table 3 :
Range of analytical data for groundwater samples GW-6 to GW-10.Graphical representation for Ryznar IndexThe Ryznar index values, which range from 5 to 7, support Langlier's finding that virtually all water samples have scale-forming features.The graphical representation for the Langlier and Ryznar Index is given in Graphs 1 and 2 respectively.