Research on Design and Analysis of Multi-Story Building by using AutoCAD and STAAD-Pro

“The population of India is the second highest in the world as per the 2022 report” [1]. In order to live well, there is an increasing demand for adequate infrastructure. People are migrating from rural to urban regions. Problems will rise due to the high population in urban areas. Due to a lack of available land for construction in metropolitan areas, high-rise building structures are becoming more necessary to address the population density issue. High-rise structures are in high demand, and their construction must be completed without compromising any of the three criteria of cost, timeliness, and safety. AutoCAD design software enables the production of both 2D and 3D drawings for use in constructing multi-story buildings. This study aims to utilize the software package STAAD-Pro to analyze and design a multi-story building, following the production of 2D and 3D drawings using AutoCAD. STAAD-Pro offers a far quicker method of structural analysis and planning for the likelihood of the fewest faults. The design involves load calculations and analyzing the whole structure by STAAD Pro. “The method used in STAAD Pro analysis is Limit State Design followed by Indian Standard Codes. The loads considered for designing the building are dead loads, live loads, and Wind loads. For analyzing a multi-storied building, one has to consider all the possible loadings and see that the structure is safe against all possible loading conditions” [2]. The aim of this study is to analyze the structural behavior of the building and ensure that it meets the necessary design standards and codes. To remain competitive in the constantly expanding market, it is crucial for structural engineers to optimize their time management. This study highlights the importance of using advanced software tools in the design and analysis of complex structures to ensure their safety and stability.


Introduction
Structures give us a place to live, a place to store our belongings, and shelter from the elements.An inventive structural design that is cost-effective and straightforward offers a stable, durable structure.This paper's design verification outlines the process for structural analysis and design to meet functional requirements.the structure's structural integrity as intended in the requirements and appropriate safety requirements.To accommodate this, many structural systems have been used.to high-rise building requirements.This paper's focus is on describing the structure's requisites for functionality, loads and load combinations, material characteristics, and methods employed in the structure's analysis and design.This calls for the designer to provide reasonable estimations of the strengths of the constituent materials that make up the shape and the loads, which may be the case throughout its design grasp of structural 1327 (2024) 012023 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1327/1/012023 2 conduct.Utilizing structural analysis design software (STAAD-Pro), the design was created.The structure is subjected to both vertical and horizontal loads.Structures like beams, columns, slabs, and live loads make up the dead load of the vertical load.The building is designed for dead load, live load, and wind load in accordance with IS 875 because the horizontal load is made up of wind forces.According to IS 456-2000, the structure is created as a two-dimensional vertical frame, and the maximum and minimum bending moments and shear forces are calculated.It will take longer and there is a chance of human mistakes if we manually perform all of the calculations for a high-rise construction.Therefore, using STAAD-Pro will make things simple.Common issues like static analysis, seismic analysis, and natural frequency can be resolved using STAAD-Pro.STAAD-Pro and IS-CODE can be used to solve this kind of issue.It is possible to think of structural design as the process of arranging materials in three dimensions in the most effective way possible to fulfill a certain function.The building analysis and design plans are created using the AutoCAD program, then put into STAAD-Pro.A particular number of floors make up a building.The entire building layout is created using Auto-CAD and STAAD-Pro.This program is used for the analysis and design of concrete, steel, wood, and aluminum.The major objective is to finish the STAAD-Pro analysis of the multistory building against all potential load combinations and fully realize the function for which it was intended.To be able to fulfill its purpose for the specified cost, a structure must meet safety requirements.Additionally, creative technical solutions are frequently needed to store money and time or to increase safety.The idea of a civilization, which relates to the manner of life that human cultures have evolved, includes the construction of structures.Buildings should be planned and built to fulfill human needs as their top priority rather than just making a profit.

Software used.
x AutoCAD Autodesk's renowned computer-aided design (CAD) software, AutoCAD, serves professionals such as architects, engineers, and graphic designers, enabling the creation of 2D and 3D designs, technical drawings, and models.Its applications span fields like product design, manufacturing, engineering, construction, and architecture [10].For intricate 2D drawings, AutoCAD offers an array of tools including lines, circles, and arcs.The software supports file sharing through formats like DWG, DXF, and DWF [11].Addressing 3D needs, it furnishes functions like extrusion, rotation, lofting, and sweeping to craft intricate models.The software's capabilities extend to lifelike visualizations with features like lighting, shading, and rendering.
x STAAD.Pro STAAD-Pro is structural analysis and design software developed by Bentley Systems.It is widely used in the engineering industry for analyzing and designing various types of structures, such as buildings, bridges, towers, and industrial structures.STAAD-Pro supports different types of structural analysis, including linear static, dynamic, and nonlinear analysis.It also provides a comprehensive range of design codes from around the world, including AISC, ACI, Eurocode, and many more.The software allows engineers to model complex 3D structures with ease, including both steel and concrete elements.Users can input structural data using various methods, including manual input, import from other sources, and AutoCAD integration.The software then analyzes the data and provides results such as stress and strain, deflections, and bending moments.STAAD-Pro includes a range of features to optimize the design of structures, including the ability to automatically generate load combinations, optimize member sizes and cross-sections, and perform design checks according to various codes and standards.The software also includes a range of visualization tools to help engineers better understand the behavior of their structures, including dynamic 3D views, animations, and detailed reports.STAAD-Pro is designed to be scalable, with the ability to handle large and complex models with ease.It also includes features for collaboration, allowing multiple users to work on the same model simultaneously.Overall, STAAD-Pro is a powerful and comprehensive software tool for structural analysis and design, widely used in the engineering industry for designing safe and efficient structures.

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
x To investigate the load factors affecting high-rise buildings and the corresponding design and analysis solutions.
x To develop a comprehensive understanding of the design and analysis process for multi-story buildings using AutoCAD and STAAD-Pro software.x To compare the results obtained from the experimental and analytical analysis.
x To assess the accuracy and reliability of the design and analysis using AutoCAD and STAAD-Pro.
x To explore the various factors affecting the design of multi-story buildings, such as material selection, structural loads, and seismic zone considerations.x To investigate the performance of different building configurations and analyze their structural behavior under various loads and stresses.
2. Literature Review B.Gireesh (2017) [4] "Studied the structural and seismic analysis of the G+7 structure using the STAAD-Pro software.In this study the design was based on the following Indian standard codes: IS 1893 (Part 1) -2007, for the design of base shear.IS 1893:2002 for the earthquake-resistant criteria based on the Zone of area, the height of the building, and the Importance of the building.After starting the project various dead load, live load, wind load, snow load, and earthquake load was imposed for which the analysis will run.The building was designed for the Hyderabad area whose zone was II.From the analysis, it was concluded that the steel quantity increased by 1.517% compared to the conventional concrete design.The earthquake load was more dominant than the wind load in the selected area but still, there was no need for a shear wall and braced column as the base drift at every story is 0.0 hence the structure was safe under the drift condition".
Hiroyuki, A (2001) [5] "High-rise RC construction is currently used almost exclusively for apartment houses, because of the better habitability provided by concrete.The floor plan of these buildings is generally regular, and symmetric with respect to one or two axes".
Jayesh Kapgate (2023) [6] "A G+4 Multi-story Building's Design and Analysis.The study makes use of the well-known civil engineering application STAAD-PRO to design multi-story buildings and calculate wind and seismic load.Also, they compare the results of calculations made manually and those made using STAAD-Pro when applying an earthquake load to a structure using the seismic coefficient 4 technique".
A E. Hassaballa (2013) [7]"Seismic analysis of a multi-story RC frame in Khartoum city was analyzed under moderate earthquake loads as an application of seismic hazard and in accordance with the seismic provisions proposed for Sudan to investigate the performance of existing buildings if exposed to seismic loads.The frame was analyzed using the response spectrum method to calculate the seismic displacements and stresses.The results obtained, clearly, show that the nodal displacements caused drifts more than approximately 2 to 3 times the allowable drifts.The horizontal motion has a greater effect on the axial compression loads of the exterior columns compared to the interior columns and the compressive stresses in ground floor columns were about 1.2 to 2 times the tensile stresses.The maximum values of compressive and tensile stresses in beams are approximately equal.Bending moments in beams and columns due to seismic excitation showed much larger values compared to that due to static loads Seismic analysis of a multi-story RC frame in Khartoum city was analyzed under moderate earthquake loads as an application of seismic hazard and in accordance with the seismic provisions proposed for Sudan to investigate the performance of existing buildings if exposed to seismic loads.The frame was analyzed using the response spectrum method to calculate the seismic displacements and stresses.The results obtained, clearly, show that the nodal displacements caused drifts more than approximately 2 to 3 times the allowable drifts.The horizontal motion has a greater effect on the axial compression loads of the exterior columns compared to the interior columns and the compressive stresses in ground floor columns were about 1.2 to 2 times the tensile stresses.The maximum values of compressive and tensile stresses in beams are approximately equal.Bending moments in beams and columns due to seismic excitation showed much larger values compared to that due to static loads".[5]"High-rise RC construction is currently used almost exclusively for apartment houses, because of the better habitability provided by concrete.The floor plan of these buildings is generally regular, and symmetric with respect to one or two axes".

METHODOLOGY
A systematic approach will be taken to address the gaps identified in the literature review.The proposed methodology includes the following stages: x AutoCAD for drafting and modeling.x Creation of a structural plan for building the model.x Calculation of loads, including load combination and estimation.x Implementation of general analysis, design, and detailing utilizing STAAD Pro.

1)
The methodology for designing and analyzing a multi-story building using AutoCAD and STAAD-Pro involves several steps.First, relevant information about the site, local building codes, and client requirements is gathered.Then, an architectural plan is developed in AutoCAD based on the gathered information.Next, the building structure is modeled in STAAD-Pro using various elements such as beams, columns, slabs, and walls.Loads such as wind load, dead load, live load, and seismic load are defined in STAAD-Pro, and the software is used to analyze the structure, providing results such as stress and strain, deflections, and bending moments.The structural elements are then designed using STAAD-Pro, with optimization features to optimize the structure and design checks according to various codes and standards.The final design is prepared using AutoCAD, and the construction team implements it on-site under the supervision of the structural engineer.
Gathering information: The first step is to gather information about the site, the local building codes.This information includes the seismic zone, wind load, soil conditions, and other relevant factors.2) Developing the architectural plan: Based on the client's requirements and the site information, the architectural plan is developed using AutoCAD.This plan includes the layout of the building, the number of floors, and the placement of structural elements such as columns and beams.Developing architectural and structural drawings using AutoCAD software.Transferring the AutoCAD drawings to STAAD-Pro for structural analysis and design.3) Modeling the structure: After the architectural plan is finalized, the structure is modeled in STAAD-Pro.The software allows the user to create a 3D model of the building using a variety of elements such as beams, columns, slabs, and walls.4) Defining the loads: The loads that the building will be subjected to, such as wind load, dead load, live load, and seismic load, are defined in STAAD-Pro.The software allows the user to input the loads using a variety of methods, including manual input and automatic load generation.Conducting a final review of the structural design to ensure it meets all safety codes and regulations.5) Analyzing the structure: STAAD-Pro is used to perform a range of structural analyses, including linear static, dynamic, and nonlinear analysis.The software provides results such as stress and strain, deflections, and bending moments.6) Designing the structure: Based on the analysis results, the structural elements such as columns, beams, and slabs are designed using STAAD-Pro.The software provides a range of design codes from around the world, including AISC, ACI, and Eurocode.But it is specified that Indian Standard Codes are used for analysis.This indicates that the design and analysis methodology is customized to comply with the specific requirements of the Indian market and regulations.The use of Indian Standard Codes ensures that the building is designed and analyzed in accordance with the specific standards and codes established by the Indian government and industry.7) Optimizing the structure: STAAD-Pro includes features to optimize the structure, such as automatic generation of load combinations and optimization of member sizes and crosssections.The software also performs design checks according to various codes and standards.8) Finalizing the design: After the optimization and design checks are performed, the final design is prepared using AutoCAD.This includes the detailed drawings and specifications of the structural elements.

INTRODUCTION
This chapter involves a detailed analysis of the data collected from the study area and discussed in the previous chapter.The analysis is aimed at identifying the factors affecting high-rise buildings and developing possible remedial solutions using AutoCAD and STAAD-Pro software.The analysis materials and range of techniques, such as statistical analysis, modeling, and simulation identify patterns and trends in the data.Based on the analysis, the study may recommend solutions to address the identified factors, such as improving the structural design, selecting appropriate materials, and implementing better construction practices.The recommendations may also include optimizing the use of the software to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the design and analysis processes.
Overall, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting highrise buildings and to develop practical solutions to improve the safety and resilience of these structures.

POSSIBLE REMEDIAL SOLUTIONS
Selecting the appropriate materials for the building components can have a significant impact on its overall safety and stability.Using high-quality materials that meet the relevant.
Standards and codes can ensure the building's structural integrity.The foundation of buildings is critical for their stability, and inadequate design can lead to structural failure during earthquakes or other natural disasters.Therefore, it is essential to use appropriate techniques and materials to design the foundation.Incorporating seismic-resistant design principles into the building's structural design can enhance its ability to withstand earthquakes and other seismic events.This can include using shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and other techniques.The placement of structural elements such as columns and beams should be carefully considered to ensure their stability and prevent overloading.Adequate spacing and connections between elements can prevent structural failure during natural disasters.Advanced software such as AutoCAD and STAAD-Pro can significantly aid in the design and analysis of multi-story buildings.These software programs allow for 3D modeling, load analysis, structural optimization, and design checks, leading to more accurate and efficient design solutions.Regular inspection and maintenance of the building's structural elements can help identify any potential issues or weaknesses and prevent them from becoming critical problems in the future.This can help ensure the building's long-term stability and safety.

CONCLUSION
This study underscores the significance of an organized and all-encompassing approach when designing and analyzing multi-story buildings.Through in-depth data collection and analysis within the study area, potential remedies for enhancing the safety and resilience of high-rise structures against various natural and human-induced risks have been identified.The study notably highlights the pivotal roles of AutoCAD and STAAD-Pro software in the design and analysis processes, proven to be indispensable tools in attaining precise and efficient outcomes.Overall, the study strongly emphasizes the importance of adhering to appropriate planning, design, and construction methodologies to safeguard the long-term safety and endurance of tall buildings.A comprehensive review of research on employing STAAD-Pro and AutoCAD for the design and analysis of multistory buildings reveals these software tools as notably effective in structurally analyzing and designing such edifices.The integration of these tools offers designers a comprehensive platform for modeling, analyzing, and optimizing building structures.Using STAAD-Pro and AutoCAD for multi-story building design offers several benefits, including heightened precision, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness.Designers are empowered to model structures in a 3D environment, analyze structure behavior under diverse loads, and refine designs for desired performance.Notably, the presence of floating columns can lead to increased bending moments due to inadequate model formation plans, causing lateral loads to impose stress on beams and amplify bending moments.

LIMITATIONS
The design and analysis process involves making several assumptions and simplifications.To make the calculations and modeling more manageable.However, these assumptions may not always reflect the actual conditions of the building or the site, leading to inaccuracies in the results.The accuracy of the design and analysis is highly dependent on the accuracy of the input data.Any errors or inaccuracies in the data can significantly affect the results.The software used in the study, such as AutoCAD and STAAD-Pro, may have certain limitations in terms of the types of structures that can be modeled and analyzed.This may affect the accuracy and reliability of the results.The study may not account for site-specific factors such as soil conditions, climate, and other environmental factors that can affect the safety and durability of a high-rise building.The study may not consider the cost.constraints that can limit the implementation of certain remedial solutions, such as the use of expensive seismic-resistant materials or designs.The study may not fully account for human factors, such as the quality of construction or the maintenance and inspection practices, which can significantly affect the safety and durability of a high-rise building."All the List of failed beams can be obtained, and a better Section is given by the software" [8].Designing using Software like Staad reduces a lot of time in design work."STAAD-Pro is a much easier and faster way of analyzing and designing a structure when compared to manual computation" [9].

FUTURE SCOPE
With the growing demand for high-rise buildings in urban areas, there is a need for more advanced and efficient tools for designing and analyzing such structures.AutoCAD and STAAD-Pro are already widely used in India, and their capabilities can be further enhanced.With the development of new features and updates.The application of machine learning and artificial intelligence to structural analysis is one promising avenue for future research.These technologies can improve the accuracy and speed of structural analysis, allowing for more complex and detailed models to be analyzed in less time.Another area of future development is the integration of sustainability and energy efficiency.considerations into the design process.With increasing concern about climate change and energy consumption, there is a need for buildings to be designed with these factors in mind.AutoCAD and STAAD-Pro can be adapted to incorporate these considerations, allowing for the design of more sustainable and energy-efficient buildings.Finally, there is a need.For more research and development in the area of seismic analysis and design.India is a seismically active region, and ensuring the safety and resilience of high-rise buildings in earthquake-prone areas is of paramount importance.New developments in software and analysis techniques can help improve the accuracy and reliability of seismic analysis.leading to safer and more resilient buildings.

Table 1 -Material Figure 1-
2D Drawing of the plan.

Table 2 -
Primary Load Cases