Community education approaches for food waste reduction in Indonesia: A systematic review

Food waste is leftover food that is ultimately wasted because the consumer cannot consume it and or is food material that is wasted due to negligence. In 2022, about 40.9% of the composition of waste in Indonesia is food waste. Therefore, food waste education is crucial to reduce food waste, and one way is through community education. This research aims to summarize the community education activities about food waste in Indonesia. This research is conducted to contribute to Sustainable Development Goals. The PRISMA guidelines became the foundation for this paper. This research used databases such as Google Scholar, Science Direct, EBSCO Host, BINUS library, and repository UGM to find relevant and related studies. The method used in this study is done by normative research using secondary data resources, comprehensive reviews of relevant literature, including academic articles, reports, and regulations related to food waste education in Indonesia. Papers used in this systematic review are 53 papers including journals and proceedings. Food waste community education in Indonesia focuses on seminars/campaign for 36% with the most targeted participant is adult. Zero hunger, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption & production, no poverty, and climate action are undertaken to achieve in community education activities.


Introduction
Food waste is food suitable for human consumption that is discarded, whether stored beyond its expiration date or allowed to expire.Food waste is often due to spoiled food, but there may also be other causes, such as oversupply, depending on market conditions or particular consumers' eating and purchasing patterns.Food waste is a global problem, where the amount of food waste is around 931 million tons every year.Food inflation is rising as transportation and supply chains become more constrained than before.In Asia, a 2016 World Bank analysis revealed that food and organic waste is mostly wasted in East Asia (including the Pacific) and South Asia.East Asia and the Pacific accounted for 53% of the organic waste content, while South Asia contributed 57% [1].Based on data obtained in 2022, 40.9% of the composition of waste in Indonesia is food waste.According to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK), the country produced about 175,000 tons of waste every day in 2019.If accumulated, Indonesia produces 64 million tons of waste annually [2].48% of the waste source comes from households, 24% from traditional markets, 9% from commercial areas, and the rest from public facilities.As a result, public education about food waste becomes an essential part of reducing food waste.
In the previous research, the discussion focused on the generation and composition of household waste comparison, including food waste during and before the pandemic.In this research, the researcher collected data by distributing questionnaires to respondents.Analyzing household waste generation and the composition of household solid waste are some methods for data analysis.This research found that the ratio of household waste generation was almost doubled during the pandemic and before the pandemic, where food and plastic waste dominated the most waste composition [3].Other research analyzed the role of women in food waste management to reduce food waste in the community.This study used a qualitative method with a case study approach and in-depth interviews.This research shows that women and their perspectives are essential in food waste management in the neighborhood since women often being the one who buys groceries [4].Another research has also made observations to make the best and most effective strategies for waste management, especially food waste, through changing people's lifestyles towards food so that they do not produce food waste by consuming eco-friendly food.This research uses the existing policy approach.Through this research, the results show that there is a tendency for inefficiency in food consumption and production patterns which results in food waste accumulating, resulting in the wastage of resources and environmental pollution.Therefore, it requires better control, such as managing food waste through a policy approach so that it can change the lifestyle of people's behavior [5].
However, in the first research, they only discuss the waste components, such as food waste and its generation but have yet to discuss how to reduce food waste [3].The analysis of this research also uses questionnaire forms filled by certain respondents, so it only relies on the reliability of respondents.If the respondents are not performing well, it can lead to invalid data.Unlike the first, the second researcher had community education as their solution for the food waste problem.However, they only focused on women in the PKK (Pembinaan Kesejahteraan Keluarga) community as their target of education [4].Furthermore, this research only states that women are important in conducting the research but does not mention the importance of it or how it could be important.Lastly, the third researcher has the same gap as the first researcher, where the food waste preventions are unlisted since it focuses on the ways to overcome food waste that has occurred.Besides that, this research mainly discusses the policy and regulation as their solution to overcoming food waste.However, it did not elaborate on how Indonesian citizens will spread, understand, and implement all those regulations [5].
Researchers can do several things based on the research result gaps mentioned earlier to complete them.Studying more reminds us of the importance of reducing food waste; the whole community must aim for this knowledge.Therefore, everyone understands and can apply the importance of reducing food waste daily.Several solutions can be implemented and offered with an educational community that will teach and disseminate information about what food waste is and why learning about food waste is so important especially today.People often think that leftovers are trivial and harmless, and there are not a few people out there who waste food just for the sake of contentment and fame.Food waste can harm our lives, both the environment and health.Food waste significantly impacts the environment, as it contributes to environmental pollution.Food waste can produce methane gas and carbon dioxide, damaging the ozone.Besides, a health perspective on food waste can cause a decrease in nutritional status due to the low quality of food products.Moreover, one of the most worrying impacts is the food crisis due to the absence of food sources produced.Due to the high number of food sources that are not produced and utilized.To attract public attention to the issue of food waste, educational communities can take active steps.They can organize campaigns or bazaars, invite influencers with expertise in food waste to become speakers and discuss its significance, and actively engage the public since they greatly impact the audience.These measures will help increase awareness about food waste and encourage people to take action towards reducing it.The educational community can also target children at school by making mini-games or mini-projects as activities so IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/0121133 that even from a young age, they have acquired the basic knowledge of food waste and understand how to reduce food waste.
Based on the facts above, Indonesia is one of the countries that contributes an enormous amount of food waste.In addition, several previous studies related to food waste indicate that the problem of food waste is critical to follow up.The first researcher stated that household waste generation has almost doubled during the pandemic, with food and plastic waste dominating most of the composition.Then it also states that women are important in managing food waste in society.There is a tendency for inefficiency in food consumption and production patterns, leading to the accumulation of food waste and environmental pollution.Therefore, it is necessary to implement better control measures, such as managing food waste through a policy approach that can change people's behavior and lifestyles.Those researchers lack the solution given.The first research can not determine the respondents' reliability, the second only focuses on women in a specific community, and the regulations in the third research need to be processed more on how these regulations spread among citizens.Furthermore, food waste not only needs to be overcome but also takes preventive measures to reduce food waste.Several solutions can be implemented and offered with an educational community that will teach and disseminate information about what food waste is and why learning about food waste is so important.Therefore, this research aims to summarize the community education activities about food waste in Indonesia.

Method
There were 75 articles imported into the Zotero software as a result of a combination search across 7 databases.The first screening was then conducted using duplicate articles.In this screening, there were no duplicate articles.Thus, there were 75 articles after the initial filtering.The second screening was then carried out by reading the article's research objective and the location.In this systematic review, 4 papers were excluded due to duplicate.After the second screening, there were 51 articles in total, 20 articles were removed for failing quality assessment because the research location was not in Indonesia, most of them are global so they are too broad.These papers are not aligned with our research objective which focuses on Indonesia, therefore they got eliminated.The PRISMA flowchart of this systematic review can be seen in Figure 1

Results and Discussion
In this systematic review, the articles are divided into 4 types of topics which are community education, SDGs, regulation, and food waste management.The complete abstraction table is available in the link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1h6GEyRx7CQ0W5edt8Dojw0-O97hVPv66/view?usp=sharing.Among these topics, it is shown that community education is the most extensively discussed topic that contributes 69.40% of the total percentage of previous research, followed by food waste management which contributes (22.22% of the total rate of previous research), SDGs (that contributes 5.56%), and regulation (that contributes 2.78%).The regulation article type is the least founded article because regulation is not attractive enough to be discussed through education such as seminar.Community education is primarily more focused on raising awareness, promoting behavioral changes, and giving solutions to the issue of food waste in the form of practical workshops and seminars to the public as well as the communities with range of age groups.In order to make it exclusively addressed, such approaches as comprehensive insights and clear communication about the food waste regulations are important to be considered for the public.The community education has to find another form of activity, so food waste regulation may be more interesting to be actively discussed with the participant.One of them is by executing games with several prizes to attract the participants' activeness in learning the food waste regulations.By using games, community education can effectively attract the attention of participants, making food waste regulation an engaging and interactive topic, where participants can actively learn and internalize the importance of food waste regulations.

Figure 2. The article type of food waste community
The community educations deliver in several forms such as socialization, visual media, gamification, digitalization, seminar, and workshop.Socialization in Tugu Village community is done by dissemination of waste separation information including food & food packaging waste at the neighborhood administrative unit, separation procedures leaflets distribution, explaining about Waste Bank Bukit Cengkeh, and distributing communal bins in the neighborhood also small organic waste buckets to each household [6].Another form of socialization is done to Inpres Kantisang Elementary School, Tamalanrea.This community discusses on how to manage wastes including food waste and its packaging waste by turning it into compost [7].This topic aligns with other research about waste management in community education.Education about organic waste and composting occurs in Riang Gede Village residences with compost posters provided to remind the participants to implement the insights at home [8].An independent and sustainable environment is the goal of community education targeting adults since it can empower household waste management [9].Community participation is essential to achieve the goal of community education.There are 4 strategies to achieve community participation goals for community and environmental cadres, which are intensifying the HSW reduction training for community and environmental cadres, increasing the information through mass media and campaigns about HSW handling and reduction, multiplying the number of environmental cadres from the community and the local leaders, and by increasing the number of waste bank and their functions [10].Therefore, community participation through a waste bank is a potential way to increase the economic level of the village, especially with a better waste management system [11].Community education often uses digital communication in order to achieve their goal.One of them is through the Instagram application.Zero waste Indonesia community can communicate environmental communication well through digital communication that is focused on its official Instagram although the monitoring of its followers' zero waste lifestyle implementation in daily life remains as a challenge [12].
On the other hand, the efforts in the community education for food waste management are also carried out in various kind of delivery ways in purpose to with the aim of increasing public participation and awareness.A community education used BSF (Black Soldier Fly) maggot cultivation media in purpose to degrade food waste.This utilization has developed perfectly as an innovative and environmentally conscious solution that brought creative economic opportunities, especially among the younger generation [13].Most campaigns that use visual media to attract people may become an effective educational media to raise awareness of food waste problems.This case relates to Gen Z who prefers graphics that attract and present information in a concise and quicker way [7].Social media, which is known for its ability to engage a wide audience has become an influential platform for campaigns, thus it is used to encourage people participation from the contents uploaded [14].Another platform that is currently also developing is the use of technology.Gamification in a mobile application that takes up the theme of FLW (Food loss and waste) gained positive responses which impacts the users' behavioral intentions and motivation in generating less food waste and increase the awareness [15].The use of technology in trash bin innovation, ThrowBinC is useful to household waste that provides the largest source of waste to the community and environment.The technology developed can process and decompose waste so that people do not have to transport waste to the landfill and do not cause accumulation [16].
However, the challenges faced in community education involve the lack of public understanding.The public lacks of knowledge about the actual practice of food waste management.It is stated that the community education gives clear knowledge types of waste and the urgency of food waste, the campaigns may raise awareness, but they do lack of practical knowledge of processing the food waste such as turning them into useful products such as compost or making potential economy development but instead ended up being food waste accumulation [17].Hence, through gradual and routine socialization efforts regarding waste management through waste banks managed properly and consistently, public awareness of the importance of managing waste may increase [18].The design of the campaign may become a factor in whether the public will realize the importance of food as a source of life.Through the education outcomes, the public will acknowledge, be more grateful because there are still many other people who lack food and lessen throwing food away [19].The community was also educated not to throw household waste into the river, as it may negatively impact environmental sustainability and water contamination.Through community education, people in the village are educated to make new processed food products that remain usable from household waste [20].Nevertheless, the public's behavior and point of view regarding the community education of food waste is still a challenge [21].
Furthermore, another previous research implemented training to utilize leftovers to be recycled into liquid organic fertilizer that can be beneficial for the environment and reduce the food being wasted (22).Another education session was also conducted by previous research in the form of a workshop.It was undertaken to give the household community knowledge on utilizing food waste for composters.The result showed that the respondents' knowledge about composters increased [23].Previous research also found that public opinion regarding knowledge about food waste is relatively high.Therefore, the recommendations for handling and preventing food waste through the habits of the whole community, from producers to consumers, must cooperate reasonably to create intelligent and appropriate handling and prevention of food waste [24].For example, there were some socialization activities that were conducted by providing training in the manufacture of liquid organic fertilizer and ecobric, which aim to prevent food waste and food loss [23].However, knowledge is not the only factor that is important in regard to food waste.Research found that awareness also has a good and significant impact on the desire to reduce food waste [25].One of the creative ways to increase the awareness of the public about food waste is through the digital literacy method.It can be carried out in educating the public regarding good and correct waste management which is supported by videos and attractive designs so as to arouse public interest [26].As a result of all those activities, indicators of food waste reduction opportunities, knowledge of food waste, and food management skills reflect the variable of reducing food waste [27].Apart from that, an adult education approach that synergizes the government, communities, and companies through a system that also familiarizes the community with waste management is needed [28].The SDGS article type shows several interesting results such as generation Z in Tangerang has had an awareness of food waste.This result indicates that Generation Z's awareness of food waste will prevent the food industry from contributing to food waste that comes from consumer behavior [29].Besides that, the SDGs article type also provides factors that influence the amount of food waste partially are income and eating frequency, whereas the level of education, gender, and the total of family members do not affect food waste [30].The regulation related to the sustainable development of food waste is the Circular Economy Act serves as a guide and policy direction for the government, private sector, communities, and parties to address environmental issues (including food waste) and help realize the value of sustainable development goals [31].
There are also several articles related to food waste management, where nutrition knowledge and food taste were aspects that determine food waste [32].One of the examples is ICT (Information and communications technology) as the industry and 4.0 technology system core regarding the smart waste management system.This innovation helps to accomplish sustainable development goals (SDGs) by improving decision-making processes and policy support, using appropriate treatment technology, and best waste and resource recovery methods [33].Food waste management can be done by managing food waste at home, food waste campaigns, education regarding shopping habits, imposition of food waste fines, and food donations [34].The results of the service for the waste management activity showed an increase in participants' understanding of 25.9% and an increase in skills/practice of 28.6%.Based on the results of training on the use and distribution of composter bags to partners, the level of understanding and skills is in a good category, with a savings participation rate of 70% [35].To effectively manage food waste, several methods can be employed, including feeding food waste to animals and transforming food scraps into compost for soil amendment.Additionally, creating a meal plan based on a well-structured shopping list and employing proper storage techniques can also significantly reduce food waste [36].Previous research also recommends the restaurant at Padang recycle and compost their food waste for food waste management because the restaurant produces 132 liters (about 34.87 gals)/day which the food waste contributes 70,69% [37].Food waste generated by Restaurant X is above the average weight of organic waste daily.It comes from the process before food is served to consumers (pre-consumer waste) and should be food waste that can still be reduced in amount (Avoidable food waste) [38].Another research found about found that perceived behavioral control has been proved to be a variable that mediates the relation between the food consumption of Generation Z and food waste reduction intention [39].
The Figure 3. below shows five different types of method education employed to raise awareness about reducing food waste within the community, which are scientific research, games, two-way talks, seminars/campaigns, and workshops are utilized to educate the community about reducing food waste, according to the findings of a survey of many literatures on the subject.On the other hand, seminars and campaigns, which are utilized by community education to debate food waste to the extent of 36%, are the type of strategy most frequently used.Because internet users are continuing to rise by up to 17%, online campaigns are far more interesting to people than seminars.Additionally, the average Indonesian spends up to 7 hours every day using the internet.so that it can draw in a sizable audience for its online campaigns and seminars.A challenge that fosters positive relationships between participants and the organizers can be held by launching an online campaign [40].Furthermore, the online campaign/seminar approach utilizes technology, particularly social media.One such platform is Instagram, which makes use of the potency of material like hashtags.It has been demonstrated that the use of graphics, titles, and standard language while delivering communications ensures that everyone can comprehend and properly analyze the messages conveyed.Campaigns and seminars play a vital role in not only raising awareness but also helping people improve their behavior and become more sympathetic to the problem of food waste [41].The target audience of community education is divided into three groups, adults, youth, and children.Based on the Figure 4., the largest segment of the chart is adults, accounting for 60% of the target audience.The second largest is youth, representing 33% of the target audience, followed by children at 7%.Community education on food waste management is often targeted more towards the adults that are responsible for the household and food supply chain in producing food waste including food purchasing, meal planning, and storage techniques.Besides, adults have more access to foodrelated practices in the household and may affect others (including the youth and children) with the behavior of food waste.Adults have higher awareness and better understanding that likely would make behavioral changes to their sense of sustainability by keeping up with new practices and habits of minimizing food waste.Most adults are included actively in community groups and organizations.The community events may take advantage of existing networks, mobilizes local leader to influence the participation of the members in food waste reduction efforts, and support environmental sustainability [42], [43].
Meanwhile, youth and children are also necessary to be included in the target audience of food waste management.Community education programs for children and youth may become the opportunity in influencing long-term food waste habit that contributes to promoting sustainability throughout their lives.Involving children and youth allows them in increasing their knowledge of environmental issues and generates new innovative ideas for approaches to food waste reduction.Their influence on social circles and organizations may bring an impact on their families, school, and communities with greater engagement and awareness toward food waste.In community education, the target audience frequently depends on perceived priorities.However, adults are considered as primary drivers of the food waste in households and the food supply chain while there is still a lack of motivation to manage food waste, the education is mostly found carried out by adults.While youngsters and children may play a significant role in being the drivers of positive change in the surrounding environment.Digitalization such as social media is essential to be one of the food waste community education forum.This is where the youth generation take their steps to influence others and spread the implementation about food waste through social media since they are the main users of it.Community education is needed to involve every category of the target audience [44].

Figure 4. The target audience of community education
One of Indonesia's organizations which contributes to the field of food waste education is Garda Pangan.Garda Pangan is a community and food bank startup in Indonesia which engages in saving food waste both leftover food and unappealing food products [45].This community has utilized several methods and programs in achieving their goal.Those programs are food rescue, seminar programs, food surplus donation, and food waste processing education by socialization.In order to prevent food generated by the food business from being wasted, the food rescue program aims to save it.The food will then be repackaged but also keeps maintaining the food's quality, and if the food's quality matches or is above the standard, then these foods are donated to the community [45].Those foods require to be repackaged because the first thing that the consumers will see in a product is their appearance despite of the food's taste.Therefore, in order to attract consumers, those unappealing food products need to be creatively repackaged.Garda Pangan is willing to be a guest speaker to several seminars who invite them and give a substantial impact on the community's evolving patterns and behavior.These effects include promoting a culture of not wasting food, altering attitudes and behaviors, and improving people's understanding of the detrimental effects of food waste on the environment [42].Garda Pangan makes an effort to organize a food drive or collect surplus food donations at specific times, such as at culinary festivals, gathering events, performances, and 1324 (2024) 012113 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/0121139 weddings.Volunteers pick up the donation collection by leaving donation boxes at several Drop Points across Surabaya [45].
The socialization and creative education campaigns are targeting educational institutions which range from early childhood education to senior high school through several platforms either in social media or on Car Free Day [45].Garda Pangan implements business principles to increase the unappealing food products economy value by executing food product innovation.Education carried out by Garda Pangan through social media to spread food waste awareness [42].Garda Pangan uses an Instagram application to educate the community.Various Instagram features used are Instagram feeds, story, and highlight.These features are utilized to upload the food waste information, food rescue documentation, and collect all of the Instagram story content.Furthermore, this education content impacts on audiences' motivation to volunteer in food waste social activity [42].The education content of Garda Pangan social media has been evaluated as informative and attractive since it can increase food waste awareness to the audience [42].Garda Pangan community gives critical information regarding food waste.Monthly food report distributed by Garda Pangan reveals the urgency of food waste to the audience.This community education results in audience awareness to focus more on environmental health and the intention to change their lifestyles especially on food waste related issues since the community has stated the food waste quantitative data [42].
Technology is increasing, and daily life from all aspects begins to be helped especially food problems.Technology regarding food waste can help increase public awareness and knowledge of the negative impacts of food waste and ways to reduce it.Along with advances in technology can assist in completing the daily tasks of the wider community.The existence of mobile applications and online platforms can provide information about food waste, including its causes, impacts, and solutions.The public can access educational content in the form of videos, articles, and resources related to food waste through their respective smartphones.The platform provides practical tips and guides in reducing food wastage in everyday life [44].Then, other technologies, namely social media and blogs are effectively disseminate information about food waste.Social media accounts and blogs dedicated to this issue can share statistics, ideas, facts, and tips on reducing food waste around the environment.Users can also share their experiences and exchange ideas through discussions and comments on social media or blogs [46].Creating and developing interactive simulations and games about food waste can help educate children to adults in a fun way.Users can learn the importance of choosing, cooking, and storing food properly and wisely from these activities.Communities can also understand the consequences of wasting food through interactive virtual experiences.Executing webinars and online seminar/campaign, participants contribute in educational sessions about food waste, for example listening to presentations, discussions, and showing question-and-answer sessions online.In addition, specially designed mobile applications support users to record, track, and manage their food inventory.The application also provides reminders about expiration dates on food packaging, advice on reusing leftovers, and recipes according to available food ingredients [47].
Food waste is related to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Through education on food waste, communities also contribute to achieving the SDGs values.Number one in the SDGs is no poverty.Poverty can be solved in several ways, including through food waste.This is related to the amount of expenditure.Within Indonesian households, food has contributed approximately 30% of the spending [48].Data on the amount of food waste is related to the amount of food being thrown away.Therefore, reducing food expenditure has significant opportunities to tackle the causes of poverty by reducing unnecessary spending [49].In this case, people need to know about food waste to be aware of food expenditure.Education about food waste can be done through community education.Therefore, community education about food waste contributes to zero poverty in the SDGs.For example, previous studies found that the strategy in the consumption stage of providing education about home economics in communities, especially in terms of food purchasing, to avoid bulk purchases can be effective in reducing the cause of poverty [1].In addition, the strategy that can be done is by educating people with more knowledge about food waste, for example, by having a diet list and purchasing the ingredients that are only needed.This knowledge can reduce the cause of poverty  [50].Education needs to be conducted to raise awareness about food waste in the economic field [45].
Another SDG value that can be achieved through community education about food waste is zero hunger.It relates to education about how food that is in good condition should be given to those in need instead of being wasted.There are previous studies that educate people on how to process inedible foods into edible ones.These implementations can be a solution to achieving zero hunger in the SDGs.In addition, previous studies have conducted this education.The research found that inedible watermelon skin can be turned into edible food through some process [1].It indicates that through community education, the reduction of food waste and the increase of resource efficiency can be obtained.Apart from that, one of the communities, Garda Pangan in Indonesia, educates its members to rescue any food waste and distribute edible food to those in need.This practice can make the goal of zero hunger in the SDGs a step closer [45].
Sustainable cities and communities in the SDGs can also be obtained through community education about food waste.Food waste contributed to long-term disasters for humans and the environment in the cities.As a result, the total food waste must be minimized to attain sustainable cities.Therefore, community education about food waste is needed to educate the members about food waste and raise their awareness to act about it.Furthermore, there are a few previous studies in Indonesia that conduct this education.For example, PKK's women's community carry out an education session on how to reduce and manage food waste [4].In addition, the Garda Pangan community also executes a food rescue program to save food from being wasted [45].All these implementations help to achieve sustainable cities and communities in the SDGs.
Apart from that, the SDGs have the goal of achieving responsible consumption and production.This goal can be reached through community education about food waste.Many types of waste, including food waste, have been produced in countries from many sources, including the community.Therefore, food waste must be managed, and the production of food needs to be controlled to reduce food waste.In other words, the community, which is one of the sources, needs to be educated about food waste.This implementation has been documented in previous studies as evidence.For example, the women's community has conducted educational programs on how to handle and reduce food waste [4].Another community is Garda Pangan, which conducted a food driver program to gather all surplus food donations at various events such as weddings or food catering [17].There was also a community at Pakkabba village that conducted education programs about creative food production to use the ingredients efficiently.These community education efforts have contributed to achieving the SDG's goals about responsible consumption and production [46].
SDGs also have goals for climate action.These days, climate change cannot be predicted and is a real threat to our entire civilization.Therefore, actions need to be taken on this issue.One solution that can solve it is by making compost from food scraps to reduce the climate impact.This solution can be implemented through community education about food waste.Some communities had already conducted this program.The community in Pakkabba village conducts an education program encouraging the people to gather all their food waste and make compost from it [46].The urban community has also conducted this education program in the form of the campaign "DIY: Eco Enzyme," which persuades participants to recycle their food waste.Through this education program, many people would be influenced, and the climate action goal in the SDGs could be achieved [40], [51].
Based on the results, it was found that community education about food waste in Indonesia occurs most frequently in the form of seminars or campaigns, accounting for 36% of the total amount of education.Apart from that, community education in Indonesia also has many programs to support it, such as food rescue, food surplus donation, and food waste processing education.Through these programs, education could be conducted in a fun way.Community education also utilizes technology by holding online campaigns and seminars about food waste on social media, such as the Instagram application.This method is able to increase public awareness of food waste's negative impact on human life.One of them is the relationship between food waste and the SDGs.Online campaigns and seminars could help achieve SDGs such as no poverty, zero hunger, and others.Thus, the recommendation for the educational community is to use an online seminar or campaign strategy that uses technology and applications to attract participants' attention and encourage participation in better implementing and reducing food waste in daily life.

Conclusion
Based on the results, it was found that community education about food waste in Indonesia occurs most frequently in the form of seminars or campaigns, accounting for 36% of the total amount of education.Apart from that, community education in Indonesia also has many programs to support it, such as food rescue, food surplus donation, and food waste processing education.Through these programs, education could be conducted in a fun way.Community education also utilizes technology by holding online campaigns and seminars about food waste on social media, such as the Instagram application.This method is able to increase public awareness of food waste's negative impact on human life.One of them is the relationship between food waste and the SDGs.Online campaigns and seminars could help achieve SDGs such as no poverty, zero hunger, and others.Thus, the recommendation for the educational community is to use an online seminar or campaign strategy that uses technology and applications to attract participants' attention and encourage participation in better implementing and reducing food waste in daily life.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.PRISMA food waste community education in Indonesia

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The form of education in food waste community