Carbon Emission and Economical Impact of Conversion Yamaha N-Max 150cc into Electric Motorcycle

Due to the increasing usage of oil-powered vehicles, the transportation industry is the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions. Electric vehicles can be a potential solution to the climate change problem because the greenhouse gas emissions produced by electric vehicles are significantly lower than those produced by vehicles with fossil view resources. On the other hand, cost of ownership electric vehicles is highly priced for the middle and lower classes. Therefore, the conversion of conventional vehicles to electric vehicles is growing popularity in the community. As a result, the Indonesian Government, through the Ministry of Transportation, has issued several regulations to control conversion operations so that they can give the benefits they should. Compared to traditional ICE vehicles of the same motorcycle type, Yamaha N-Max-type convertibles can save up to 7.7 times the energy expenses and emit 4 times fewer greenhouse gas emissions; consequently, conversion vehicles can be an alternate solution.


Introduction
Two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles are examples of regularly used motorized vehicles.Motorized vehicles are one of the secondary necessities that cannot be separated from human life, serving both every day and occupational demands.Two-wheeled vehicles are the most common type of motor vehicle in Indonesia, according to BPS (Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics) data from 2018, when there were 126,508,776 vehicles in total.In 2018, motorcycles accounted for an estimated 106,657,952 units, or approximately 84.3 percent of all vehicles, whereas four-wheeled vehicles accounted for only 14,830,698 units, or approximately 11.7 percent of all vehicles.The full number of vehicles according to the type is presented in Table 1.
In 2019, the number of motorized vehicles increased by 761,721 units for four-wheeled vehicles, while for two-wheeled vehicles there was an increase of 6,113,184  In 2020, the number of motorized vehicles will still increase, but not as much as in early 2019, Covid-19 which began to spread at the end of 2019 was one of the influencing factors at that time.For fourwheeled vehicles there was an increase of 205,327 units and for two-wheeled vehicles only an increase of 2,251,903 units throughout 2020 based on BPS data [1].
Motor vehicles generally use fuel oil as an energy source, but fuel oil is a non-renewable fuel that will run out in an uncertain period, the longer fuel oil will become scarce and expensive, this can result in an energy crisis.Consider that fuel prices always increase every year, consumer significantly demand for renewable new technology vehicle [2], [3].Recently, vehicle manufacturers around the world are competing to adapt vehicles technology with environmentally friendly technology and with much cheaper energy costs to answer the market needs.Electric vehicles technologies are one renewable technology that able to be lowering the energy consumption [4].
Electric vehicles are an alternative vehicle with environmentally friendly technology and with lower energy costs and affecting decarbonization [5], [6].Electric vehicles have begun to be developed by many of the world's automotive giants, such as Bosch, BMW, Hyundai, KIA, Tesla, Wuling, Toyota, Yamaha, Honda.and so on, including several start-up companies around the world.
In this study, the author will discuss the components used and the procedure for converting Yamaha N-Max 150cc ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) vehicles into electric vehicles that are environmentally friendly and comfortable to use and have much cheaper energy costs when compared to conventional ICE vehicles [7]- [9].The choice of the ICE (Internal combustion engine) type Yamaha N-Max 150cc vehicle is because this type of vehicle is one of the vehicles that is widely used by Maxi motorcycle consumers in Indonesia.

Literature review
According to the research done by Cakrawati et al, the development of electric vehicles can significantly help address air pollution issues in urban and densely populated areas [10]- [12].Based on the total CO2 emissions produced, there are three sectors that contribute significantly to the high carbon emissions: the electricity sector (42%), the transportation sector (23%), and the housing sector (6%).Battery-based electric vehicles have advantages compared to conventional ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) vehicles in reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions [13], [14].Electric vehicles are required to produce much lower carbon emissions per charging compared to conventional ICE vehicles that use oilbased fuel.
The conversion of According to the research by Luthfi et al, electric vehicles can reduce the impact of global warming by reducing greenhouse gas emissions [15].Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is crucial in limiting global warming to less than 2ºC.However, achieving significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions requires substantial contributions from the transportation sector.In Indonesia, the government plans to promote the widespread use of electric vehicles within the next 3 to 5 years [16].
Another study were done by Tarsisius et al, the conversion of conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles with gasoline engines into battery-based electric motorcycles must be designed and created to reduce the increasing number of conventional ICE vehicles used each year [17].Batterybased electric motorcycles should be designed to be as efficient, economical, and safe as possible to meet the basic criteria of energy-efficient electric motorcycles [18].
Battery-based electric motorcycles use BLDC (Brushless Direct Current) motors as their main propulsion, powered by the electric energy produced by a battery pack.In conventional ICE vehicles that still use oil-fuelled engines, a large portion of the energy generated from the combustion process is wasted as heat and frictional resistance between components.Only a small portion of this energy is converted into mechanical energy to drive the vehicle.Conversely, in a full electric conversion vehicle, a significant portion of the energy is converted into mechanical energy to propel the vehicle.This means that electric vehicles require much less energy to move vehicles of the same type and weight compared to conventional ICE vehicles [19].

Methodology
The research method is shown in Figure 1.The first step in the process of converting a Yamaha N-Max 150cc ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) car to an electric vehicle is the inspection phase.In this phase, the first step is to disassemble the Yamaha N-Max 150cc ICE vehicle to see if the vehicle's body or electrical cables are damaged.The following stage involves the production of mechanical support components, and the first step in creating these components is to inspect the area for component placement.Then comes the assembly of the electrical system, which requires certain alterations due to the project's usage of an add-on electrical system.The final stage is the battery design, as the project requires a battery pack designed by the author.

Energy consumption and costs comparison
In the Yamaha N-Max 150cc ICE vehicle, the amount of gasoline needed to complete the test route for a total of 10 times is 1.3 liters, covering 49.868 km.The fuel type being used in this experiment is Pertamax gasoline, which has RON number 92.Given that the price of fuel is Rp.12,400 per Liter (as of June 22, 2023), the total cost required to fill up gasoline after 10 rounds would be Rp.16,120.Hence, we can figure that the energy required to complete the 49.87-kilometer test route will cost Rp 16,120.Therefore, the energy cost per kilo meter for the Yamaha N-Max 150cc ICE car is Rp 323.25.
On the other hand, for the converted full electric Yamaha N-Max 150cc vehicle, which uses a battery with a capacity of 72 V = 30 Ah, or equivalent to 2,160 watts of power capacity, charging from 0% to 100% requires 2,160 watts of power.For the household electricity tariff of R-1/ TR with a power capacity of 2,200 VA, the cost is Rp.1,444.70 per kWh (price from July to September) [20].By calculation, the full electric conversion vehicle only spends Rp. 3,120.55 for one charging session with 2,160 watts of power.With an energy cost of only Rp. 3,120.55, the converted vehicle can travel 74.33 km, which means the energy cost for this conversion vehicle is Rp.41.98 per kilo meter as presented in Table 2.

Carbon emissions comparison
According to data International Energy Agency, the Indonesia's energy mix share in 2020 [21] is presented in Figure 2, the sources of electricity generation were as follows: The percentages represent the respective shares of each energy source in the overall electricity generation in Indonesia for the given year.
Figure 2. Indonesian energy mix [21] Based on the data above, we can calculate the CO2 emissions for 1 kWh of electricity using the energy mix share data in Indonesia.The CO2 emissions for each energy source are as follows: The CO2 emissions produced by coal amount to 0.91 kgCO2e/kWh, for oil, it is 0.77 kgCO2e/kWh, and natural gas generates emissions of 0.51 kg CO2e/kWh.Biofuels and waste result in emissions of 0.03 kg CO2e/kWh, while wind and solar power produce emissions of 0.05 kg CO2e/kWh.The smallest CO2 emissions come from hydropower, which is only 0.01 kg CO2e/kWh [22].Table 3 show the number of emissions for each type of energy resource.The outcome of combining the whole data from Indonesia's energy mix share is 0.574 kg CO2e/kWh.While, for charging the battery of the converted Yamaha N-Max 150cc full electric car with 2,160 watts, the CO2 emissions for each charging session from 0% to 100% state of charge (SoC) are 1.24 kgCO2e/kWh.The converted fully electric vehicle has CO2 emissions of 0.0167 kgCO2e/km over a distance of 74.334 kilometers.
In contrast, the Yamaha N-Max 150cc ICE requires 1.3 liters of gasoline to travel 49.87 kilometers.If the carbon emissions produced by gasoline are 2.4 kg CO2e/liter, then the CO2 emissions produced by the ICE vehicle after completing the test route ten times total 3.4 kilograms.As shown in Table 4, the CO2 emissions produced by the ICE car are 0.0682 kg CO2e/km.

Conclusion
The research was conducted by converting Yamaha N-Max 150cc type internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles into full electric vehicles.The authors discovered that electric vehicles can be an alternative solution to reducing carbon emissions and can reduce energy costs, especially when used by individuals who rely on their vehicles to earn a living every day, such as sales marketing, sales motorbikes, and online drivers.If the price of fuel oil continues to climb year after year, this can lead to a mismatch between income and expenditures for energy, and if the driver uses traditional two-wheeled vehicles daily, they will require more regular maintenance.Utilizing an electric vehicle or converting a vehicle into a full electric one, specifically a Yamaha N-Max 150cc type vehicle converted in this project, can save up to 7.7 times more energy costs than conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles of the same type, as the cost of energy for a full electric conversion vehicle is Rp.41.98/km and for conventional ICE vehicles it is Rp.322.25/km.This Yamaha N-Max 150cc full electric conversion vehicle emits only 0.0167 kg CO2e/km, while conventional ICE vehicles of the same type emit up to 0.0682 kg CO2e/km; based on the carbon emissions produced by each vehicle, the carbon emissions of electric vehicles are 4 times lower when compared to conventional ICE vehicles with the same fuel type.

Table 1
units.1324 (2024) 012094 Escalation of Number of Motorized Vehicles by Type (Units)

Table 2 .
Road test result

Table 3 .
Energy emission according to source type

Table 4 .
Emission comparison result