Solar Energy in Indonesia: The Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals for Net Zero Emissions

Renewable energy transition from fossil to renewable energy is the focus of countries worldwide. Indonesia, as the largest country in ASEAN and has quite good economic growth, is also focusing on the issue of energy tourism. President Jokowi is trying to approach several countries with the same renewable energy commitment to realize Net Zero Emission (NZE). However, this research focuses more on solar energy related to the availability of sunlight in tropical climates such as Indonesia. Based on the concept used in this research, namely SDG pin 7, partnership in the field of solar energy continues to be carried out. The solar energy transition in Indonesia has yet to be fully realized. However, by 2026, it is hoped that it can be implemented despite several obstacles the government and stakeholders face. The method uses qualitative methods because the data is obtained from published scientific research on renewable energy and interviews with stakeholders. This research aims to continue to realize the transition from fossil energy to renewable energy to reach the NZE.


Introduction
Indonesia is one of the countries with the best economic growth in ASEAN.When COVID-19 hit the world, Indonesia was considered the most surviving country from economic problems [1].To maintain economic growth, Indonesia must be able to manage energy, which is one of the forces of economic growth [2].Indonesia is trying to change from dependence on oil and gas to renewable energy.It is planned that in 2025, Indonesia will be able to switch to renewable energy by 23% [3].This transition is a form of Indonesia's participation in realizing the UN agreement at the Conference on Climate Change in Glasgow, England, in 2021, one of the discussions of which is reducing dependence on coal, oil, and gas energy by switching to renewable energy.The production and use of fossil fuels emits methane (Ch4-), carbon dioxide (Co2-), and carbon monoxide (CO), which are the most significant contributors to environmental emissions on our planet.Coal and oil, including gasoline, coal, oil, and methane, are usually used as energy for transportation or power generation.Therefore, burning fossil fuels is considered the largest emitter when used for electricity generation, transportation, and others.This energy is also a type of energy consumed at an unsustainable level [4].
The history of solar energy can be traced back to the seventh century when solar-powered mirrors were used.In 1893 the photovoltaic (PV) effect was discovered after several decades.Scientists developed this technology for electricity generation [5].Based on these discoveries, after years of research and development from scientists worldwide, solar energy technology is classified into two main applications: solar heat and solar PV.PV systems convert solar energy into electricity by utilizing solar panels.Due to their Ubiquity, these PV devices are quickly becoming the cheapest option for new power plants in many countries worldwide.For example, from 2010 to 2018, the cost of electricity generation by solar PV plants decreased by 77%.However, installed solar PV capacity increased 100-fold in the 2005s.Therefore, solar PV has emerged as a critical 1324 (2024) 012093 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/012093 2 component in a sustainable, low-carbon energy system necessary to provide affordable and reliable electricity, help meet the Paris Climate Agreement, and achieve the 2030 SDGs targets [6] Indonesia is a country with a tropical climate, which is located on the equator.With a potential of more than 400,000 Megawatts (MW), 50% of which is solar energy, or around 200,000 MW, Indonesia is very rich in renewable energy [7].However, there are several obstacles faced by Indonesia in moving from fossil energy to solar energy.
In order for the government to be able to install solar panels, quite a large area of land is needed.Due to the difficulty of land acquisition, this is also an obstacle.In addition, it is not easy to get land for PLTS construction in densely populated locations.In contrast, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) offers investors free land to produce solar energy.
High investment costs constrain obstacles to developing PLTS (Solar Power Plants).For every 1 MWp, a minimum cost of US$ 2 million or around 26 billion rupiah is needed.The cost of building a PLTS with a capacity of 5,000 MW is around IDR 165 trillion.The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources can solve this problem by inviting commercial bids.In 2020, it was recorded that it had only reached 152.44 MWp from the existing potential of 207.8 GWp.This matter is due to the high investment costs that must be incurred, resulting in the high price of electricity generated.This condition is not economical when compared to fossil fuels.
The global economic decline due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 also hampered development in the renewable energy sector, especially solar energy.The government is trying to reduce these obstacles by providing an intensive plan for electricity prices from renewable energy, especially solar energy.This policy is expected to boost the Indonesian Government's target to increase the use of solar energy by 2025 to reach 0.87 GW [8,9].
Based on the research background, a research question arises regarding "How to implement solar energy in Indonesia and realize NZE."

Literature Review
This research is supported by a literature study, namely looking at previous research on renewable energy in Indonesia, solar energy, and Indonesia's cooperation in renewable energy with other countries.For example, Langer et al. [10] explained that renewable energy in Indonesia has significant and diverse potential.Some potential renewable energy sources in Indonesia include solar, wind, biomass, hydro, and marine energy.The potential for solar energy in Indonesia is enormous because this country has abundant sunlight throughout the year.The potential for solar energy in Indonesia reaches 207 GWp.However, the implementation of solar energy is still limited and only contributes a small portion to the national energy mix.Wind energy also has significant potential in Indonesia, especially in coastal and mountainous areas.Studies on renewable energy show that the potential for wind energy in Indonesia reaches 60 GW.
However, wind energy development is still limited and has yet to be utilized optimally.Overall, Indonesia has a large and diverse potential for renewable energy resources.However, implementation of renewable energy still needs to be increased to maximize this potential and reduce dependence on fossil energy resources.
Several countries plan to cooperate with Indonesia in the field of renewable energy.For example, cooperation between Indonesia and Iceland will develop geothermal energy.In a journal by Bestari and Rudiany [11], it was explained that this cooperation between Indonesia and Iceland had been agreed upon since 2007.However, cooperation between the two countries did not appearsignificant until 2014, especially in exploration activities.Overcoming obstacles to implementing joint exploration, the Indonesian Government must work with the private sector to reduce the inherent risks of geothermal exploration early in the process.Indonesia must have strict rules or regulations for international cooperation in geothermal energy.
In an article by Muyasaroh et al. [12], it was explained that Indonesia cooperates with South Korea, especially in the energy development sector.The bilateral cooperation between Indonesia and South Korea focuses on developing research on alternative energy sources for biofuels.On the one hand, Indonesia needs capital investment and technology in order to be able to process alternative energy sources.On the other hand, South Korea, which has technology for alternative energy sources, needs natural or mineral resources to develop its green economy.This bilateral cooperation aims to break away from dependence on fossil energy, which is increasingly depleting, and switch to alternative energy sources that are renewable and environmentally friendly.
Indonesia and Iran have also carried out renewable energy cooperation.Sadewo et al. [13] wrote in their article that this collaboration was proven by signing an MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) on electricity and renewable energy cooperation.The implementers of this collaboration are Pertamina and PT PLN from the Indonesian side, as well as the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) and Mapna Group (Iran Power Plant Projects Management Company) as Independent Power Producer (IPP).One of the points in the cooperation agreement is regarding the development of power plants by constructing a Mobile Power Plant (MPP).Construction of the MPP with Iran began at the end of 2016 until 2020.Iran promised to build an MPP of 5000 MW in this MPP development collaboration.
In an article written by Hariyadi and Suryadipura [14], the Indonesian Government is working with the German Government to maximize the implementation of the transition to renewable energy sources through the Clean, Affordable, Secure Energy (CASE) program as part of efforts to achieve Net Zero Emissions by 2060.Through research assistance, promotion of public involvement, dialogue between stakeholders, and assistance in technical matters, bilateral cooperation between Indonesia and Germany through the CASE program has helped Indonesia maximize its renewable energy potential.However, Indonesia's energy transition achievements in the field still need to be higher two years after launching the Indonesia-Germany collaboration through the CASE program through a progress report issued by IESR in 2022.
The United States sees an excellent opportunity for Indonesia's Renewable Energy potential, and this makes the United States want to invest in the development of Renewable Energy in Indonesia.In 2013, the United States wanted to increase investment in Renewable Energy and energy efficiency in Indonesia; opening a United States-Indonesia Energy Policy Dialogue forum proved this.In 2016, the PT UPC Sidrap Bayu Energi, a renewables company from the US again invested in Indonesia to construct a PLTB (Wind Energy) in Sukabumi.The investment value reached IDR 3.3 trillion, and this development project was a priority for West Java Province.The United States also provides financial assistance of US$ 38 million in 2021 for developing renewable energy projects in Indonesia.Indonesia's interest in cooperating with the United States is to fulfill electricity energy, which is closely related to the economy, and also to get investors to build New Renewable Energy developmentunits that can meet electricity needs in Indonesia [15] For the Middle East region, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) plans to invest in Indonesia in the renewable energy sector between the Mubadala Petroleum Company (Mubadala Energy) and Indonesia.Previously, this company had existed in Indonesia for ten years.However, the business focuses more on gas and oil cooperation on the northern coast of Sumatra [16].
Among the several journal articles above, they have yet to specifically discuss solar energy in Indonesia and the role of the government and several stakeholders.Renewable energy articles in Indonesia are still general, such as applying wind energy, water, and plants.The goal is the same, bothto realize NZE.This is the novelty of our research.

Theoretical Framework
This research uses the seven points of the SDGs concept in the UN SDGs, namely "Clean and Affordable" Energy.This SDGs concept ensures access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all.The most effective way to reduce poverty and increase prosperity is to carry outinclusive economic development.However, many economic activities are only possible with the availability of modern energy that is sufficient, reliable, and at competitive prices.Zero net energy buildings can be built Through several energy efficiency technologies, good building design, and new renewable roof technology.These buildings produce power, which is channeled into the network for use by other parties.Of course, in addition to energy efficiency, policy reform, and eliminating subsidies, it is also necessary to ensure that countries switch from fossil fuels to renewable energy [17].
As a country participating in the ratification of SDGs in 2015, Indonesia is required to fulfill the essential points outlined by SDGs 7 by 2030.The important points from SDG 7 are [18] 7.b 2030, expand infrastructure and improve technology to provide modern and sustainable energy services to all developing countries, particularly least developed countries, small island developing States, and developing countries.Indonesia is a developing country, so it still needs assistance from developed countries or, in other words, international cooperation to help Indonesia achieve the seven points SDGs target.Therefore, this research will discuss the points from the seventh SDG regarding partners, in this case, Murban Energy from the UAE, government programs on renewable energy, PLN, and the Bandung city government.

Methodology
The author uses qualitative methods to describe a complex, dynamic, and continuously developing situation.In contrast to quantitative research, which seeks to understand and explain the meaning of human behavior interaction events in a particular context from the researcher's point of view, qualitative research seeks to understand and explain the meaning of human behavior interaction events [19].Literature studies were also used in this research by looking at previous studies regarding renewable energy in Indonesia, and the topic of solar energy has been carried out by many developed countries.However, this research does not use technical methods.Instead, it looks at the realization ofsolar energy by the government and stakeholders to realize NZE for the future sustainability of humanlife.

Solar Energy in Indonesia for NZE
The energy system will significantly impact the environment in both developed and developing countries.Renewable energy policies can reduce carbon emissions and optimize energy structures [20].Currently, many countries are utilizing solar PV (Photovoltaic).The advanced countries in the production and application of solar PV have implemented global standards for PV systems and contributed significantly to the development of green energy.They can help implement solar energy, significantly increasing infrastructure capacity and quality in developing countries [21].Solar energy is concentrated in countries in the 'Sunbelt,' with much sunlight, where there is a lot of global solar horizontal irradiation throughout the year, for example, the Middle East, Australia, North Africa, China, the United States, and South Africa.The average annual solar intensity is >2800 kWh/m2-, and the average daily solar intensity is >7.5 kWh/m2-.It is correct that the Middle East is currently the most focused investor in collaborating with Indonesia.

Partnership and Solar Energy in Indonesia
One of the focuses of this research is the application of solar energy in several regions in Indonesia through partners from foreign investors.Solar energy in West Bandung and Purwakarta, West Java, Indonesia, is an Independent Power Producer (IPP) project, a collaboration between PT Pembangkit Listrik Jawa Bali (PJBI) and Masdar Company (UAE), a subsidiary of Mubadala Investment Company [22].The 145 MW floating solar power plant (PLTS) project in Cirata, West Java, began construction under the official supervision of Abu Dhabi in December 2020.One of the11 commercial agreements signed in January 2020 in Abu Dhabi in the presence of President Joko Widodo and Crown Prince Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan is a 145 MW Floating Solar Power Plant Project.The solar power plant in Cirata, West Java, is the largest in Southeast Asia and the second largest globally.Renewable energy development is Indonesia's priority, and it continues approaching several countries interested in cooperating with Indonesia [23].
However, there are obstacles to this floating solar energy project.Installing floating solar power plants adds difficulty and requires considering several factors.These factors include the need for submarines and experts who can maintain the system.Panels that block sunlight can also have an environmental impact on the biosphere below.Safety must also be considered because there are various components in a floating solar PV system that are submerged in water.In addition, this system is vulnerable to natural events such as hurricanes, tsunamis, and high waves, which can cause system damage.The service life of floating PLTS can be affected by the possibility of corrosion occurring on components, which is higher than PLTS installed on land.Even though floating solar PV is not a technology that has been widely used in Indonesia, it has been used in the past.There are still very few literature sources, both domestic and international, that discuss the installation of floating solar power plants.Building a floating PLTS is estimated to be much more complicated than building a rooftop or land-based PLTS.Compared to PLTS installed on land, the installation process is more complex, especially regarding securing the electrical anchoring and mooring systems [24].
Sweden and Indonesia are now focusing on sustainable development in Eastern Indonesia because they realize the vast potential of developing renewable energy sources.Sweden intends to concentrate its investment in the Eastern Indonesia region, although it is still discussing and developing its energy investment.The main objective of this initiative is to develop inter-island connections using renewable energy, such as solar and wind power.The Swedish side also said that following West Nusa Tenggara, they would continue to look for viable areas throughout Indonesiathat could contribute to the implementation of the energy transition.The three most considerable energy potentials -solar, wind, and geothermal -are Sweden's main areas of concern in eastern Indonesia.
The agreement with the Swedish company PT Eco Solution Lombok (ESL), which shortly will carry out several project developments in Tanjung Ringgit, Jerowaru District, East Lombok Regency, is one of the Swedish partnerships in Eastern Indonesia that has received the green light.The effort is in collaboration with the provincial Government of NTB.Emil Akander, Vice President and Head of Region South and Southeast Asia of Business Sweden, said there are still many Swedish projects in Eastern Indonesia [25].
Japan is a potential partner to meet the needs of renewable energy investment in Indonesia, one of which is through funding through the Asian Zero Emission Community (AZEC) programworth US$ 500 million.Japan and Indonesia share the concern that energy and the economy must work together to achieve prosperity by maintaining sustainable economic growth and transforming energy towards carbon neutrality/net zero emissions [26].Japan expressed its appreciation for the cooperation between PT.PLN (Persero) and Sumitomo Corporation, which was marked by signingthe Principles Agreement regarding the early disposal of PLTU (Steam Fired Power Plant) Tanjung Jati B Unit 1-4 assets and the development of PLTA (Hydro Power Plant) Kayan during the G20 Summit in Bali.Japan and Indonesia agreed to become the initiators in realizing the Asia Zero Emission Community (AZEC) concept.This cooperation is also the agreement of the two heads of state, President Joko Widodo and Japanese Prime Minister, Fumio Kishida, in a bilateral meeting during the G20 Summit in Bali [27].
Indonesia's national policy to increase the use of renewable energy requires investment in developing supporting infrastructure, such as the need for solar panels to convert solar energy into electricity.The collaboration with Japan through this investment is expected to increase the utilizationof renewable energy in Indonesia, which is still around 2.1% of the total NRE (New Renewable Energy) potential, which reaches 400 GW.One form of investment made by Japan is investment fromafterFIT Co. Ltd., with the establishment of PT afterFIT Indonesia in Jakarta, in 2019.This investment is committed to building some PLTS with a capacity of 50MW, with a total capacity of 1.7GW, in several locations in Indonesia [28].
Indonesia and the United States signed a Pre-Cooperation Agreement, which was carried out between SEG (Smart Export Guarantee) Solar Inc. together with ATW Group (Indonesian partner) and KITB.An American company is investing in constructing a solar panel and module manufacturing industry in the Batang Integrated Industrial Area (KITB) of Central Java with an investment value of up to US$500 million or the equivalent of Rp.7.5 trillion.The signing of this collaboration is a form of the Indonesian Government's efforts to encourage the energy transition and the initial process to encourage openness between us and the United States Government.SEG Solar, through its joint venture company with ATW Group from Indonesia, will build a solar panel and solar module manufacturing facility with a capacity of up to 5 GW.The US is the sixth-ranked country that has realized the most investment renewable energy in Indonesia, with a total investment of US$9.4 billion from 2018 to the first quarter of 2023 [29].

Solar Energy Realization in Indonesia
An investment of $500 million or IDR 7.5 trillion was made in the Batang Integrated Industrial Estate 1324 (2024) 012093 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/0120936 (KITB) by American solar panel manufacturer SEG Solar Inc. Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) of cooperation between PT KITB and PT.ATW Investment Aligned will represent SEG Solar Inc. at the Hannover Messe event in April 2023 to recognize the investment.The 3GW and 5GW capacity solar module manufacturing facilities will be built on an area of 41 Ha whichwill be leased by a company that converts sunlight into electricity.According to the Main Director of KITB (Batang Integrated Industrial Area), Ngurah Wirawan, he believes that the cooperation between KITB and SEG (Smart Export Guarantee) will increase national renewable energy production.This mutually beneficial partnership will provide a reliable and affordable supply of crucial components forSEG solar modules and create jobs for the Indonesian economy.
The strategic choice of working with SEG in Indonesia has increased KITB's desire to meet the country's growing demand for solar energy and energy independence.The President Director's remarks align with the Indonesian government's initiative to achieve Net Zero Emissions by encouraging the solar panel industry's growth to develop New and Renewable Energy (EBT) in the country.SEG Solar Inc.'s presence significantly impacts how quickly renewable energy is adopted in Indonesia.In addition, because SEG Solar Inc. will require 2,000 workers, the company's presence in Batang Regency invites community preparation to meet labor needs.
Jim Wood, Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of SEG, explained why the significant investment in KIT Batang was made in Indonesia.After carefully considering several variables, he claims that Indonesia has proven to be the best place for international investment.The country provides afavorable environment with beneficial tax laws, abundant resources, and favorable policies [30].
According to the Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs and Investment, Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan, the cooperation between Indonesia and Singapore to expand the Solar Power Plant (PLTS) supply chain industry could reach US$50 billion.This overall investment demonstrates Indonesia's commitment to expanding the upstream and downstream sectors of solar power generation andelectricity exports.Singapore will receive electricity exported from solar power plants, according to Luhut.However, he emphasized that domestic PLTS production, such as solar panels, solar photovoltaic (PV), and battery energy storage systems (SPEB), are still needed.Then, in March 2023, a Memorandum of Understanding for the development of renewable energy was signed by the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs and Investment of the Republic of Indonesia and the Office of the Prime Minister of Singapore.
This agreement includes cross-border electricity trade between the two countries that allows foreign currency to enter Indonesia, as well as investment cooperation in the development of industrial production capacity and renewable energy in Indonesia from upstream to downstream.Singapore's interest in Indonesian EBT exports is another factor accelerating solar panel production in the country.On March 16, PT Medco Power Indonesia (Medco Power), PT Energi Baru TBS (New Energy), and PT Adaro Clean Energy Indonesia (Adaro Green) signed a memorandum ofunderstanding with several PV and battery manufacturers (OEM/Original Equipment Manufacturers)regarding the development of renewable energy (EBT) and the supply chain for solar panels and batteries in Indonesia.
The signing occurred at the Fullerton Hotel Singapore.The Coordinating Minister for Maritime Affairs and Investment, Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan, witnessed it, and Senior Minister and Coordinating Minister for National Security HE Senior Minister Teo Chee Hean.This agreement was carried out by the President Director of PT Adaro Power Dharma Djojonegoro, the Main Director of Medco Power Eka Satria, and the Main Director of Energi Baru, Dimas Adi Wibowo.Adaro Green, Medco Power, and PT Energi Baru are working with several PV (Photovoltaics) and battery manufacturers at home and abroad to build EBT prospects and industrialization for the Solar PV and SPEB supply chains.PT Utomo Juragan Atap Surya Indonesia, LONGi Solar Technology Co., Ltd, Jiangsu Seraphim Solar System Co., Ltd, Znshine PV-Tech Co., Ltd, Sungrow Power Supply Co., Ltd, PT Huawei Tech Investment, and REPT BATTERO Energy Co., Ltd. are some of the names of the companies involved.In order to build the domestic solar panel industry and manufacture and achieve the desired project economic value, this collaboration is expected to contribute to developing a favorable businessenvironment.
This collaboration relates to the supply chain prospects for the Solar PV industry and SPEB, which are part of the PLTS supply chain companies to be industrialized.
Adaro Power hopes that the readiness and strategy of the business and industry in anticipatingan increase in renewable energy demand can meet domestic and regional needs.According to Sahid, how far is our cooperation, the MoU refers to making a cooperation project as Official Development Assistance (ODA), which cannot be replaced.The president of the Korea Institute of Technology Advancement put forward this proposal.This collaborative activity has several aspects, such as supporting a solar electric station installation project in Indonesia, particularly concerning charging systems such as complex solar charging stations for electric vehicles [32].
A Solar Power Plant (PLTS) with a capacity of 2 Megawatts, which is the largest PLTS in Sumatra, has been built in the Jakabaring sports area to support the holding of the 2018 XVIII Asian Games and to enliven the Games this time to make it feel greener and more environmentally friendly.The Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM) project, a partnership between the Indonesian and Japanese governments in low-carbon development to fight climate change, resulted in the Jakabaring PLTS building.There are 31 JCM projects currently being carried out in Indonesia, one of which is the Jakabaring PLTS Development Project.The total investment value of this partnership between Indonesia and Japan is USD 139 million, of which USD 83 million comes from private sector investment in Indonesia and USD 56 million from government subsidies in Japan.
The Provincial Government of South Sumatra became the leading supporter of the construction of this PLTS.Subsequently, it appointed the South Sumatra Regional Mining and Energy Company (PDPDE) as the regional institution to implement it.To help PDPDE South Sumatra and Sharp Japan meet Japan's and Indonesia's emission reduction goals, the Japanese government has provided subsidies of up to 50% of the total investment value for engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC Fees), technology transfer, capacity building, and calculation models reducing GHG emissions.Construction of this PLTS began in 2017 and has been used for commercial purposes(COD) since April 10, 2018 [33].
Of the many companies, solar energy has been widely used in several places in Indonesia.All efforts made by Indonesia are a form of Indonesia's commitment to realizing NZE through the ratification of the Paris Agreement.Indonesia's target is to reach 31.89% in 2030, with international support of 43.2 percent.Based on the Deep Decarbonization of Indonesia's Energy System study, Indonesia can achieve total carbon by 2050 [34].

Conclusion
Indonesia is trying to transition from fossil energy to renewable energy to realize Net Zero Emission (NZE).In 2026, the renewable energy plan will be realized at around 26% and continue until it no longer depends on fossil energy.The type of renewable energy developed in Indonesia uses much solar energy.Many partners are interested in renewable energy projects in Indonesia, especially investors from the Middle East, one of which is Masdar Company, a subsidiary of Murban Energy company, the largest company in the renewable energy sector in the world.This project with Masdar will be completed in October 2023.Masdar Company invests in Indonesia, focusing on solar energy above the Cirata Dam in West Java, Indonesia.Apart from the Middle East, several countries are interested in becoming partners, including Singapore, Switzerland, South Korea, the United States, Japan, and others.
Even though the solar energy transition in Indonesia is possible because Indonesia has a tropical climate that receives an abundance of sunlight, the Indonesian government faces several obstacles.For example, Indonesia must work hard to find investors with the same commitment stated in SDG point-7 regarding partnerships.Usually, investors will only finalize once the project is finished with several considerations, especially those related to land acquisition.The Indonesian government is getting around this with floating solar energy.However, more is needed because corrosion problems arise and their : 7.1 2030 adequate, affordable, reliable, and modern energy assistance in general.7.2 2030, renewable energy can be included in the global energy mix and be increasing, and thirdly, 2030, energy efficiency improvements must be doubled.7.3 2030, double energy efficiency improvements at the global level.There are two additional main points in the SDG 7 concept, namely: 7.a 2030, strengthen international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy technologies and research, including renewable energy, energy efficiency, and advanced, cleaner fossil fuel technologies, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technologies.
[31]rding to Eka Satria, President Director of PT Medco Power Indonesia, this collaboration supports the Indonesian government's initiative to accelerate the adoption of renewable energy.Dimas Adi Wibowo, President Director of PT Energi Baru TBS, said that his party appreciates and supports the government's initiative to accelerate the growth of the renewable energy sector in Indonesia[31].In February 2022, the President of the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology,Yeong Cheol Seok, and Secretary of the Directorate General of New, Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation, Sahid Junaidi, signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the Electric Vehicle Charging System Pilot Project.The Ministerial Joint Committee on Economic Cooperation (JCEC) meeting between the Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia and the Minister of Trade, Industry, and Energy of South Korea made signing this MoU one of its achievements.