The Linkage Between Economic Growth and Ecology of Urban Area Development in Indonesia: A Systematic Review

In this decade there are often disasters and other things of natural damage that have an impact on the lives of the global community. Pollution and disasters are the reasons for the difficulty of realizing sustainable development goals indicators. Rapid economic growth accompanied by large population growth and energy fulfilment needs every year causes a surge in global-scale crises. The industrial area that was formed is also increasingly expanding which cannot be ignored that land use has also changed. In this study, we will examine the relationship between economic growth and ecological conditions in urban development areas in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative description method with a systematic literature review approach. The findings of this study are that economic growth is a major cause of environmental damage by industrial activity and the expansion of urban development areas. Even so, prevention efforts by examining more deeply each aspect by involving every party, including architecture, to be able to realize sustainable development.


Introduction
In the current decade, there have been many changes and developments.The development of globalization cannot be stopped and has become part of a country's policy framework for the government sphere.Sustainable Development (SD) is not an independent idea but has one main parent.The parent of this movement was the Brundtland Commission report in 1987 which had the tagline "Our Common Future" [1].With the spirit of meeting the needs of the present without sacrificing future generations, this was then adopted as a unified idea in the environmental, economic, and social fields [1][2].Since the end of the MDG era from 2000 to 2015, the UN agreed to evaluate and analyze what further steps should be taken to achieve the core objectives of the Brundtland report.From the MDG era, it can be concluded that 8 main indicators to resolve such are eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, achieving universal primary education, promoting gender equality and women, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, combating aids and malaria diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability, and global partnership.Therefore, from 2015 to 2030, a global idea was high-income with 17 main indicators, namely Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which are currently deemed appropriate to the conditions of the climate crisis, environmental crisis, and several other crises such as the economy, justice and other developments [1].
The phenomenon of increasingly rapid population growth cannot be separated from having an impact on other aspects of life.Increasing population growth also has an impact on demand for energy use.This is also accompanied by increasing economic growth in the industrial, tourism, housing, transportation modes, and other fields [2][3][4].The industry as the centre of economic growth and development is not a strange thing if we see the industry as a major contributor to carbon energy for the last few decades.The waste and gas emissions produced are certainly not significant in a short period.Still, because this process has been going on for decades, this has caused an increase in greenhouse gases and a global crisis.Thus, it is not surprising to find the phenomenon of increasing population growth which also encourages an increase in social quality which is also accompanied by increasing pollution and emissions [4][5].The increase in the earth's temperature and the occurrence of disasters that cause significant losses are some of the obstacles to realizing the goals of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) idea [3,6].
This sustainable development is certainly not internal to one country, but rather a large project between countries at the world level.One of the reasons behind this study is what conditions and attitudes exist in the Southeast Asia region.The Southeast Asia region is one of the regions categorized as the upper-middle region [2].As an upper-middle country, the situation and capabilities are certainly different compared to high-income countries.These countries are still in the stage of searching for and exploring their mineral resources [3], but with the SDG's indicators, what is the right attitude for uppermiddle countries to take?Based on the literacy results of 40 articles taking the effective period for the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals, a research gap has been found, among all the variables in references and reading materials, no one has discussed the relationship between economic growth and ecological quality on the development of urban areas in Indonesia.Therefore, in this article, we will try to describe and explain what this relationship is like in the scope of sustainable development.

Methodology
This article uses a writing method that is not subjective but is transparent, reliable, renewable, and repeatable.This aims to obtain an accurate data source and an effective and relevant analysis description process.Researchers carried out several forms of review stages.First, the researchers determined the reference time limit, namely the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) period or the 2015-current period.Second, the results of this journal search found that from 40 journals there are 36 of them were related and met the inclusion criteria.Third, from 36 related journals, researchers try to determine the several keywords there are, environment, energy, economy, industrial waste, SDG's policies, and smart cities.From a total of 36 journals, there are 25 points as references and several points as reading materials.Researchers in the process of collecting literature data also use the word "AND" as a Boolean Operator to combine different concepts and aspects as search keywords to narrow down the journal and/or document information we want to obtain.This study was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method with a systematic literature review approach.A summary of this literature review on the urban development area will continue to discuss the research gaps that we found.So, from the results of in-depth literacy from researchers, 3 main topics were obtained, which will be discussed as follows.Below is a search process (Preferred systematic literature review by Meta-Analysis, PRISMA) from the ScienceDirect database shown in Figure 1.After the process of systematic literature review above, it is known that from the search and selection process of scientific journals based on the ScienceDirect database, it has been found that in general, 40 journals passed the second screening stage.From these 40 journals, an in-depth alignment and analysis about the study of the research objectives, impacts, or discussions were studied and the researchers produced 25 relevant journals.

Findings in Systematic Literature Review
In the systematic review process, the review is carried out by reviewing each relevant journal.The study is based on looking at the objectives of the research then looking at the things that are the main topics of research studies and grouping based on the findings of each journal.Obtained from these 25 journals, there are 3 main topics, including environment, economics, and policy.As for references that discuss economics, there is a discussion of energy use and its impact on the environment.Some references discuss the economy that has an impact on the environment and land use so it requires a certain policy.Some references only discuss certain aspects, namely the environment and land use, and some references only discuss single topics such as educational topics, as well as policies.After gathering 25 relevant journals, the researcher carried out the next step to break down each of these journals based on their focus study, issues that are contained inside of the study, and the results of the study.So, it can be seen which roles are influential or often discussed and in what form the research contributes.The following is an explanation in the form of a tabulation of the 25 selected relevant journals described in Table 1  24.

Policies and environment
• Technology for achieving the critical decision • Exploring the role of technology for the decision-makers to overcome any possible trade-off. [19] 25.

Environment and economy
• Economy threat • Environment threat • Achieving environmental sustainability through a lowcarbon economy, renewable energy, and the ecological viability of the forests [25] The emergence of the main factors of the study in Table 1 above includes 80% of 25 journals discussing economic growth and energy use, 52% of 25 journals discussing environmental ecology, and 72% of 25 journals discussing policy plans.From this percentage, it can be explained that the economy is the biggest factor in this sustainable development effort, followed by ecology as an affected aspect of economic growth and the relevant solution that emerges is to set a policy.The following Figure 2 is a pie chart of the percentage of research main factors used as a reference in this study.

Figure 2. Percentage of the Main Factor of Research from Relevant Journals
From the results of the tabulation above, it is also then known the percentage of research findings from several points of view.The results obtained from the tabulation Table 1 above, are, that 64% discuss policy as the major findings of the research, 28% discuss the ecological (environment and economy) as the major findings of the research, 4% discuss land use as the major findings of the research, and 4% discuss education.So, a pie chart can be made to find the percentage of the main findings in this study.The interlinks between the main topic from relevant journals and its main findings are used as information data and support the in-depth analysis process to answer the research gap.The following Figure 3 is a pie chart of the percentage of research findings used as a reference in this study.

Economy as a main role of the change
The economy is an important thing to improve in a country because, in the current era, countries are starting to continue to develop their countries towards the target of high-income and/or upper-middle countries.Thus, countries are now very aggressive in terms of improving their cities through improving public facilities and adding related infrastructure.Apart from that, many upper-middle and high-income countries have started to circulate large amounts of money to increase their per capita economy.From an economic perspective, it cannot be separated from two global categorizations, such are resource-rich countries and resource-scare countries [4].This abundance of natural resources then becomes the basis for mining, extraction, and exploration behaviour to meet social needs to support an increase in a country's per capita income index [3].The behaviour of these two countries is certainly different regarding the use of resources for economic management to achieve economic sustainability.The impact of this economy will certainly increase quickly and surely every year along with the resources and technology that humans develop.So, what is the further impact of very rapid economic growth on human fulfilment in the urban sphere?The congested condition of urban land is certainly becoming a new problem.Therefore, there is a continuous shift in urban development which always and will continue to require land expansion [4].
With rapid economic growth, many lands began to develop.and in related journals from 2007 to 2017, there was an increase in digital economy carbon emissions in China [5].Embodied carbon emissions from the digital economy are more significant than direct carbon emissions.Economic development based on economic growth should be balanced and in line with the SDG's targets which have been high income at this time.This emphasizes that companies and policymakers who are currently upper-middle must be able to bring about improvements in environmental governance and sustainability [6].In a journal that researched companies in Vietnam, it was found that several companies had implemented.It supported the SDGs which are currently underway to improve and maintain a sustainable environment by implementing EMCS to improve their environmental performance and also including SDGs in their business targets.Apart from that, the government has emphasized that the company's business development must also be based on the ability to maintain a sustainable environment [7].From the explanation above, a common thread can be seen, as to how the economy can have such an impact.Rapid economic growth requires space for resource exploration which then leads to increased infrastructure and facilities [8].However, the impact turned out to be positive in the form of progress in per capita income and meeting needs but had a negative impact on the carrying capacity of the environment.The environment is becoming more and more affected and it can be felt that in recent years a global crisis has emerged, whether in the form of a food crisis, climate crisis, disaster, or other macrorelated issues [12][13].Regulations also do not fail to become an important reference, whether the growth rate needs to be controlled with certain indicators and there is a need for re-alignment of the SDG's indicators so that sustainable development can be realized without ignoring the environment as a result of increasing economic and socio-industrial factors.

Land Use and Policy
We hear the very familiar word urbanization every day, where the movement of rural residents who are looking for a more decent life requires residents to move to urban areas, this has become the mindset of rural residents.With the movement of population towards cities, the need for land in urban areas has increased rapidly so many lands that should not be used as residential areas are now required to change their policies as residential zones.This has caused Green Open Space (GOS) to become smaller and even disappear.
Population growth from year to year is increasing rapidly.We can see from data from the Central Statistics Agency in the period 2021 to 2023 that the average population increase reached 1.17%.This has resulted in an increase in food supply for the population itself so that agricultural land and permanent pasture land will inevitably continue growing to meet the food supply itself [9].With the expansion of agricultural land itself, a lot of land that should be used as subtropical forests is displaced and lost for the sake of adequate food supplies so that subtropical forests that should be used to absorb and store carbon gas have been reduced so that the greenhouse effect increases and changes in seasonal rainfall occur [10].The function of the land has also changed and the majority has changed its function unlike its original function [11].Land use and land clearing for industrial areas also affect the environment how to prepare a new area which of course the environment must have the carrying capacity of something around it.In urban areas, the CBD area contributes positively to economic sustainability.Still, the scale of CBD occupancy has begun to solidify so that the movement of land expansion moves from cities to rural areas [12].
The rural area itself is an entity that is far from the word human modification touch and is still maintained by nature.The wealth of resources, the quality of environmental carrying capacity, and the right land make rural areas as areas that have naturally entered their knitting, disaster-resistant, and socio-microeconomic strong.Then urban movements shifting to rural areas began to trigger natural imbalance [13].Because nature was initially balanced then came a massive and rapid development.However, in some cases, rural areas are used as a special base to support the stability of urban areas by making a policy in the rural area which later the results of the success of the program in the area can be implemented in urban areas.Industrial estates are still able to develop but still ensure that land use should not be done carelessly to minimize the occurrence of improper land use and result in disasters and failure of sustainable development [14].
With significant environmental damage, it is necessary to have a policy that limits and regulates related stakeholders who play an important role in environmental change.According to the journal [15], it is stated that waste management functions to support changes towards a sustainable environment.This journal emphasizes that water waste management can contribute to achieving 11 of the 17 SDGs with the most important contribution coming from the ability to provide water (zero hunger, clean water, and sanitation), improve human health, increase new income for farmers, rich jobs, turning waste into energy, affordable and clean energy, and reducing the environmental impact of wastewater, responsible production consumption, climate action, and also life underwater.The important role of media is also needed in efforts to increase social enthusiasm so that not only policy stakeholders produce a policy product but the public, in general, can also participate in getting appropriate solutions between land use, industrial areas, and urban development which is increasingly rapid day by day [16].

Ecology and the Energy Transition
Energy plays a very important role in the sustainability of cities and the continuity of life for humans, nature, and animals.There are many definitions of city development today, one of which is the change in traditional cities towards 'The Biggest City' or Big City.Changes in traditional cities are caused by immigration so changes in traditional cities cause many environmental problems.This problem cannot be solved with a traditional urban understanding because it cannot meet the needs of modern society [17].This requires the government to think carefully about utilizing energy to produce renewable energy.Ecology is not only limited to the environment in terms of vegetation, but ecology includes everything contained in and within an environment.Both in human form, natural resources, and buildings that have been taken by humans [18].Ecology is architecturally an inseparable component.Because in time humans move from one point to another where nature also changes.In the point of view of an architect, in an architectural science of course the existence of nature is important.The discipline of architecture in this decade began to move and pay attention to the preservation of nature, but only limited to the institutional realm.Awareness of environmental sustainability in architectural education is currently still lacking, with it shown that there are still few institutions that bring environment-related curricula in an integrated manner.As a role model of the development process, an architect in addition to mastering design science must also understand the importance of preserving the natural environment [18].
The increase in urban population also increases environmental damage so improvements are needed in the existing waste management sector, especially industrial waste, where industry is an icon of a city because where there is a city, there is the industrial sector.Reflecting on smart cities, cities must solve basic problems such as water/wastewater management, waste management, pollution control, and effective transportation that the city must face [17].The growth of the city causes the density of the city to increase so that population mobility is very significant, resulting in air pollution and increased gas emissions resulting from pollution from vehicles.From the research results obtained in the journal, it was found that around 50% of carbon emissions were related to trading commodities (steel, cement, and chemicals), and the remainder was related to finished and semi-finished products.Carbon emissions contained in ports are very high and significant.High-income countries usually import carbon emissions while upper-middle countries export carbon [9].Carbon emissions formed in upper-middle countries are because, indeed, the current condition of upper-middle countries is trying to explore the abundance of their natural resources and at the same time upper-middle countries also align what methods are right so that with a common spirit they can realize a better future with the concept of transitioning fossil energy to renewable energy [19].
One of the urban arrangements includes the role of architects and many other parties who must also be involved starting from the community level, then to the level of policymakers [20] so that with the formation of coherence between various parties, ecological sustainability at the scale of the city area including related to the concept of renewable energy can be realized properly so that it can answer with precision what are the indicators of SDG's [21].

Conclusion
Population growth has increased drastically, causing land requirements to increase, resulting in a shift in green open space, and subtropical forests which function as climate and rainfall controllers increasingly being eliminated.on the other hand, population growth also causes energy needs and food supplies to increase and vehicles are also increasingly crowded, thereby increasing carbon gases which create a greenhouse gas effect that causes damage to the environment.Cities whose sources of economic supply come from industry and companies where these agencies do not understand and carry out activities to maintain a sustainable environment, thereby causing damage to nature from the disposal of waste that has not been processed and has not been managed properly.Therefore, policies are needed.which is significant to control and regulate these stakeholders so that they can follow and implement a sustainable environment properly by managing industrial waste (water, waste, land, pollution).The architect here is very important, especially since we can take a stand as designers, not only relying on the sharpness of intuition just to pursue aesthetic beauty but as architects, we must be able to become role models in the context of awareness of city or regional development.With a combination of knowledge at the adequate institutional level and the ability of architects to process taste and logic, it is expected to be able to grow and develop along with the development of urban areas in Indonesia.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Selection of journals for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) in this study.

8 Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Percentage of the Research Findings from Relevant Journals

Table 1 .
below.Selected relevant papers that report various types of research and their handling on the SDG sector including studies in Indonesia are indexed using the ScienceDirect database.