Mini Organic Waste Chopper Design with Ergonomic Techniques

The problem that often occurs in waste transportation at the Balikpapan State Polytechnic is a mismatch between the volume of waste and it is carrying capacity. The large dimensions of the waste make it necessary to transport the waste repeatedly. An ergonomically designed organic waste chopper aims to chop waste into small particles by providing comfort and safety when using this tool. The method used in this research is to use anthropometric data as a reference in determining the dimensions of the tool frame and the specifications of the materials to be used. Quantitative results were obtained by observing and filling out questionnaires with research respondents. Data from the measurements of the respondent’s body and hands are then transformed into statistical form to find the standard deviation and percentile. The results achieved in this study were the design of a mini organic waste chopper made using ergonomic techniques. The survey conducted after testing the tool stated that 75% of the total respondents stated that based on the tool framework and additional features, this tool can be used according to the needs of the respondents.


Introduction
Currently, population growth is rapidly increasing, so energy consumption also increases and leads to environmental degradation, such as inadequate waste processing.Waste is leftover material that is no longer desirable after the material undergoes several processes.Life of humans became more advanced, greater environmental damage is produced, such as an increase in the volume of waste.Waste is divided into two groups, namely organic waste, and inorganic waste, where organic waste is waste derived from the remnants of human activities that can be decomposed [1][2][3].One common problem is that the carrying capacity of waste is not balanced with the volume of existing waste, especially organic waste even though organic waste is waste that is easily decomposed and can be recycled.An organic waste chopper is designed to make it easier for humans to transport organic waste, so large volumes of waste can be transported in one go.There were several stages in the design of organic waste choppers, which were the planning, manufacturing, and tool testing.In the design of tools, the tool was first drawn, manufactured, and finally the parts were combined so that they were fully assembled.The tool was designed using ergonomic techniques such as anthropometric methods, quality function deployment, and Kansei engineering.The purpose of ergonomic tools was to provide comfort and safety to tool users.Ergonomics is the science of designing tools based on human needs and characteristics.Ergonomic principles are determined based on factors such as the user's body size, the work system, and the workstation.The purpose of ergonomic principles is to provide comfort and safety to users based on the size 1324 (2024) 012066 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/012066 2 of the human body and what the user needs, and to make time and energy more efficient [4][5][6][7][8].The tool design was based on anthropometric data to ensure user comfort and safety.Anthropometry is a branch of science that studies the size or dimensions of different humans caused by several factors such as heredity, age, and ethnicity of the user.Anthropometric data included measurements of body and hand size.The data are used to find the average of the dimensional measurements and determine the standard deviation value to get the percentile that can be used as a benchmark for the body dimensions.In addition to using anthropometric methods, the design of this tool also used the Kansei engineering method, which was carried out by making direct observations, conducting interviews with users, and making questionnaires.The Kansei engineering method was used to determine the material specifications, the advantages of the product, and aesthetic design.The tool is also designed by looking at the level of noise generated by the device when used not to damage human hearing and interfere with health for the user [9][10].The design of this mini-organic waste chopper required several mechanical components to function.The design included mechanical components such as pulleys, belts, bearings, and shafts.These mechanical components work together to transmit the rotation of the cutting knife using an electric motor, allowing the tool to be used.The rotational drive of this tool used an electric motor that rotates the shaft as the place for the cutting knife of the tool using a belt and pulley [11][12].The design of the tool prioritized user safety and comfort to reduce the risk of accidents and potential hazards.The purpose of this study based on the introduction above was to find additional attributes and features that will be used to design a mini organic waste chopper with ergonomic techniques, to analyze the relationship between user needs and the tool, to analyze additional features of this mini organic waste chopper, and to know the design process of mini organic waste choppers with ergonomic techniques.

Literature Review
Article Design and construction of a shredding machine for recycling and management of organic waste explained that the design has been made in accordance with the wishes of the consumers.Their study aimed to design an organic waste chopper with anthropometry and Kansei engineering methods.They conducted the study based on consumer data on wants and needs only without looking at data on body dimensions and hand dimensions of consumers.Another related article was obtained from the Journal of Research and Technology explaining the ergonomics of making a waste chopper [13][14].Therefore, in this study, the anthropometric data was obtained directly by measuring the body and hand dimensions of the study respondents.The Kansei engineering method was used by giving questionnaires to respondents and conducting interviews with them to find out what they wanted and needed for the design of this organic waste chopper.This study also used data from the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method, which also aimed to find the needs of tool users.

Method
The framework used in the study was prepared based on direct observation, interviews, and questionnaires conducted.The framework contained several symptoms and problems in the design of this tool and was the basis for writing scientific papers.The research was carried out on the campus of the Balikpapan State Polytechnic with the participation of janitors and students.The method used was to take body size data from respondents known as the Anthropometry method in addition to using data based on observation and direct interviews with respondents to obtain conclusions with the Kansei engineering method.Anthropometry data is obtained by providing questionnaires to respondents and conducting direct interviews with users to calculate the average value, standard deviation, and percentile data to adjust to the needs and comfort of tool users.Meanwhile, Kansei engineering data were obtained by providing questionnaires filled out by respondents and conducting interviews with study respondents [15][16].Table 1 mean the respondents in this study were 20 people consisting of 8 janitors and 12 students.Table 1 describes the number to respondents of the study consisting of 12 men with a percentage of 60% and 8 women with a percentage of 40%.For age respondents 20-35-year-old respondents were the largest portion of the respondents with a percentage of 50%, totaling 10 people, consisting of 9 students and 1 janitor.Three people, all students, were less than 20 years old, having a percentage of 15%.There were also 5 people aged 36-50 with a percentage of 25%, and all of them were janitors.Finally, there were two people over 50 years of age with a percentage of 10%, and all of them are also janitors.As shown in Figure 2, the main parts of this mini organic waste chopper include several components, such as the top chopper as a cover, the bottom chopper as the output of the chopping results, the tool frame, tool wheels, electric motors, and mechanical components.The view used in Figure 2 is the side and rear view of this organic waste chopper.

Data Questionnaire
The questionnaire used in this study collected data and information from the respondents as a reference for tool design.Data were collected by providing a g-form to be filled out by the respondent and conducting direct interviews with 20 people, consisting of 12 students and 8 janitors.

Anthropometric Data
Anthropometric data was necessary to determine the body and hand dimensions of the respondents.In this study explain in Table 2, 36 body dimensions and 18 hand dimensions were measured.After obtaining the measurements, the average, standard deviation, and percentiles were calculated to determine the benchmark for tool design.

.3 Quality Function Deployment Method
The Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method was used to identify the wants and needs of the study respondents.The QFD diagram describes the relationship between elements as shown in Figure 3.

Fig.3. QFD Method
The highest values were obtained for elements that were easy to carry and use, provided a sense of security, used sturdy square-shaped materials, and were resistant to vibration.The importance values for these elements were 512.1 and 560.6, with relative weights of 15.7 and 17.2 points.

Numerical Results
Body and hand dimensions were collected from 20 respondents, and the measurement results are presented in Tables 4 and 5.The next step was to calculate the average measurements of the dimensions to determine the standard deviation and percentile values.The average value was obtained using the following formula: Total of all data An example of the average calculation for dimension 1 in the respondent body anthropometry data table is as follows: After obtaining the average value, the standard deviation and percentile values were calculated using the formula below, with the values obtained for dimension 1 as follows:  5 presents the data on the hand dimension of the respondents, which was calculated in the same way as the body dimensions.The average value was calculated first, followed by the standard deviation and the percentile value.For example, the calculation for the first respondent's hand dimension is as follows: The formula used to calculate the percentile values is listed in Table 3 for reference.

Graphical Results
The Kansei engineering method was used as one of the basic considerations in determining the tool frame model.Data were obtained from questionnaires and direct interviews with 20 study respondents, as shown in Table 4.The results are presented in the following pie charts.

Proposed Improvements
The process of making a mini organic waste chopper with ergonomic techniques is carried out in several stages, including tool design, manufacturing process, and testing stage.The test was carried out by inserting several samples of organic waste into the chopper.The data obtained from the test results were as follows:  The next test is to compare the shape of the cutting results.The test was also carried out 4 times and obtained the following results: From Table 6, it is obtained that the results of the mini organic waste chopping tool at the time of testing were classified as coarse, medium, and fine.This is due to the type of waste that is chopped in tests 1 and 2 which was plastic bottle and dry leaf waste, which got medium chopping results.
In test 3 with grass waste, fine chopping results were obtained, while in test 4 with tree branch waste, rough chopping results were obtained.The funding for this study was limited, so the materials used were obtained at low prices.Furthermore, the electric motor as the driving force only had 1 HP of power, and sharpened iron strip plates were used as cutting knives.For future improvements, assuming sufficient funds, a gasoline or diesel-fueled driving motor should be used so that the resulting rotation has more power.Cutting knives should be made of gilded steel.Finally, the tool frame should also be made of stronger iron with tested hardness.Figure 6 that, that, the tool has been completed.The design of the tool design is based on anthropometric data and Kansei engineering data obtained.For example, the color of the tool is adjusted to the wishes of the respondent and the tool frame is adjusted to the material needed by the user of the tool.

Validation
The validation carried out involved testing the hypotheses in the statistical analysis according to the theme of the study.Hypotheses are temporary answers to the research problem.When determining additional attributes and features in the mini organic waste chopper design, there was a relationship between the dimensions of the human body and the hand to ensure user comfort.Furthermore, there is a relationship between the needs of the users and the questionnaires and interviews with the respondents.Another relationship is due to limited funding for the design of

Chopping Results
this mini-organic waste chopper; materials and components such as small-volume driving motors and sharpened iron strip plates were used for cutting knives.The tool-making process began with the planning and data collection stages, followed by several stages of assembly, and ended with the tool testing stage to determine its suitability for use.In figure 7, from the results of testing the tool stated that 15 people said the tool was as needed and provided comfort.The remaining 5 respondents stated that they had not because there were several features that were still considered lacking due to the limited cost of making the tool.

Conclusions
The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that a mini organic waste chopper can be designed using anthropometric data and Quality Function Deployment (QFD).Data were obtained from questionnaires and interviews conducted with study respondents.The design and manufacture of tools were based on the data obtained.The tool was designed with ergonomics in mind to facilitate user comfort and safety.The design and manufacture of the mini organic waste chopper occurred in several stages, starting with the planning and preparation of the tool frame.The subsequent stages involved cutting materials, welding, surface leveling, and making holes.During tool tests, which were carried out four times, it was found that the plastic bottle waste could be finely chopped in 10 seconds.The organic waste consisting of dry leaves and grass waste was moderately chopped and required 8 and 6 seconds, respectively.The tree branches, due to their coarse characteristics, produced coarse chopping, which took about 15 seconds.The objectives of the study, which included identifying the attributes and features needed for the design of mini organic waste choppers using ergonomic techniques, analyzing the relationship between the needs of users and the tools to be designed and understanding the process of designing such tools, were achieved through the creation of a prototype of a mini organic waste chopper using ergonomic techniques.This tool also contributes to achieving sustainable development goals, namely by minimizing the accumulation of waste in rubbish bins so that it can be transported quickly to rubbish dumps.So that it can create healthy and prosperous living conditions in the area where research is conducted and provide a quality education process because the place for conducting research is in the campus area.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Main Parts of the Tool Deviation Xi = Dimension value number to-i (cm) x ̅ = Average (cm) N = Total of data Table value number to-i (cm) x ̅ = Average (cm) N = Total of data

Table 1 .
The identity by gender and ageFrom figure 1 flowchart design prototype explained, if an error was found when testing the tool, or the tool was not functioning properly, it will return to the tool design stage, namely the repair process.Otherwise, the tool can be used directly by the user. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/012066

Table 2 .
Anthropometric Data of Respondents' Body and Hand

Table 4 .
Graphical Results

Table 5 .
The Test Results of the Mini Organic Waste Chopper Based on the Chopping Time Table5, 4 tests were carried out to compare the cutting time needed.In Test 1, with the type of plastic bottle waste, the cutting time of 12 seconds was obtained.Test 2 with the type of dry leaf waste took 8 seconds.Furthermore, Test 3 with the type of grass waste took 6 seconds, and Test 4 with the type of tree branch waste obtained a cutting time of 15 seconds.

Table 6 .
The Test Results of the Mini Organic Waste Chopper Based on the Chopping Results