The Impact of Community Activity Enlivening in Shaping Historical Areas Case Study: Kayutangan Heritage, Malang, Indonesia

Kayutangan was a historical Central Business District (CBD) area of Malang City since the Dutch East Indies era. However, it is slowly dying because of the emergence of new shopping centers and CBD in Malang. To strengthen the branding of Malang as a Heritage City, the government is revitalizing Kayutangan, which has been dormant before. Therefore, this research investigates how historical public space revitalization and community activity contribute to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This research uses the descriptive qualitative method using case study that examines the community activities using place-centered mapping and changes made by the revitalization effort. There are three new activities emerges in KSC; social, economic, and cultural activities. The research results show that the revitalization of Kayutangan Street Corridor (KSC) and the emergence and collaboration of social, economic, and cultural activities successfully revitalized KSC in sustainable ways. Seventeen new activities are emerging; 70.6% are the emergence of economic activities, and the remaining 29.4% are cultural activities. The emergence of these activities resulted in thirteen activity-enlivening spots, 61.5% caused by economic activities and 38.5% driven by cultural activities. The economic and cultural activities succeeded in attracting social activities. Crowded with visitors and its strategic location increases investors’ interest in opening a business in KSC that contributes to the existing building’s preservation and Kayutangan and Malang City’s economy. The government facilitates the music groups to perform on-site as one of the district’s attractions. The result of KSC’s development suggests that the revitalization can contribute to three goals of SDGs on good health and well-being, decent work and economic growth, and sustainable cities and communities.


Introduction
Indonesia has many urban areas that were born since the Dutch East Indies era, one of which is Malang City.Founded in 1914, the Malang City Government planned the development and expansion of the city area using an eight-stage plan by a Dutch urban architect, Thomas Karsten.Not only did he design for Malang, but he also created other big cities in Java [1].He prepared the Bouwplan to significantly contribute to the city's development, leaving Malang City with various historical sites from the Dutch East Indies era, including architecture and urban design.With all its historical heritage, Malang City has the potential to become a Heritage City.Therefore, the Malang City Government decided to brand the 1324 (2024) 012057 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/012057 2 city's image as a Heritage City.Thanks to planning from Thomas Karsten, this city has several street corridors that were formed long ago, one of which is the Kayutangan Street Corridor (KSC).In the era before independence, KSC was one of the elite commercial areas in Malang City [1].There are various types of shophouses selling multiple commodities and services.The buildings still stand today, but unfortunately, a lot has changed, even abandoned.Abandoned old buildings stretch from end to end of the street corridor, making Kayutangan feel like a dying public space.Street corridors can become active public spaces to accommodate community activities in urban life [2].People pass through Kayutangan or only visit when needed, such as going to the bank and vehicle service dealers.These activities do not interest residents in walking along the KSC because there are no views or activities to enjoy.As a result, KSC as a public space faced apparent death until the renovation of Kayutangan at the end of 2020.
The Malang City Government is revitalizing the KSC public space to strengthen the Heritage City branding.Revitalizing urban public spaces is an effort to revive public spaces that have died because no activities are happening there.Proper planning is needed to restore a public space to appropriately fulfill the target urban development, and the public space can return to life.Public space should be viewed as an essential and effective design tool for restructuring public space for the urban regeneration process [3].Revitalization began at the end of 2020, and developments continue to this day and in the future.
A city cannot separate from public spaces that are essential to urban life.Public spaces are a means for city residents to relax and seek pleasure and a gathering place for residents to socialize with each other.Therefore, an excellent public space prioritizes people over infrastructure by focusing on the physical, social, and cultural identities that define a place and support its future development [4], [5].A public space can be a good place if it has four key attributes: it has good accessibility and can connect to important sites in the area; it is comfortable and has a good impression; it can attract people's attention to activities in the area; and it is a friendly environment that makes visitors want to visit again [4].After the government revitalized KSC, the public space began to come back to life, marked by the revival of abandoned buildings into its new function, such as a café, attracting people to visit KSC.
Urban historic sites are an ever-evolving social process that requires merging old and new traditions to survive [6].In the development of urban areas on a large scale, the adaptive reuse of historic buildings usually attracts new tourists.However, if the scale of development is small, it will not affect the social life of local residents as much as large-scale development [7].Improving the quality of public space in a city area, even if it is only limited to pedestrian space, can make a public space attract people's attention to carry out activities in it so that it forms the newest center of social activity in a city [8].It can also trigger the emergence of other activities, such as economic and cultural activities.Apart from attractions in the area, ease of accessibility to the site also needs to be considered to form social inclusiveness [7].
Improving a historical urban area as a public space can be developed sustainably.Preserving heritage buildings and sites can contribute to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) because it can be a stimulus towards sustainable city development [9]- [11].According to [12], there are 17 goals of SDGs to be achieved at the end of 2030.Sustainable development of a city can relate to all 17 goals, but public space of built heritage can contribute highly to Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities) [9], [10].Revitalizing urban public spaces can improve the community's quality of life and quality of urban areas and make them more functional than before by increasing new functional activities and adding other valuable elements as district attractions [9], [13], [14].The combination of historical site preservation and implementation of SDGs can reach a holistic and comprehensive result of sustainable city development and benefit the community and the city itself.
Several studies have been conducted on KSC.These studies discuss the history of the existence of Dutch East Indies buildings in Kayutangan [15], the visual quality and aesthetics of building façades [16]- [22], the use of 3D modeling as a tool for urban planning [23]- [26], forming regional images of the city [27], and image enhancement methods for visualizing historical buildings [28].However, research on sustainability development in the KSC has never been conducted.Efforts to revitalize KSC as a historic city area by the Malang City Government have generated new activities in KSC, making public space in this street corridor come alive again.The preservation of urban heritage public space and repurposing of existing buildings is one of the ways to reach sustainable city development.Therefore, this research uses qualitative descriptive methods to investigate how historical public space revitalization and its community activity contribute to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Research Method
This research is a qualitative descriptive research using a case study method.This research investigates the enlivening of activities in the Kayutangan Street Corridor (KSC).This research tries to understand the activity patterns in the street corridor.Therefore, this research observes visitor behavior using the behavior mapping method in the form of place-centered mapping.Place-centered mapping is a human behavior mapping method that aims to understand how or whether an environment can support various uses and behaviors for various space users at a specific place and time [29]- [31].
The research location is on Jl.Basuki Rachmat, usually called Kayutangan, is divided into three segments (Figure 1).Segment I starts from the Malang City PLN T-junction to the Rajabally intersection, segment II starts from the Rajabally intersection to Jl. Basuki Rachmat gang IV, and segment III starting from Jl. Basuki Rachmat gang IV to the Sarinah Malang intersection [32].This research only focuses on the street corridor segment II and segment III (Rajabally intersection-Sarinah Malang intersection) along ±615m because the intensity of community activity in segment I is not as high as in segments II and III, so segment I was not observed in this research.The data collected is in the form of primary and secondary data, where the primary data is in the form of direct field observation data and interviews with visitors and café owners/managers, while the secondary data is in the form of literature review results from previous research.Primary data was collected using cameras and maps to map the location of activities as well as interviews with several parties, namely visitors to the Kayutangan building and area, café building owners, café managers, and the government.This research's parameters to measure sustainability development are community activities [9], [10], [33] and changes in the built heritage environment [34]- [36].We observe three types of activities: social, economic, and cultural.These indicators were taken based on the pre-observation.
Determining the observation time is based on pre-field observations.Activities are observed during busy hours, which generally occur in the afternoon to evening, starting from 4:00 PM-9:00 PM GMT+7, because these hours are times with a high intensity of visits compared to morning to afternoon.The community carries out social activities to travel to KSC and interact with other visitors.Economic activities are trading activities carried out along street corridors, such as cafés, food courts, and street vendors.Community cultural activities are cultural activities carried out by the community.Cultural activities at the research location have a role as the attractions and entertainment for visitors of KSC.
After field observations are complete, the recorded activities are then drawn on the map, resulting in place-centered mapping.A timeline of changes in function and space use in KSC was observed to determine the pattern of activity enlivening in Kayutangan.The mapping results for each activity are overlayed on top of each other to find where the spots of activity enlivening occur.However, the activities included in the activity enlivening are only permanent activities, not moving ones.The collected data is also analyzed with the results of previous research.The expected final result is a link between the revival of the public space and community activity toward the contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Results
Kayutangan Street Corridor (KSC) mapping was based on social, economic, and cultural activities during a predetermined period.Mapping is carried out using the place-centered mapping method to determine community activities that occur along the KSC so that the mapping does not focus on individual space users but on where these activities occur.Social activities gather or form clusters at area attractions such as street vendors, cafés, and live music.It shows that attractions and other elements are needed to make people interested in visiting a public space that allows visitors to carry out activities.

Social Activities in Kayutangan Street Corridor
Social activities are activities carried out by the public when browsing the KSC.Social activities that occur at the research location can be divided into two types of activities, namely active and passive activities.Active activities involve moving places, such as walking around, taking photos, and riding a scooter.Passive activities occur in one place and stay in the same places, such as sitting, enjoying the atmosphere of the street corridor, gathering with friends/relatives, watching cultural activities/performances, and enjoying food and drinks purchased from cafés or street vendors.These activities are spreading throughout KSC.

Economic Activities in Kayutangan Street Corridor
Economic activity is the trading activity that occurs at KSC. Commodities sold are goods and services.Economic activities in the research location can be divided based on where the transaction occurs: cafés, street vendors, scooter rentals, and photography services.Cafés and street vendors in the Telkom Kayutangan office and Sarinah Malang have fixed locations.Meanwhile, scooter rentals, photography services, and other street vendors' locations can sometimes be different each day.
The activities that occur generally are buying and selling transactions between traders and buyers.The investors are using abandoned buildings or collaborating with active building owners to open their businesses.Street vendors and cafés also use the sidewalks to extend their trading area.Some cafés put benches and tables on the sidewalks in front of the café and even use street benches as their seating areas by placing additional tables in front of them.Cafés set up outdoor seating areas on the sidewalk and street benches starting at 4:00 PM GMT+7.Not only that, street vendors outside Telkom Kayutangan and Sarinah Malang area also take advantage of the wide sidewalks to lay out mats for visitors.Street vendors in front of the Telkom Kayutangan office and Sarinah Malang take advantage of the building's parking lot by placing carts and sets of tables and chairs there.

Cultural Activities in Kayutangan Street Corridor
Cultural activities in the KSC area are attractions in the form of live music performances.A performance occurs in one place but is performed simultaneously at different points.Based on an interview with the Chair of the Malang City Youth, Sports, and Tourism Service, the government has facilitated six points as venues for live music performances with electricity facilities prepared on electricity poles and accommodation for moving musical instruments and sound systems.He also stated that the music groups came from the local community who registered to perform.However, only five live music groups are currently performing at evening.They provide a money box in front of them to collect money from the visitors.They perform in turns each day.Live music performances start at 6:00 PM-9:00 PM GMT+7.The music groups who performed came from various age and genres, from traditional to modern.

Discussions
Kayutangan has been in suspended animation for decades due to economic development in Malang City, which has led to the emergence of new shopping centers, such as the mall.Apart from that, Kayutangan, which used to be the City Business District (CBD) of Malang City, was replaced by Terusan Borobudur Street, now known as the Soekarno-Hatta area.The reduction of businesses in Kayutangan Street Corridor (KSC) left the area with various abandoned buildings.Therefore, the government revives this area by preparing it as the heritage capital of Malang City, resulting in the enlivening of various activities through the appearance of live music performances on the sidewalk and the investors utilizing abandoned buildings as their business place that attracts people to visit KSC.The behavior mapping results showed that the cause of the increase in community activity in KSC was the presence of cafés/restaurants and live music (Figure 2).Activity emergence occurred at 13 points, of which eight activities (61.5%) were caused by cafés/restaurants, and five activities (38.5%) were caused by live music.If we look at the division of district segments, there are seven activityenlivening spots (53.9%) in segment II KSC, and the rest (46.1%) are in segment III KSC.
An activity pattern can be seen in KSC, namely that one activity triggers the emergence of other activities.In contrast, the presence of live music can trigger the emergence of economic activity and increase social activity in KSC.It reveals seventeen activities that emerged in KSC in the last 6 years, 11.8% of new activities appeared in 2017 and 2021, 41.2% appeared in 2022, and 47% appeared in 2023.Throughout these six years, 70.6% of the activities that emerged were economic, while the other 29.4% were economic.This shows that the economic activity is dominating

Built heritage environment
Transforming abandoned buildings by restoring them and applying new functions.Collaboration of the existing building's owner with the investor to enliven their old or historical building.The existing building's owner opened a new business individually by using their own building.Revitalization Improvement of street corridor quality as a public space by the government.Revitalization as one of the preservation method for KSC.
Applied SDGs Parameter Contribution 11.A Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning.

KSC becoming the urban heritage tourism. Activity enlivening
Economic activity in KSC contributes to the regional income and benefits local residents.Attractions of KSC successfully invites people to visit KSC.
Revitalizing historic city areas can start from three aspects, namely city development planning, human behavior activities, and the condition of the city area [37].The revitalization of KSC uses a design that prioritizes people over vehicles by widening the dimensions of the sidewalks, installing street furniture as area amenities, and providing parking pockets in several places.Its location on the city's arterial route makes it easy to find.The availability of street benches along KSC supports community activities when walking in KSC.The previous research has proven that the existence of street furniture such as benches and street lights that can facilitate visitor activities can be an activity generator in a public space [38].People generally use street benches to sit and rest after a walk while enjoying the atmosphere in the street corridor, and enjoying food and drinks purchased from street vendors and cafés.If there is no place to sit, the visitors use the shoulder of the sidewalk to sit.It shows that a place to stop and rest is fundamental to supporting the visitors when visiting KSC.The improvement of the pedestrian way's quality as a public space made it accessible to everyone of all ages, even though it can be improved to be more friendly for people with disabilities.Therefore, the revitalization of KSC contributes to SDGs in Goal 11 in target 11.7.

Figure 3. The improvement of the street as a public space by adding street furniture as amenities
Protecting the history of the city's historic areas can guarantee the continued existence of cultural and historical values.A previous research suggest that it can contribute to increasing the city's tourism potential and economic development by helping to create attraction centers in the area [39].Activity generators and historical preservation are some aspects that can shape and support the place identity of a historical area [40].The appearance of live music in April 2022 has interested some investors to invest in KSC because the area can attract visitors.The crowd of visitors has increased the number of street vendors and cafés in KSC due to the increasing number of public visits.The phenomena show that there is a possibility that the revitalization of a historical public space can promote social, economic, and cultural activities mutually to influence each other's emergence.With visitors, economic and cultural activities will grow in KSC.Without economic activity, the KSC area will not have enough attractions to attract people.Without cultural activities, KSC cannot have a maximum attraction appeal to make people interested in walking around because visitors only visit cafés/street vendors.With the combination of these three activities, KSC has managed to have an attraction to attract visitors.KSC as the new urban heritage tourism area contributes to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Goal 8 in target 8.3 and 8.9, and Goal 11 in target 11.7.Street corridors can become public spaces that are comfortable to visit if viewed comprehensively as separate environments with interconnected elements, which can reflect character, needs, and aspirations [41].Being close to live music performance venues and the existence of an outdoor seating area are bonus points for attracting visitors to a café/restaurant because visitors can enjoy food and drinks while watching the live music and enjoying the district's atmosphere.It shows that live music at KSC is another motivation for visitors to visit KSC.It also makes visitors prefer to sit outside the building rather than inside.Based on observations made in the initial stages of this research, visitors inside the café tend to move to the outdoor seating area when there are empty tables outside to enjoy the KSC atmosphere.This phenomenon conveyed by the manager of MoMo's Coffee & Bakery and the owner of the Kopi Lonceng building, who stated that live music had a role in making the café lively and attracting visitors to their café.Visitors of MoMo's Coffee & Bakery also stated that they visited this café because they could enjoy food and drinks while watching live music performances next to the café.Built heritage environments have the potential to promote mental health, well-being, and quality of life because it make people socialize, encourage healthy behavior, and help improve mental health [45]- [47].With the enjoyable atmosphere of KSC, visitors can take a rest physically and mentally, and relax after a long day.Therefore, this phenomenon can contribute to SDGs in Goal 3 in target 3.4.

Figure 5. Groups of friends and families spending leisure time in KSC
Cafés and eating places in public spaces can attract people to visit, so opening cafés and eating places in public spaces can be an easy and instant way to liven up public spaces [41].This phenomenon occurred at KSC, where the food and beverage business has succeeded in attracting people to visit KSC.This statement is supported by a history activist and Chair of the Malang City Youth, Sports, and Tourism Service statement in an interview that cafés/restaurants are one of the attractions of the district because they can be a place for visitors to rest while exploring the area.With KSC filled with visitors, abandoned buildings began to be repaired and renovated in preparation for investors who wanted to open a business in Kayutangan [42].Adapting old or abandoned buildings by applying new and suitable functions to them can be a sustainable architectural practice because reusing existing buildings can reduce environmental damage while maintaining the building's authenticity during the building restoration/repair process [33], [35], [43], [44].The intervention level made to the active old/historical buildings is different than the abandoned buildings.Active old/historical buildings only need regular maintenance and necessary repair, while abandoned buildings need to be investigated before taking action to restore them because they deteriorate faster than active old/historical buildings.
Based on the observation, the intervention applied to the façades of active old/historical buildings and abandoned buildings by applying new paint color and building materials, and adding a new canopy and building signage.Some buildings changed their window and entrance door to modernize the building's style.Even though the building function has changed, the changes applied to the building façade show the business's identity while maintaining the building's authenticity.Comparation of Figure 6 and Figure 7 show one of examples of adaptive reuse implementation to an existing building in KSC.Interviews with the building owners and a café manager reveal that by adding new functions to their buildings, they aim to preserve and revive the building, help their existing businesses, and educate visitors regarding the historical value of the building and the Kayutangan area.The preservation of the existing buildings is in line with SDGs in Goal 11 in target 11.4.The strategic location, easy access, and crowded with visitors, make KSC a strategic area to open a business.Interviews with several café managers in Kayutangan revealed that the reason for choosing KSC to open their business was because this area was considered strategic in terms of location and crowds.Several building owners in KSC also state that they took advantage of this by collaborating with an investor to open a business in their buildings or opening one on their own.The emergence of new businesses in KSC also provides jobs for the local communities and contributes to the improvement of the economy in Kayutangan and Malang City.An interview with the Head of the Malang City Youth, Sports, and Tourism Service reveals that Kayutangan revitalization has an impact on the welfare of local residents, the welfare of MSMEs, and increasing regional income.The improvement of KSC also contributes to the rising number of visitors visiting Kampoeng Kayutangan Heritage as a tourism village, in other words, KSC's improvement can improve Kayutangan's local residents' welfare and economy.Another interview with one of the café managers reveals that they are collaborating with local residents on their parking service to benefit and support the local resident's income.The presence of various new cafés in Kayutangan contributes to SDGs in Goal 8 in targets 8.3 and 8.9, and Goal 11 in target 11.A.

Conclusion
This research aims methods to investigate how historical public space revitalization and its community activity contribute to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).This qualitative descriptive research uses a case study method that uses the place-centered mapping technique to investigate visitor's behavior.The research results show that the new design of Kayutangan Street Corridor (KSC), the emergence of social, economic, and cultural activities, and the presence of new businesses that transformed abandoned buildings into functional buildings have succeeded in revitalizing and shaping IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/01205710 the public space of KSC in a sustainable way.The Malang City Government has made efforts to make the KSC's public space design optimally utilized by the community and giving back to the community, especially to the local residents of Kayutangan Heritage Village and Malang City, by providing space for economic and creative actors to contribute to enlivening KSC as the Heritage capital of Malang City.
Various community activities emerged as a diversity of social, economic, and cultural activities that had never happened before in KSC.Seventeen new activities are emerging at KSC in 2017-2023, of which is dominated by economic activities.The KSC development throughout six years reveals that each type of activity supports each other to revive the historic area of Malang City.Therefore, if one activity is lost, then the attractiveness of the KSC area will also be reduced.There are thirteen points of activity enlivening in KSC, where the majority of activity emergence is caused by economic activity.A rise in social activity can occur due to the emergence of new economic and cultural activities, which attract people's interest in visiting KSC.The rise in economic activity can occur because of KSC's strategic location and social activity.The Malang City Government initiated cultural activities as the main attraction of KSC and successfully attract public interest in visiting KSC.The collaboration of these three activities and the revitalization effort by the government have made KSC successful in coming back to life and developing in a sustainable way.
The preservation of KSC has contributed to three out of seventeen SDGs, which are Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-Being), Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities).It shows that revitalization and community activity enlivening can contribute to fulfilling SDGs.The enjoyable atmosphere by the visitors can help increase good health by supporting the community's mental health and well-being.The emergence of new business in KSC have created new job opportunity, supporting regional income, and increasing the welfare of local residents.KSC as an object of urban heritage tourism by the community also increases the community's quality of life, and supports economic growth and sustainable city development.Revitalizing KSC and reusing the existing buildings can help promote sustainable development of the city by reducing environmental damage in the development process.
This research is one of the steps in investigating the contribution of community activity and preservation towards SDGs.The public has a high role in reviving nonfunctioning public space areas.Enlivening activity in the historical area can be one of the way to revive a historical public space sustainably.Understanding the sustainability of a city's development in its historical areas is not enough to just understand human behavior and preservation efforts alone.Therefore, this research can still be improved to cover the flaws of this research to obtain more comprehensive results.The author suggests quantitatively researching the impact of activities and preservation towards SDGs.We can also research the role of urban heritage tourism in sustainable city development.Another research can focus on the views of building owners and local residents regarding preservation activities in historic city areas to understand the impact of heritage preservation on businesses and local residents.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Café and live music as the activity generators of KSC

Table 1 .
Summary of applied SDGs in the revitalization of KSC.