Technology and AI Implementation in Heritage Adaptive Reuse as Strategy for Sustainable and Smart City

Adaptive reuse, implementing new functions in buildings that originally had different functions, has been widely applied as a strategy due to the new development high demands and land scarce. With the paradigm of injecting new commercial functions that fulfill society’s contemporary need such as coffee shops in heritage buildings, it is hoped to reduce costs, time and energy consumption in the construction process. Using local materials that are accessed closer to site project can be more environmentally friendly and economically viable effort without reducing functional and aesthetic quality. However, the use of technology is still lacking, for it can be an additional solution so that coffee shops have added value that can be successful socially, culturally, economically and environmentally. Commercial functions that utilize AI technology, big data, the Internet of things can indirectly support the achievement of sustainable and smart city. Digital documentation of heritage buildings, commercial spot mapping, visitor motivations and preferences monitoring can be examples for technology use, even more over can spread awareness and knowledge about heritage buildings. This qualitative research method uses literature study and field observations, with goal to know the role of technology and of realizing a smart and sustainable city in heritage buildings.


Introduction
Adaptive reuse can be a preservation and conservation alternative strategy to support the high pressure of urban development, where the availability of land is decreasing while the need for new functions in urban lifestyle continues to grow and increase.New functions such as commercial, not always have to use new building with new development's strategy, but it can be accommodated in old buildings, including heritage buildings using adaptive reuse strategy.But the use of old building, specially heritage building, need particular adjustment that suits to development criteria for old building, depends on the building grade and criteria written in the regulation related to heritage building treatments.Beside the adaptive and sustainable design, new function can support smart cities through technology such as the use of technology and AI.What is adaptive reuse?Adaptive reuse, known from 1970s or 1980s in America, generally described as a process that is structurally a building with difference between previous function and new function so that it can accommodate needs and increase economic value (Austin, 1988).This concept does not only restore the physical appearance of the architecture but also seeks to respect and appreciate the historical 1324 (2024) 012056 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/012056 2 value contained in it and the architectural style by transferring it to a new function so that it is more appropriate and has positive benefits, both for the area and for the local government.City areas based on cultural heritage accumulate significant cultural values.The cultural meaning of a place manifests itself in the physical structure in the form of containers and contents, in the form of content accumulated in urban areas.Heritage areas and buildings have important values such as aesthetics, architecture, uniqueness, scarcity, history and influence on the environment and features (Attoe in Catanese and Snyder, ed.,1984)One of the benefits of using adaptive reuse model is to extend the life of a building by preserving all or most of the building's systems, including structure, shell, and even interior materials.From this definition, it can be assumed that the essence of the adaptive reuse approach is to utilize existing buildings, even those that are quite old, most of which have been abandoned or not used, by filling them with new activities or activities that intend to revive the use of these buildings.By city planners, it is hoped that the adaptive reuse approach can reduce the growth rate of new building construction, which is expected in the long term to reduce urban sprawl and environmental impacts.The environmental impact caused by the new development is the need for an operational system in the field that requires manpower, a large amount of material, energy for construction implementation and unused material waste which is a burden on the environment, also scarcity of new land to accommodate the new buildings by the new developments in the city.
The role of AI in smart cities has the potential to change lives when applied properly.The first key areas where AI is contributing to city development is energy management.The use of Artificial intelligence can analyze energy consumption patterns and optimize the distribution of electricity, water and other resources.It promotes dynamic pricing models that incentivize nature conservation.In Infrastructure maintenance, AI predictive analytics can identify maintenance needs for critical infrastructure such as roads, bridges and utility networks.AI algorithms detect anomalies and predict potential failures, enabling proactive maintenance and reducing service disruptions.Broader impact such as urban planning, AI algorithms can study population, demographics and environmental factors to help city planners make informed decisions.Forecast results help improve infrastructure design and improve quality of life in cities.The longer terms of important aspect is about environmental sustainability, where AI monitors environmental factors such as air and water quality and pollution levels.When combined with AI algorithms, sensor networks enable real-time monitoring and early warning systems, thereby promoting sustainable operations.This research's goal is to explore aspects of adaptive reuse and technology that can be applied to adapt an old or cultural heritage building for new functions and achieves its technology and AI implementation.in space and activity program to support sustainable development and smart city projects through applications or digitalized interconnected system and monitored from command center data.This can be achieved through digital documentation, AR VR applications, digital documentation of cultural heritage buildings, virtual assistants and sensors in buildings and activities so that every activity can be monitored and connected to smart city's system.The scope of the research includes documentation of adaptive reuse, the potential of technology and AI applicable to business functions, especially coffee shops, as well as the potential aspects and supporting elements of a smart.The benefit of this research is the project's potential application of technology and AI in efforts to preserve cultural heritage buildings through the application of adaptive reuse so that buildings can have added value and furtherly supporting sustainable development and smart city through sustainable development.project.and sustainable urban and community development.This research methodology involves collecting data through desk research and analyzing it to generate potential models for developing adaptive reuse in heritage buildings and interiors culture through the application of technology and AI to support smart city schemes.In several sources there are several definitions of adaptive reuse or reuse of a function.Harastoeti DH (2011) states that the notion of adaptive reuse is a process of changing a building or object for a different use than the purpose of the building or object when it was built.While Abieta & Architecture (2011), quoting from Heritage Council Victoria, where the notion of adaptive reuse is reuse by giving new life "a new life" to an area rather than trying to ignore it from time to time.Adding new layers without removing the previous layers so that a building that has historical value is not simply forgotten.Adaptive reuse basically protects the historical and architectural value of the building, while at the same time providing sufficient flexibility for new functions.Yung & Chan (2012) in "Implementation Challenges To The Adaptive Reuse of Heritage Buildings: Towards The Goals Of Sustainable, Low Carbon Cities" stated that the reuse of existing building structures with an adaptive reuse approach is a new type of rebirth of a part of the city that can be maintained, because it can extend the life of a building, avoid waste destruction, encourage the recycling of the dynamism contained and provide benefits socially and economically and even culturally to the world of architecture and urban areas.
On the other source, The Burra Charter, The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance (2013), the definition of adaptation is to change a place to suit an existing or proposed use.Utilization means the function of a place, including activities and traditional practices and customs that may occur in that place or depend on that place.In addition, in the conservation principles section, it is explained that adaptation is only acceptable if the adaptation has minimal impact on the cultural significance of a place.Adaptation also needs to involve minimal changes to significant structures, taking into account alternative changes.The adaptation process may involve the addition of sites, the introduction of new features or services, new uses or changes in the safeguards of a site.Adaptation of a place to a new function needs to be consistent with clause 7.2 i.e.where a place must have a suitable use.Based on the the definition of adaptation to UU No. 11 year 2010 concerning Cultural Conservation in Chapter I Article 1 No. 32 is an effort to develop Cultural Conservation for activities that are more in line with current needs by making limited changes that will not result in a decline in its importance or damage to parts which has important values.
By revitalizing or reviving an abandoned building, the existing building structure can be used for a new purpose which is a good resource for fulfilling the goals of the community or society that uses it and revitalizing the environment in which it is located becomes useful and vital.By breathing new life into an abandoned building structure, especially one that has high historical significance, it can turn it into something useful for the surrounding environment, especially by incorporating functions that are in accordance with the times so as to invite the activeness of these functions by users.who need it.According to Yung and Chan (2012), the reuse of existing building structures with an adaptive reuse approach is a new type of rebirth of a sustainable part of the city, because it can extend the life of a building, avoid demolition waste, encourage recycling of the embodied dynamism and provide social and economic benefits and even culture to the world of architecture and urban areas.

Benefit and challenges in adaptive reuse
Adaptive reuse can contribute to a more sustainable and livable urban environment by promoting resource efficiency, preserving historic and cultural assets, supporting economic development, and fostering social interaction and community engagement (as shown in Figure 1).Knowledge of adaptive reuse as strategy for gaining sustainability achievements in the development process gives benefit that can give good impact for several aspects.For environmental sustainability, adaptive reuse can reduce the environmental impact, reduce natural resource consumption, energy consumption and waste generation associated with new construction.For heritage preservation, adaptive reuse can help in preserving historic buildings and cultural heritage, which is important to preserve the character and identity of urban areas.For economic benefits it can bring economic benefits by creating new businesses and jobs in urban areas.It can also help revitalize underutilized or abandoned areas of a city, increasing property values and attracting new residents and businesses.For social sustainability it can contribute to social sustainability by creating spaces for community participation and social interaction.It can also provide affordable housing and contribute to the diversity of urban neighborhoods; Reduced carbon footprint: by reusing existing structures, adaptive reuse can reduce the carbon footprint associated with the production and transportation of new building materials.In terms of preserving the historical and architectural integrity of the building, the sructures recreated using this building concept are often reused and are of great value to the community.
Restoring the vitality of these structures helps maintain the culture within them.Adaptive reuse encourages investment because it requires new development and revitalization.For a property that would otherwise be vacant or unused, repurposing it increases job opportunities and generates taxes.There are also benefits for the environment.Adaptive reuse enables energy conservation, which is the conscious act of using less energy.The energy saved by recycling existing buildings and their materials reduces the amount of natural resources needed if the building is completely rebuilt.Adaptive reuse contributes to sustainability.Typically, existing structures converted into adaptive reuse projects are located in densely populated and highly developed areas, so these projects provide abundant support to local communities.
Meanwhile the adaptive reuse approach can give several benefits to some aspects of development, it also has some challenges and difficulties in adaptive reuse in terms of sustainable development.First is about structural limitation, where many of older buildings may not be suitable for reuse due to their age, structural deficiencies or other reason.Significant upgrades or renovations may be required to bring these buildings up to code and make them suitable for reuse, which can be costly and time-consuming.Other challenge is about zoning and regulatory, in which the requirements not allowing the new function or new use is implemented in the area.It may need the building codes and regulations to be updated to accommodate adaptive reuse projects.Next is about financial viability, in which sometimes it needs the creative way to give financing options to support the project, for the adaptive reuse project may not always be viable.Awareness and perception from public also needed to support the successful of adaptive reuse, so they need to be educated, public outreach and socialization about the project.Last but not least, adaptive reuse project requires specialized expertise, including knowledge of historic preservation, architecture, engineering, and construction, whom it can be rare among the engineering experts.

Urban design sustainable aspects
Shirvani's theory of urban design emphasizes the importance of creating sustainable, livable, and resilient urban environments through human-centric design and community engagement (as shown in Figure 2).and infrastructure to meet the changing needs of communities.The key ways in which adaptive reuse aligns with Shirvani's theory of urban design have the goal to environmental sustainability and stewardship, human centric design to create livable urban environments that prioritize the residents need and preferences, community engagement to reach goal to be able to adapt to changing circumstances, having collaboration, transparency, and accountability in creating sustainable, resilient urban society.Environment is also the key notes to address not only sustainable city but also sustainable community, which is in line with SDG's goals number 11 about sustainable city and community.Furthermore, technology application in built environment development can reach broader benefit to be in line with SDG's goal number 9 about industry, innovation and infrastructure.

Technology and AI in Smart City
There are many uses of AI in the urban development for achieving smart city, they all are used in daily lives to help the system more integrated and interconnected.All activities in the city are controlled from integrated and synchronized command center that covers all aspects that can help the city more systemized, harmonious, low energy and carbon, low in criminals, more sustain and resilient in the long terms.
The use of AI can be implemented in daily lives are such robotics, personalized shopping, AI powered assistants, personalized learning, creating smart content, voice assistants, automated tasks and fraud prevention.AI based smart cities have the ability to read and predict the future needs for the people and cities.The example of AI in daily activities for the society or described as transformative application of AI in smart cities are for parking systems, energy tracking, security for properties, controlling pollution, predicting future needs, public transport, maintenance, waste management and traffic management.
Smart city planning principles are based on a series of theoretical frameworks, emphasized the importance of technology, systems thinking, sustainability, livability and community engagement.Some of the theoretical and conceptual frameworks that underpin smart city planning principles involve information and communications technology (ICT) theory.Smart city planning often integrates IT systems such as sensors, data analytics and communication networks to improve the efficiency and sustainability of urban operations.Smart city planning can integrate circular economy and circular design principles to promote sustainable urban transformation.Smart city planning often incorporates principles of new urbanism, such as pedestrian-friendly streets, green spaces, and community gathering places.Smart city planning can integrate social capital principles, such as community participation, collaboration and inclusion, to promote economic and social sustainability.

Adaptive Reuse Strategies on Architecture and Interior Elements for Sustainable Development Scheme
Adaptive reuse can be implemented whether for architecture and interior design.There are some design elements that can support sustainable development such as the use of natural and recycled materials in the building.The use of bamboo can give healthier environment than to use synthetic materials.The choosing of commercial appliances that have low energy consumption better than use the high energy consumption appliances, as it can be seen in Figure 3.

Adaptive Reuse Interior Elements to support Smart City Planning Strategies
There are some principles, specifically in interior design elements that can support smart city planning strategies (Figure 4).These principles can be implemented in terms to achieve furtherly to smart city planning strategies that outlined into small steps and starting from the scratch of interior spatial and utilities steps.Overall, incorporating these interior design elements and principles can support smart city planning strategies that aim to create adaptable, efficient, connected, sustainable, and inclusive urban environments.

Closing
From the discussion above, there are two aspects, sustainable development and smart city planning, and adaptive reuse strategy is a part taken in the intersection which consists implementation for architecture and interior, that can be illustrated in Figure 5. developments, cultural centers, and coworking spaces.By repurposing existing buildings, smart cities can reduce the environmental impact of new construction and leverage existing infrastructure to create more efficient, sustainable communities.Furthermore, adaptive reuse can provide opportunities to incorporate smart technologies and sustainable design features into existing buildings.For example, sensors and automation systems can be installed to optimize energy and water usage, while green roofs and other green infrastructure can improve air quality and reduce the urban heat island effect.Overall, adaptive reuse is a key strategy for creating more sustainable, resilient, and livable smart cities, as it leverages existing assets and infrastructure to meet the changing needs of communities.These efforts related to adaptive reuse strategy which wants to create more sustainable development in cities through preservation and conservation approach for the built environment, accompanied by the use of technology through supporting applications to achieve a smart city.It is hoped that they can contribute to achieve SDG's number 11 Sustainable Cities Communities, and furthermore for SDG's number 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure in urban development.Innovation can be achieved through technology and AI approaches in everyday life so in social aspects, people can get benefits that make them increasingly feel safe, comfortable, happy and reaching wellbeing, even for inclusive groups.The benefit furtherly can achieve to cultural, economic and environmental aspects.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Technology and AI in Adaptive Reuse strategy for sustainable design and smart city (Source: Researcher's Analysis)