Recycled waste programs for sustainable island. Case study: Tidung Island

The increase in tourist arrivals has an impact on increasing the amount of waste, the waste management becomes important for the implementation of sustainability on tourist islands. The implementation of recycled waste on Tidung Island due to the negative effects of waste on the environment has the significance of sustainable practises. The study was conducted through observation and interviews with residents. Environmental conservation initiatives contributed to sustainability and were also valuable as a maritime tourist destination. The waste management were comprehensive and coordinated response to the waste problems. Effective waste collection systems had built, encouraging sort waste at the source into recyclables, organic waste, and non-recyclables. Organic waste was handled on the island, while inorganic waste, after being sorted, was taken to final disposal. Recycling programs for waste management include waste treatment plants (WTPs) and bioconversion compost.


The Introduction
Tidung Islands are two small islands in Kepulan Seribu District, a group about 110 islands located north of Jakarta Bay.As part of Jakarta Province, having this island sustainable is critical to supporting the sustainable development strategy in Jakarta, Indonesia's capital.The notion of sustainable island refers to a development path that balances environmental with social economic considerations and benefits in order to ensure long-term economic growth and equity.Sustainable development goals should be implemented on the island, and to achieve it, three key factors must be balanced between economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental conservation.[1] In recognition of its natural beauty, the islands also one of the tourist destinations.It leads to the increase number of tourist visits.Despite the positive economic impact, it was also often accompanied by long-term negative environmental consequences (land degradation, air pollution, noise pollution, waste and sewage problems, water pollution, and biodiversity loss).This is a challenge for sustainable island development.Related to the development of the island as a tourist destination, it also refers to sustainable tourism.The sustainability concept in tourism was concern to reduce the environmental impact of mass tourism development.[2][3] The term of Sustainability was originally used to refer to environmental or ecological sustainability, that is the carrying capacity of the environment and its long-term ability to cope with pollution and the use of natural resources.[4] The above implies the importance of handling environmental aspects to move towards a sustainable island.This is a challenge for sustainable island development.This study focuses on sustainable development goals by 2030, which are carried out within the scope of district administration.The related indicators as household waste in urban areas served, the percentage of food waste and the amount of waste generated that was recycled.[5] It comprises garbage reduction and disposal.Initiatives to limit garbage generation, recycle waste, and reuse waste are all part of trash reduction efforts.Meanwhile, waste handling activities include sorting (sorting and separating waste types), collection (picking up and moving waste from a waste source to a temporary waste storage area or an integrated waste processing site), transportation (carrying waste from the source and/or from a temporary waste storage area or an integrated waste processing site to a final processing site) and processing (changing the character).It involves systematic, comprehensive, and sustainable activities for reducing and handling the waste.It includes activities like limiting waste generation, recycling, and reusing.Waste handling includes sorting, collection, transportation, processing, and final disposal.Waste reduction focuses on limiting waste generation and recycling, while waste handling involves sorting, transportation, and safe disposal.Particular attention was put on handling plastic trash in maritime tourism areas, with waste reduction stages including minimizing landfilling, recycling, and reusing, and waste handling stages comprising sorting, collecting, transporting, processing, and ultimate waste processing.[6] In line with this, the implementation of sustainable tourism development and waste management has become part of the framework for the sustainable development goals target.The sustainability concept was concern to reduce the environmental impact of mass tourism development.Increasing waste from tourism poses a huge challenge to sustainable tourist growth within the island.[7] Minimizing waste and disposing carefully was one of the policies for the sustainable tourism agenda [8] Solid waste management -Solid waste collection, processing and disposal could be one of the indicators in a sustainability assessment tool for small island states.[9] This is a notion that urges tourism players to do all possible to mitigate the negative effects of the various tourism activities they engage in.The negative impact on pollution and environmental damage should be minimized particularly due to waste from activities in tourism destinations.

Material and Method
Study area located at Tidung Island in Southern Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu Selatan) sub district, Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu) district, Jakarta Province, Indonesia.Lay on the north of Jakarta Bay, the west part of Java Island (Figure 1).Tidung Islands are a pair of islands known as Main Tidung (Tidung Besar) and Small Tidung (Tidung Kecil), which are connected by a love bridge.The island has a total size of 1,084 hectares and is home to 1,533 people, the majority of whom live on Main Tidung.Tidung Islands are made up of the sea, a beach, a marsh, and terrain.The study discussed processed waste on Tidung Island as a tourism destination using a qualitative research approach.Observations and interview with resident were conducted in 2020 and in October 2023 another observation were carried out as well.

Result and discussion
In line with the principles of sustainability tourism, development on Tidung Island was accompanied by environmental conservation activities which then became a tourist destination also, such as rehabilitation of mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds and preservation of turtle nesting areas.Numerous tourist destination had been created with the idea of marine and educational tourism concepts.Exploring Tidung Island activities provide cycling, swimming, catching sunset on the west coast, snorkelling, and marine conservation educational tours.Tidung Besar Island was developed as a major tourist area with various destination such as historical and cultural place -the tomb of the Tidung King, beaches, water sports activity areas, food court, souvenir stalls, and lodging / homestays.On the other hand, Small Tidung was created for conservation-related initiatives.These facilities were developed by the government through the environment bureau.
The waste from tourism activities can be classified into several types of waste.On main island, household waste was generated by daily household activities and 'island' waste including waste from beaches, lodging, food court, stall, and institutions.Bulky waste as furniture, appliances.Specific waste came from certain municipal services related to conservation facilities.Waste was carried out and managed by the local government.Garbage was collected daily (house hold garbage, organic garbage, and coastal waste), weekly (economically inorganic waste), and monthly (e-waste) by trash cart motor into 7,000 m2 temporary trash site (TPS) facility.In order to organize and separate waste materials, providing three waste bins was the key.These bins may perform effectively in certain locations such as office, park and institutions; however, they tend to be more susceptible to damage in public areas like on the roads and residential area.Waste reduction focuses on this strategy to reduce waste and also process it more, including the 3R of reduce, reuse and recycle.With these tourism activities, the amount of waste becomes high with waste production related to tourist destinations and tourist activities.The types of waste produced include food ingredients for culinary activities, toiletries related to tourist accommodation as shown in table 1.The use of plastic packaging was still quite popular for food and drink containers.Moreover, with limited fresh drinking water on the island, bottled water was the main drinking water for visitors.At the accommodation, refillable gallon drinking water is available which reduces waste of bottled drinking water.Reuse activities could be carried out with a water treatment plant which processes waste water 1324 (2024) 012053 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/0120534 into clean water.In regions characterized by small islands and limited land space, residential and tourist destination area were very close to sea water, giving rise to waste disposal problems that pollute the sea.The primary culprits for this contamination were domestic household waste, comprising both solid waste from septic tanks and liquid waste such as washing and bathing.To address this pressing issue, the government has taken proactive measures by establishing a Waste Water Treatment Plant (IPAL).Four IPALs have been installed to meet demand, on North zone with a capacity of 200 m 3 /day, on South 100 m 3 /day, on West 200 m 3 /day, and on East 150 m 3 /day.Figure 2 Illustrate the program for reduce the waste.
Waste handling involves sorting, transportation, and safe disposal.Household waste was disposed of in rubbish bins which were grouped into three types of waste, namely organic waste, an organic waste, plastic waste.At tourist locations and institutional buildings, there were three trash cans, but in private places such as homes or accommodation, it seems that they had not been implemented properly, only one type of trash bin was available.So that the trash that was transported from residents' houses will be sorted at a temporary rubbish dump.(Figure 3) Initial treatments were implemented to manage the waste, with each treatment method chosen depending on the specific type of waste being processed before the waste shipped from the island to the final processing site, Bantar Gebang -Mainland Jakarta.

Waste Water Treatment Plant Facilities Bulky waste piled up Homestay bin
Solid waste facility plant (TPS), organic waste, dried leaf composter 3 bins for sorting garbages Solid waste facility (TPS)sorting process area

Eco brick
Plastic waste transported to ship.Tidung Island processes its garbage using bioconversion -processing organic waste into compost, chopping up plastic waste and eco bricks.Organic waste such as food waste and vegetable waste from the kitchen was carried out using maggot bioconversion in temporary waste storage areas.Apart from making waste management easier, this bio-conversion can also provide economic benefits to residents because it can produce compost.Maggot bioconversion, which takes place in temporary waste storage sites, is used to treat organic waste.This bio-conversion produced compost, which not only facilitates waste management but also benefits locals economically.Maggot bioconversion was used to treat organic waste in temporary waste storage facilities.
Plastic waste were collected by scavengers and then sent by ship to collectors on the mainland.Plastic waste generated by tourism-related activities in a tourist destination was collected by orange squad, processed and recycled to another product most notably as Eco bricks: Eco bricks are recyclable building blocks made from non-biological waste that is placed in a solid plastic bottle.According to recent findings, inhabitants have not yet practiced or utilized the usage of Eco bricks.All construction materials were imported from the mainland.More efforts had to be made to stimulate the usage and use of recycled materials.
The actions and programmers carried out in the area of recycling.The island had implemented waste collection procedure.It sort requires distinguishing recyclables from non-recyclables as well as organic trash from non-organic waste.Waste Facilities (TPS) were equipped with waste sorting and processing facilities.The waste was processed first to reduce the waste that will be transported to final disposal on the mainland.Waste processed facilities waste processed facilities consist of bioconversion area and sorting area, recycling area.
Community Involvement such as educational programs and awareness initiatives are implemented to engage the community in ecologically responsible rubbish management practices.Workshops and other events are being planned to highlight the need of recycling and reducing single-use plastic.The island has adopted creative recycling practices, with art pieces made from recycled materials serving educational and aesthetic functions.Community engagement played an important role in awareness campaigns.Educational programs were conducted to engage the community in sustainable waste management practices.Workshops and events are organized to promote the importance of recycling and reducing single-use plastic.Residents had not fully carried out 3R waste activities so activities and campaigns regarding this matter must be carried out frequently.The government had taking proactive measures to overcome these negative impact in the form of waste produced from tourism activities and tourist village facilities.However, the waste recycling scheme had not continued as expected.There was no visible activity of this recycling application in the lives of community members.These activities were carried out with government support.Government authorities not only provide regulations but also implement sustainable waste management practices.

Conclusion
Tourism development can be accompanied by environmental conservation activities and efforts, so that the negative impact on pollution and environmental damage can be minimized to the maximum.The islands have put in place effective waste collecting system, encouraging locals and business to sort waste from the source.It involves sort in plastic, organic, and inorganic.
Tidung Island, a sustainable tourism destination through on environmental conservation and marine educational tourism.It offers various attractions and a small island for conservation-related initiatives.The island manages waste through daily, weekly, and monthly collection, using bioconversion for organic waste.Waste disposal facilities have been installed, and community participation in recycling program had been promoted, but this needs to be continuously pursued.

Table 1 .
Tourism destinations, island activities and waste