Effect of the output of heritage designation on visitors’ motivation to visit the historic Kompleks Pasar Baru, Jakarta

This study examined the relationship between the output of heritage designation on visitors’ motivation to visit the historic Kompleks Pasar Baru in Jakarta. The output of the heritage designation in this study was focused on the tourism products, which included attraction, accessibility, and amenities. Thus, it used a quantitative approach to investigate the relationship between the two variables. The survey involved 150 respondents who filled out questionnaires, which consisted of 28 statements reflecting indicators in the tourism products variable and 13 in the visitors’ motivation variable. A 5-scale Likert was used, ranging from 1 to represent Highly Disagree through 5 Highly Agree. The data obtained was processed using SPSS, which included validity, reliability, classic assumption, simple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis tests. Findings showed there is a strong effect of the provision of tourism products as a consequence of heritage designation at Pasar Baru on visitors’ motivation to the area for as many as 91.1%. This study contributes to the heritage tourism knowledge, particularly related to heritage designation and visitors’ motivation as a consequence of the designation. Further study can be conducted, such as an exploration of the 8.9% of the remaining unknown factor.


Background
Designation of a heritage site, which includes movable and immovable cultural property [1], usually is followed by improvement of the quality of the heritage site and its surrounding environments.Such improvement can be made through different methods depending on the needs and purposes, such as restoration and revitalization.Restoration can be defined as returning the physical aspect of a heritage site to its original condition.Revitalization can be defined as reusing a heritage site, which usually preceded by restoration, to create an added value, which is usually connected to economic [2].Enhancement of a heritage site usually also includes improvement of the physical and non-physical aspects of the surrounding environmental, socio-economic, and socio-cultural environments.For instance, beautification of the natural and tangible cultural environments is an example of the follow-up actions within the context of the environmental improvement.In terms of the socio-economic 1324 (2024) 012038 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/012038 2 improvement, the benefits include improvement of the socio-economic and socio-cultural of the livings of local communities who live near the heritage site.
Conscious heritage conservation is a field on its own, which is separated from tourism.Conscious heritage conservation is concerned with conserving the value or significance of natural, cultural, and cultural landscape heritage, that has been inherited from one generation to the next one.The value and significance of heritage varies, from aesthetic, historical, scientific and educational, economic, social, cultural, to rarity, and such.The value and significance of conserved and designated heritage is what usually attract people to visit and appreciate it.Meanwhile, tourism is concerned with the phenomenon of people movement from their home regions to destination regions.Within the context of heritage tourism, it is defined as "travelers seeing or otherwise experiencing built heritage, living culture or manifestation of art" [3].
In a multitude cases, tourism phenomena grow naturally as a consequence of local socio-cultural and socio-economic livings in tourist destinations [4].In other words, innumerable tourist destinations have been growing naturally and sporadically without initial and intentional tourism planning.For example, many shopping tourism destinations have been growing due to the existence of the local gastronomy or fashion industry.This industry eventually attracts people from other regions to visit the destination in which the industry grows.Such tourism destination should be differentiated from tourist resorts, where they were intentionally and carefully planned and managed for tourists' experiences and comfort.In terms of heritage tourism, people usually will visit places with heritage or historical value or significance.As aforementioned, a designated heritage site or historical building will be followed by the improvement of the surrounding environments, including efforts at providing infrastructures and facilities for the public in general and visitors in particular.
Findings of the past studies suggested that provision of infrastructures and facilities for the public in a tourist destination also affects visitors' motivation to visit the destination.This study specifically investigated the effect of provision of public infrastructures and facilities in an historic area after designation of the area.Past studies with the same theme included those that suggested that tourist amenities have not been able to stir tourists' motivation to visit [5], that only several factors affect tourists' motivation to visit heritage sites [6], revitalization of a heritage site affects educational activities among local communities [7].Because heritage conservation and tourism domains are two separate fields, little has been studied regarding the effect of heritage designation on visitors' motivation to visit an area in which heritage is designated.Ideally, when improvement of a heritage site and its surrounding environments has been made, visitors will most likely visit the heritage site for both the value or significance of the designated heritage and its improved physical quality.The provision of infrastructures and facilities for visitors, as one of the consequences of the designation, should become a pull factor in a tourism destination.
This study aims at investigating the relationship between heritage designation and visitors' motivation to visit, specifically with the provision and betterment of public infrastructures and facilities that cater to both local communities and visitors.This study took Kompleks Pasar Baru (or shortened to Pasar Baru in this paper) in Central Jakarta, an historic shopping street that has been existing since 1820.It is the oldest shopping center and the oldest traditional market in Jakarta, showcasing buildings from the 19 th century that were designed in Chinese and European architectural styles.Pasar Baru has been maintaining its function until today and, in 2022, it was officially designated as a protected heritage site by the Jakarta Governor.Findings of this study will contribute to the knowledge of heritage tourism, as well as to fill the gap in the tourism heritage studies regarding effect of the provision of tourism product and heritage designation in an historic area.In addition, findings of this study can be used to help a metropolis like Jakarta achieve its sustainable development goals by 2030, which is expected to eventually affect other cities in the country in terms of social, economic, and environmental sustainability.

Theoretical review
This study examined the relationship between two variables, namely tourism products, as a consequence of heritage designation, and visitors' motivation to visit the designated heritage area.Each of these variables is explained as follows:

Tourism products as a consequence of heritage designation
Tourism products include the 3As, namely Attractions, Accessibilities, and Amenities.Each of the products is described as follows: 2.1.1.Attraction.Attraction is the main product of a tourist destination.It can be explained as anything that attract tourists' intention to visit a destination, and that has a uniqueness which differentiates itself from other destinations [8].A good attraction should create a good impression to attract as many tourists as possible, to make them stay in the destination as long as possible, and to bring satisfaction to the visitors.An attraction or a tourist attraction is concerned with the "what to see" and "what to do" concepts [9].An attraction can be in a form of natural or cultural beauty or uniqueness, and also can be in a form of a man-made attraction, such as recreation or theme parks.
There are some indicators that should be met as a tourist attraction [10], including: • It should be in a good and feasible condition to be consumed by tourists • It should be well presented to make it enjoyable, especially by the target market • It is a terminal of a special mobility; thus, it is an attraction that should be completed with feasible accessibility and promotion to attract as many tourists as possible • Its condition should make tourists feel comfortable and stay in a long duration of time • It should create a good impression in the tourists' mind 2.1.2.Accessibility.Accessibility is a total of transportation facilities and modes that allows, facilitates, and makes tourists feel comfortable during their visit or stay in a destination [11].The rate of accessibility can be measured by the availability of transportation and also by short durations of travel [12].The distance factor can be affected by other factors, such as travel time, travel costs, intensity of land use, and traveler's income.Indicators of accessibility consist of distance, which can be interpreted as the level of easiness of reaching the destination, and the rate of traffics in the destination [13].
Accessibility covers all kinds of transportation infrastructures and facilities that support tourists' movement from a tourist generation region to a tourist destination region, within the context of tourists' motivation.It is an important aspect in tourism, which includes all kinds of transportation modes and services.On the other side, accessibility is identified with transferability, which facilitates movements from one place to another.Absence of accessibility system, such as airports, ports, and roads, will generate no tourists in a destination and, thus, will affect the tourism development in the area.If a region has tourism potentials, accessibility should be provided to make the region accessible to visitors.
2.1.3.Amenities.Amenities are all the infrastructures and facilities in a tourism destination that are provided to accommodate or facilitate tourists in doing their activities before and during their stay, and after returning to their home regions.According to the Indonesia Minister of Tourism and Creative Economy, amenities can include accommodation, restaurants, and local transportation modes that help tourists travel in a tourist destination, and communication tools that tourists need.A good amenity is an amenity that gives satisfaction to tourists.However, a good amenity also should meet the required minimum standards [14], which include: • A public facility should be strategically placed to give tourists accessibility • The form of a facility should be recognizable and uses languages that are understood by as many people as possible, such as a local language and a foreign language that are commonly spoken • It should be in accordance with its function • Amenities should be placed in the right area instead of a remote area that is difficult to reach • Provision of communication facilities for reports and complains regarding criminals • The quality of the facility should be in line with the applied standards in tourism 2.2.Tourist motivation Motivation derives from the Latin word movere, which translates into driving or moving.Selfmotivation is key because motivation is something that supports human behaviour in taking actions [15].Motivation is an important factor for visitors in a decision-making process regarding a tourist destination to visit.Visitors will perceive a tourist destination as a result of their individual perceptions, experiences, and information.Motivation is crucial in traveling to a tourist destination because it is a basis in the tourism study, and because it acts as a trigger in a tourist travel process even though the tourists may not realize that [16].
Motivation is a key component within a visitor's self to help them go through a decision-making process in visiting a tourist attraction.In such a process, motivation builds a perception about a tourist destination.Such perception is built on personal or individual perceptions, experiences, and information that they receive [15].Therefore, visitors' motivation is described as a mover to create a drive for individuals in undertaking activities and, consequently, distribution, and in taking an integrative action as a way to achieve their satisfaction [15].
Concepts about motivation have been proposed by scholars.For example, Sudirman defines motivation as an urge that emerges from within a person that causes the person do something without realizing it to affect other person's behaviour and to reach a purpose [17].Purwanto in Jaenudin [18] says that motivation is anything that drives a person to act on something.Examination about tourists' motivation is shifting from perceiving motivation as a brief process to learning tourist's behaviours during trips, to that emphasizing more on how motivation affects someone's psychological needs and long-term plans, by seeing that the intrinsic motives (such as self-actualization) as an important component [19].
Abraham Maslow, an American psychologist, theorized that needs are the reasons for the emergence of humans' motivation in acting on something.Maslow proposed that every human wants to be recognized for their existence.He divided motivation into five levels [20], including: • First level: Physiological, which relates to human's most basic needs, such as for food, beverages, oxygen, body temperatures, housing, sex, sleep, and such.Such basic needs have to be fulfilled so humans can step up onto to the next level of needs.• Second level: Safety, which is a need for feeling safe and protected from all kinds of danger.
Safety includes secure feelings, in terms of both physical and emotional.• Third level: Social, which is concerned with the need for interactions, friendships, and more intimate relationships with other human beings.In an organization, examples include solid cooperation, togetherness, going on trips together, and such.This is also the level in which humans seek love, which may be caused by loneliness, solitary, depression, stress, and over anxiety.• Fourth level: Esteem, which is the need for appreciation.This need includes feeling respected, appreciated for one's achievements, recognition for one's ability and skills, as well as one's effectivity in work.The appreciation in this context is related to self-esteem instead of something physical.Self-esteem can come from one's own self or other people.When human's need on this level is met, it can cause feeling respected, becoming other people's confidante, and ability to adjust one's self.• Fifth level: Self-actualization, which is for actualization of one's self.Such need can be fulfilled when one has met the previous four levels of need.This self-actualization reflects one's need for determining their hopes and wishes for themselves.This need is concerned with one's need for determining their own wills.People with this need will be happy with any activity that has a self-challenge component in it.Motivation to travel is concerned with one's motivation to move from one place to another.Such motivation becomes special when one wishes to visit a particular object, region, or a country, or to choose a specific tourist package or a tour trip.Specific motivations, like motivations in general, would be different from one to another, and this depends on which factor that drives a tourist to visit the object or destination [21].In reality, visitors' motivation has many measurable indicators of success.In this study, the authors direct the discussion within the tourism context.
Motivations urge someone to do something that is in accordance with his needs and wants, "The push motivations are emotional and internal aspects of the individual which leads to travel decisions" [22].The indicators include: • Fulfilling prestige, or fulfilling pride, is an activity that one does to get recognition from the surrounding people.Examples include visiting tourist destinations to impress the surrounding people.• Enhancing relation, or improving relationships that one does to improve the existing relationships.Examples include traveling to improve personal relationships with partners or the closest people to a tourist destination, through involvement in a variety of activities and socialization with local community.• Seeking relaxation, or seeking places for relaxation, as an effort one does to find quietude for relaxation • Enhancing social circle, or increasing social relationships, by visiting friends or families, meeting with new people while enjoying the trip • A variety of sightseeing, or seeing variety, by making trips to learn a variety of cultures, history, and local community's living pattern • Fulfilling spiritual needs, or meeting spiritual needs, as a drive within a person to meet their spiritual needs and to earn a peace of mind • Escaping from daily routines, or escaping from daily routines, as what one has as a drive to escape from daily routines to satisfy their needs to relax and to visit places that they never visited before • Gaining knowledge, as an internal drive one has to improve their knowledge related to tourist destination, by enjoying arts and cultural performances in a tourist destination to gain new experiences Previous studies that examined the relationships between promotional strategies and visit intention and service quality have been conducted at a multitude of tourist destinations.Findings of the studies suggest that there is a relationship between the two variables.Some similarities and differences among the studies include: • The similarity included the method used, with visitors and tourists as the study population • The differences lie on the locations, the methods, and the study samples used It is noteworthy that study with a similar topic with this one, which includes provision of tourism products as a consequence to heritage designation and visitors' motivation to visit the designated area, has never been conducted before.Thus, the authors saw that it is important to research not only to fill the gap but also as a follow-up action to the designation of protected cultural heritage at Pasar Baru.Findings of this research will contribute to the knowledge about heritage tourism as well as to the improvement of the quality as well as maintaining the values and images of Pasar Baru area.

Methods
The research question in this study was whether there is an effect of heritage designation on visitors' motivation.The specific situation related to the heritage designation was concerned with the provision of tourism products, which include attractions, accessibilities, and amenities, in Pasar Baru in Central Jakarta, Indonesia.Thus, the study investigated the relationship between the two variables, namely the tourism products, visitors' motivation, and, eventually, the effect of provision of tourism products in Pasar Baru on visitors' motivation.Due to the purpose of this study, the study approach used a quantitative method, which seeks to find the relationship between two variables.
This study tested two hypotheses, namely: The population of this study, which became the basis from which study sample was taken, was the public in general who have visited Pasar Baru at least once before and after the designation of the area in 2022.Such requirement was needed for the respondents to compare the conditions before and after the designation.Due to the unknown number of the study population, the method used to determine the number of the study sample was Lemeshow's formula.Based on the calculation, the total number of study sample was 96.04, which was rounded up to 100 visitors.To get the data, questionnaires were distributed to the study sample between late April and May 2023.The scale used was Likert's, ranging from 1 for 'strongly disagree', 2 for 'disagree', 3 for 'neutral', 4 for 'agree', and 5 for 'strongly agree'.Using this scale, respondents were asked to rate their attitude toward statements that represented each indicator in the two variables.There were 28 indicators for tourism products variable and 13 for the visitors' motivation variable, which are shown in section 4 of this paper.
The data obtained through the survey were consequently processed using SPSS, which primarily included validity test, reliability test, classic assumption test, simple linear regression analysis, and hypothesis test.

Findings
The survey eventually involved 150 respondents, which is 50% exceeding the minimum number of study sample required using Lemeshow's formula.The following table shows respondents' profile: Based on the data in the table, each of all the r Counts have a greater value than that in r Table, which is 0.160.Thus, it can be concluded that the whole items of statements for the variable of visitors' motivation are valid.
Because the Likert scale used in this study was continuous and contained more than four categories (from 1 for Strongly Disagree to 5 for Strongly Agree), the general class of statistic was normal.Thus, the statistical procedure used in this study is ANOVA or regression.

Reliability test
The reliability test in this study used the Cronbach Alpha's method by using the decision-making method with a limit of 0.6.If the value of the Cronbach Alpha is greater than 0.6, the test is considered valid.On the contrary, if the value is less than 0.6, the test is considered invalid.Based on the data process, the value of Cronbach Alpha, which is 0.953, is greater than the limit of 0.6.Thus, it can be concluded that the Variable X of Output of Heritage Designation is reliable.
Similarly, for the variable Y, the Cronbach Alpha with limit of 0.6 was used.If the value of Cronbach Alpha is greater than 0.6, the test is considered reliable.If the value is less than 0.6, the test is considered unreliable.Based on the data process, the value of Cronbach Alpha, which is 0.901, is greater than the limit of 0.6.Thus, it can be concluded that the Variable Y of Visitors' Motivation is reliable.

Classic assumption test
The heteroskedasticity test in this study used the Glejser test, provided the Sig.value is greater than 0.05 means there is no symptom of the heteroskedasticity and vice versa.The heteroskedasticity test using Glejser test with Sig.value of 0.612 means that it is greater than 0.05.Thus, it can be considered there is no symptom of heteroskedasticity in the regression model.
The linearity test was used to test the linear relationship between the two variables.The linearity test in this study used SPSS 27 with a significant value of 0.05, provided if the Sig.value is greater than 0.05, the two variables have a linear relationship.The above table shows that the significance value is 0.001, which is greater than 0.05.Thus, it can be concluded that there is no linear relationship between the two variables.
The multicollinearity test used SPSS 27 by looking at the Variable Inflation Factor, provided if the tolerance value is greater than 0.1 and the VIF value is less than 10, it can be concluded that there is no multicollinearity and vice versa.The above table shows no symptom of multicollinearity.It shows that the value of tolerance is 1, which means it is greater than 0.1 and has the value of VIF of 1, which is less than 10.Thus, it can be concluded that there is no symptom of multicollinearity.

Simple linear regression analysis
The simple linear regression analysis is a regression between output of heritage designation on visitors' motivation, which is presented in the table on the following page: The above table shows that the F value on the F test is 1529.602with a Sig.value of .000,which is less than 0.05.Thus, it can be concluded that there is a positive effect of the heritage designation on visitors' motivation.Aside from that, the output of linear regression analysis can be presented in the regression equation to see how much influence is between heritage designation on visitors' motivation.
The simple linear regression equation using one independent variable is as follows: Y is the dependent variable, a is the constant value, b is the regression coefficient, and X is the independent variable.Based on the data analysis, it can be concluded that: Visitors' motivation = 0.176 + 0.471 the Output of Heritage Designation The above formula explains that the constant value of 0.176 means that if the value of Output of Heritage Designation is 0, then the value of Visitors' Motivation has a fixed value of 0.176.The coefficient value of Output of Heritage Designation is 0.471, which means that if the value of Output of Heritage Designation increases for as many as 1 unit then the value of Visitors' Motivation will increase for as many as 0.471 or 47.1% of the X variable.

Hypothesis test
Based on the correlations table, it can be shown that N or the number of respondents is 150.Then the Sig.value (2-tailed) of Output of Heritage Designation and Visitor's Motivation is 0.000, which is less than 0.050.Based on the above decision-making, the 0 hypothesis was rejected, which means there is no significant relationship between the two variables.The Sig. value (2-tailed) of the Output of Heritage Designation and Visitors' Motivation is 0.000, which is less than 0.050.Thus, the H0 was rejected, which means there is a significant relationship between Output of Heritage Designation and Visitors' Motivation.The Correlation Coefficient of 0.955 shows a strong relationship between the Output of Heritage Designation and Visitors' Motivation.The positive relationship means the greater the value of the Output of Heritage Designation, the higher the Visitors' Motivation is.

Analysis
The validity test shows that the whole statements met the standard condition, which was 0.160 for r table.The r Count for the designation variable ranges between 0.414 and 0.784 whereas r Count for the motivation variable were between 0.511 and 0.74.Thus, it can be suggested that the whole items for both variables were valid.For the reliability test, using the Cronbach's Alpha, the designation variable was 0.953 and the motivation was 0.901.
For the analysis of the designation analysis, the average score of the 27 statements was 4.16 with the deviation standard of .778,whereas the highest score was 4.41 and deviation standard of .715.This means, based on responsiveness, Pasar Baru has done its job of adding cultural value (such as architecture, design, and layout) compared to that before September 2022 to affect visitors' motivation.The lowest score, or transportation, was 4.16.Thus, it can be concluded that respondents were still doubtful regarding this statement.
The classic assumption test in this study included normality test, linearity test, heteroskedasticity test, and multicollinearity test.The normality test stated that the data was normally distributed with Sig.0.200.The normality test also was done through P-Plot test and generates dots close to the graphic diagonal line.The linearity test shows that the Sig.value obtained was .001so it can be stated that there is no linear relationship between both variables.The heteroskedasticity in this study shows that there is no symptom with the Sig.value of 0.612.The multicollinearity shows there was no symptom between both variables with a tolerance value of 1 and VIF of 1.
The simple linear regression analysis shows that the F test was 1529.847 and the Sig.value was 0.000.Thus, it can be summarized that there is a positive influence of the designation on motivation.In other words, the designation of Pasar Baru area gives a chance of affecting visitors' motivation.
The hypothesis test was done by using t test, generating information on the effect of the designation on visitors' motivation.This means that H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted.Based on the hypothesis test, it can be summarized that there is a significant effect between the designation and the visitors' motivation.
Based on the correlation coefficient test, the sig.2-tailed value was 0.000, which was less than 0.50.Thus, the H0 was rejected, or this also means there is a strong correlation between the designation and visitors' motivation.For the determination coefficient test, the designation affects the motivation for as many as 91.1%, leaving 8.9% of unknown factor in this study.
Finding of this study, which shows a positive relationship between heritage designation and visitors' increased motivation to visit the designated heritage area, reflects and supports the achievement of sustainable development goals.Firstly, the efforts at designating and conserving the condition of the heritage area of Pasar Baru support the goal of sustainable cities and communities, specifically the goal target of protecting and safeguarding of the cultural heritage.Meanwhile, the provision and improvement of public facilities as a consequence of the heritage designation and conservation supports the goal of industry, innovation and infrastructure, particularly the goal target of development of quality, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all -both local communities and the visitors.

Conclusion and recommendation
It can be concluded that respondents agreed the attractiveness of Pasar Baru after the designation has increased compared to that before September 2022.As for the motivation, the respondents on average agreed that visiting Pasar Baru to be away from home temporarily has increased compared to that before September 2022.Findings also show that there is an effect of the designation for as many as 91.1% on visitors' motivation, which leaves 8.9% for the unknown factor in this study.Based on the correlation coefficient test, it was shown there is a strong correlation between the designation and visitors' motivation.This means there is a significant relationship between the two variables, which means the higher score the designation is the higher motivation is.Thus, the H1 was accepted, which means there is an effect of heritage designation of Pasar Baru on visitors' motivation.This finding reflects and supports the achievement of sustainable development goals, including those of sustainable cities and communities, as well as industry, innovation and infrastructure.
Further study can be focused on exploring the 8.9% factor that affect the designation on visitors' motivation.Another option is to apply the same theory to another heritage site provided that some previous studies suggested different findings in different heritage attractions.Thus, it will be interesting to find further if there is a pattern regarding findings of studies on the same theme.

Table 2 .
Variable X Output of heritage designation.Based on the data in the table, each of all the r Counts has a greater value than that in the r Table, which is 0.160.Thus, it can be concluded that the whole items of statement for the Output of Heritage Designation variable are valid.

Table 4 .
Reliability test for the output of heritage designation.

Table 5 .
Reliability test for visitors' motivation.

Table 10 .
t-Test.The table shows that with the t-Test value of 39.113 and the sample (N) is 150 with a significance level of 0.05, then the value is 1.65521 (df = 150-2 = 148).Because the t-Test Value is greater (39.113 > 1.65543), it can be concluded that there is a significant effect between the output of heritage designation on visitors' motivation to Pasar Baru.

Table 11 .
Summary model.Based on the above table, the Adjusted R Square is 0.911, which means the contribution of effect of the Output of Heritage Designation on the Visitors' Motivation in a simple linear regression is 91.1% and the remaining 8.9% is affected by other factors not studied in this study.