Apartment with Biophilic Architecture Approach in West Jakarta

Nature’s exposure to humans is decreasing, especially for apartment dwellers who can only access nature on the ground floor as a garden function and more often stay indoors. Reduced exposure to nature has an impact on individual physiology and psychology. Thus, using a biophilic architectural approach can bring nature closer to occupants on vertical housing. The purpose of this study is to determine the aspects and attributes on the application of biophilic architecture concept in apartment. Method applied on research was a qualitative method. The analysis was carried out by collecting examples of the application on each biophilic aspect and analysed in terms of position, location, and spatial characteristics. The implementation of biophilic aspects in apartment buildings relies heavily on visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli. All aspects also have a close relationship with the outdoor environment and make use of vegetation, water features, natural light, natural materials/colours, and architectural designs in order to implement biophilic concept.


Introduction
The biophilic concept is needed as a way of connecting nature to humans.Nature's exposure to humans is decreasing, especially for apartment dwellers who can only access nature on the ground floor and are more often staying indoors.A study stated that humans spend around 80-90% of their time indoors [1].Occupants tend to be indoors causing a disconnect between humans and nature [2].Reduced exposure to nature has an impact on individual physiology and psychology [3].Connecting with nature is very beneficial for physical and psychological health [4].Nature provides more than physical benefits to humans, which can fulfill intellectual, aesthetic, cognitive and spiritual needs.Thus, humans who increase their relationship with nature will be healthier, including the space used by each individual [5].
Thus, important to bring nature closer to apartment resident through an architectural approach.So, with biophilic architecture approach, the building design will adjust in making resident exposed to nature.Thus, this research will focus on designing apartments with a biophilic architectural approach in West Jakarta.This can also support the research theme which aims to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable by creating apartments with a biophilic concept.
Based on the problems described above, this study will discuss on how to implement the concept of biophilic architecture in apartment building.Also, the purpose of this research is to find out 1324 (2024) 012018 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/012018 2 the aspects and attributes of the application of biophilic architecture concept in apartments by bringing nature closer to residents.

The Methodology
The research method was carried out in a descriptive qualitative method.Secondary data collection was carried out for literature studies, precedent studies, and pictures of the application of each biophilic aspect.Literature study was conducted to find out the theory about apartments and understanding principles of biophilic architecture.
A precedent study was conducted to find out the aspects most often applied to biophilic apartments.Three precedents chosen are the Eden Apartment, the Bosco Verticale Apartment, and the Waterfall Apartment which implements biophilic architecture.There are eight similarities of biophilic aspects found from 3 precedents as follows: 1. Visual connection with nature, 2. Non-visual connection with nature, 3. Non-rhythmic sensory stimuli, 4. Thermal & airflow variability, 5. Dynamic & diffuse light, 6. Connection with natural systems 7. Material connection with nature 8. Prospect.Besides it, two other aspects found in the Waterfall Apartment precedent because it has the most applied aspects of biophilic architecture.Two other aspects are as follows: 9. Presence of water, 10.Risk/ peril.So, 10 biophilic aspects are used to analyze each aspect.
Precedent data was collected by looking for application images of each biophilic aspect found from precedent studies for further analysis regarding the position, location, and spatial properties required on the application in apartment buildings.The images of each implementation were found by searching on 17 biophilic apartments and analyzed those images for inclusion in each aspect.Each image is analyzed with the attributes on each 10 biophilic aspect to find out the characteristics on how it is applied, place of application, and the spatial characteristics.

Results and Discussions
According to Kellert & Wilson [5], biophilic architecture is an attempt to translate the understanding of human equations that are inherent in systems and processes of nature.From the explanation that has been given, it can be concluded that biophilic architecture is a concept that is applied by combining natural principles on buildings for humans.In a journal made by a sustainable consultant, Terrapin Bright Green entitled "14 Patterns of Biophilic Design" [6], there are three main categories in designing the biophilic concept, namely nature in the space, natural analogue, & nature of space.Nature in the space shows the direct presence of natural elements in space such as air, water, plants, soil and related to the built environment.This category is divided into seven aspects as follows: 1. Visual connection with nature, 2. Non-visual connection with nature, 3. Non-rhythmic sensory stimuli, 4. Thermal & airflow variability, 5. Presence of water, 6. Dynamic & diffuse light, 7. Connection with natural systems.Natural analogue shows where elements of the natural environment can be applied or imitated in the form of buildings.This category is divided into three aspects as follows: 8. Biomorphic forms & patterns, 9. Material connection with nature, 10.Complexity and order.Nature of space responds humans to the environment, creates a stimulus that leads to human well-being.This category is divided into four aspects as follows: 11.Prospect, 12. Refuge, 13.Mystery, 14. Risk/ Peril.Collected images from 17 biophilic apartments precedent are constructed in a table form and analyzed through each attribute on every aspect like in figure 1. Images were analyzed on how each biophilic aspect was approached according to the attributes of every aspect.Each image was given descriptive notes on how the implementation made for every attribute on each aspect.Results found out the characteristics of each biophilic aspect implementation and able to conclude the design guidelines needed to implement each aspect on apartment building depending on the attributes.Further discussion of each 10 aspects is discussed thoroughly below for every attribute needed in each biophilic aspect.

Visual connection with nature
Visual connection with nature is a view of living systems, natural elements, and natural processes.This aspect can be applied to buildings with the following attributes, by prioritizing real nature over simulated nature [7], prioritizing biodiversity/variety over area and quantity [8], and room layout that maintains line of sight access while in a seated position.
The results of the precedent study based on the visual connection with nature aspect shows that real nature, biodiversity, and spatial layout has correlation on each other in the application of aspect.Real nature in the application of this aspect is applied by using vegetation as a medium in the presence of natural visual connections in buildings.The laying of vegetation in semi-outdoor & outdoor areas to support natural development of every vegetation.Thus, the ground floor of the building is made with open areas to maximize placement vegetation.
The lounge areas are placed in a layout form to always support the view on vegetation without any visual obstructions.For this, 3 types of planter boxes were made, namely, corridor planters, permanent sitting planters, and semi-permanent sitting planters.Corridor planter is a design for placing vegetation on the edge of all corridors on the ground floor.A permanent seating planter is a planter design that is situated in close proximity to the evacuation direction, with the intention of being unalterable and non-obstructive to the evacuation route in the event of an emergency.A semi-permanent sitting planter is a placement of vegetation that may be positioned as needed or a change in furniture layout, which can always support a visual connection with nature.Facilities areas in apartments such as cafes and gyms also use the application of the visual connection with nature aspect.The café is segregated into two distinct sections, namely the indoor and outdoor areas.The café's design has been carefully crafted to ensure that all patrons, whether seated indoors or outdoors, are able to enjoy a view of the surrounding vegetation.To support the visual connection with nature from inside the café, uses vertical placement of vegetation with the use of ivy plants placed in planter boxes behind the long seats.Meanwhile, the laying of vegetation is along the corridor and is supported by full-sized glass overlooking the laying of vegetation outdoors as seen in figure 2.
Finally, this aspect is applied to the balcony of the apartment unit.Access to the placement of vegetation is designed so that it can be seen from the bedrooms and living room as seen on figure 3. Overall, this aspect is applied to open spaces that can support the development of vegetation and placed on the edges of spaces or corridors so that they can support easy visual access for users.In terms of spatial layout, it can also easily support a visual connection with nature because it is at the edge of the space which will always be passed by and has the potential to be seen and does not interfere with the main function of the room.In addition, for a visual connection from inside to outside, full-sized glass is needed so that there are no visual barriers when sighting from indoors.In terms of room layout, it is furniture placement is facing away from the opening position in a room.And the vegetation that is placed at the placement point uses varied vegetation even though the area is limited, such as on the balcony of an apartment units.

Non-visual connection with nature
Non-visual connection with nature is auditory, olfactory, or tasting stimulation that is deliberately made with nature.This aspect can be applied to buildings intentionally with the following attributes, natural experiences with auditory (hearing sounds of nature), olfactory (smelling the aroma of plants/herbs), haptic (touching/touching/feeling nature), or gustatory (tasting edible plants), easily accessible from one or multiple locations enabling daily engagement with individuals and experienced simultaneously with aspects of visual connection with nature to maximize positive health potential [9].
The results of precedent studies based on non-visual connection with nature aspect shows that natural experience, ease of access to involve individuals every day, and applications with visual connection with nature aspects have a relationship between attributes to support the application of this aspect.Natural media is used in the form of vegetation, water, and materials.This aspect is implemented by using flowering plants along the corridor planters that are on the edge of the corridor and lounge area as seen in figure 4. Fragrant flowering plants such as roses, gardenias and mock orange are used to support olfactory stimulation as they pass through it.And by placing it in the planter corridor, it will be easy for haptic stimulation to occur which can feel the plant.Apart from those two stimuli, auditory is also applied by having a fountain close to the drop-off area as seen on figure 5. Thus, every time entering or exiting the building through drop-off area, will always experience auditory stimulation from the fountain.Overall, this aspect is applied to the main circulation of the building which can be experienced every day and has easy access.Three non-visual stimuli were applied namely olfactory, haptic, and auditory.Olfactory stimulation is applied on an open area with access to airflow to diffuse the aroma of aromas to its surroundings.Haptic stimulation uses vegetation elements which are placed on the planter corridor to facilitate touch and indirectly experience the visual connection with nature aspect.Auditory stimulation uses the sound of a fountain that is designed on drop-off area so that user will always experience as they pass through it.

Non-rhythmic sensory stimuli
Non-rhythmic sensory stimuli are sensory relationships with nature that can be analyzed but cannot be predicted precisely.This aspect can be applied to buildings with the following attributes, natural movements, natural sound, and natural scent.
The results of precedent studies based on aspect of non-rhythmic sensory stimuli show that natural movement, natural sound, and natural scent have a close relationship.The natural movement and scent attributes indicate the need for airflow in application of non-rhythmic sensory stimuli aspects.The natural sound attribute is applied to open spaces.Flowering plants on the edge of lounges or corridors can potentially attract the presence of insects as seen in figure 6.Thus, users have the potential to see natural movement.Aside from it, the natural movement of vegetation due to wind currents or the movement of vegetation shadows can trigger Landscape near lounge gives potential presence of birds and insects which allows users to experience natural sound.
Flowering plants along the edge of lounge and corridor support olfactory experience.Plants placement on the edge of corridor easier to experience haptic sense with nature.
Fountains near the drop-off corridor allows to experience auditory stimulation.
the user to see naturally occurring movements as seen on figure 7. Fragrance from flowering plants can provide a natural scent experience from flowers nearby because the aroma that reaches the user will depend on the airflow and which is not rhythmic and unpredictable.Natural sound can be experienced by users where there is a potential for the presence of birds in the courtyard area with the presence of trees.Apart from birds, there is the potential for the presence of other insects in the landscape in the courtyard which can be heard by users when passing in the corridors or in the lounge.Overall, all attributes are applied to semi-outdoor or outdoor open areas to support this aspect to occur naturally.Also, vegetation is used as a medium that can apply these three attributes.

Thermal & airflow variability
Thermal & airflow variability are changes in air temperature, humidity, skin airflow, and surface temperature that mimic the natural environment.This aspect can be applied to buildings with the following attributes, access for natural ventilation, materials with good thermal insulation, and shadows/shades.
The results of the precedent study based on the aspect of thermal & airflow variability shows that three attributes, access for natural ventilation, materials with good thermal insulation, and shadow/shade are closely related and used simultaneously for the occurrence of thermal variability and airflow in buildings.The ground floor is mostly open to support a variety of airflow.According to data collected, the wind direction on the site comes from both east and west.The area between the wind movements walkway is placed which connects tower B and C lobbies.The walkway has the potential for variations in airflow.The walkway is made of concrete as the main structure and lattice along the edge of the walkway with hollow steel material.The two materials have different thermal insulation so that thermal variations can occur.And exposure to sunlight on the lattice form shadows on the inside of the walkway and shadows from the surrounding vegetation to support variations in the occurrence of thermal variations as seen on figure 8. Overall, this aspect applies to areas where natural wind flow occurs for natural ventilation.And the use of various thermal insulation materials to support the occurrence of thermal variations.Shading from surrounding vegetation or shading device also supports thermal variations.

Presence of water
Presence of water is a condition that enhances the experience of a place through the sight, hearing or touch of water.This aspect can be applied to buildings with the following attributes, multi-sensory experience of water (visual, auditory, or tactile) and prioritize naturally fluctuating water movements over predictable or stagnant movements [10].The results of precedent studies based on the presence of water aspect show that multi-sensory experiences in the presence of water are important for establishing a connection with water.This aspect is applied on the pedestrian entrance by using the three senses.Users who pass through the pedestrian walkway can see, touch, and hear the sound of water overflowing as seen on figure 9. Also, can simultaneously experience all three senses from the garden above.Apart from the pedestrian area, it is also applied to the drop-off area.The application in the drop-off area is made with a fountain to support the senses of sight and hearing of water as seen on figure 10.Also, another is implemented as part of the apartment facilities, namely the swimming pool.Swimming pools can support the senses of sight and touch for users with stagnant water flow.Overall, the implementation of this aspect uses a minimum of two senses for the user regarding the placement of water in buildings.The location of the implementation of this aspect is designed for main circulation and open facility areas so that it can be easily accessed by users and will be experienced by all users.

Dynamic & diffuse light
Dynamic & diffuse light is a variety of light and shadow intensities that change over time according to what happens in nature.This aspect can be applied to buildings with the following attributes [11], natural light, filtered and diffused light, light and shadow, and reflected light.
The results of the precedent study based on the dynamic & diffuse light aspect shows that natural light is the main attribute needed in the application of this aspect because the other three attributes depend on natural light.Regarding natural light, the main element needed in a building is glass and openings as a medium that emits natural light to enter the building.The placement of openings/glass always faces outside the building with the potential for light to enter and is not blocked by massive objects or other buildings.Also, it acts as a separator between outside and inside of the building.The lattice on the walkway is made along the road to support this aspect where the occurrence of light and shadow.The lattice also aims to respond to sunlight from the hot west side and reduce glare while passing through it.Light exposed to the lattice will cast dark and light shadows and will change over time.The vegetation around the walkway also helps in the occurrence of filtered and diffused light so that the light that's exposed on walkway is filtered.The same is applied to the gym area, where the same lattice modules are placed along the corridor facing the garden area as seen on figure 11.This lattice aims to reduce the glare effect of the western sun and support the occurrence of light and shadow in the gym.In the kids' indoor playroom, this aspect is also implemented by using blinds on windows exposed to western sunlight.The blinds support the occurrence of diffused and filtered light and the vegetation in the garden helps to create light and shadow from exposure to sunlight.In the spa room, openings are made with slope so that natural light can enter and still block views from outside.The vegetation in front of the opening aims to create filtered light that enters the space and light and shadow can occur from incoming light by passing through the plants in front instead.
Lastly, applied to the apartment unit by using a shading device on the edge of the balcony as seen on figure 12.The lattice designs on the east and west sides are distinguished by the spacing between the wooden lattice spacing.With a shading device, light and shadow can occur in the room and filtered and diffuse light is applied by having hanging plants on the edge of the balcony and curtains on the windows.Overall, this aspect is applied to open circulation areas and facilities with openings to let sunlight into the room.Vegetation and the design of architectural openings are media that can create light and shadow as well as filtered and diffuse light.

Connection with natural systems
Connection with natural systems is awareness of natural processes, which are usually recognized by seasonal changes and are temporary.This aspect can be applied to buildings with the following attributes that can be seen over time, changes in weather or seasons, change of light, local/neighborhood landscape, and animal behavior.
The result of precedent studies based on the connection with natural systems aspect show that there is a correlation between changes in weather and changes in light and between the surrounding landscape and animal behavior in the application of this aspect.This aspect is applied to the ground floor open area where users can see the four attributes in this aspect.The courtyard which is in the middle between the buildings has facilities such as a swimming pool, spa and gazebo as seen in figure 13.Around the facility is equipped with a green area or landscape.With this green area there is the potential to see animals or insects in the area.And in space, the area is open where changes in weather and light can be seen directly.Overall, this aspect is only applied to the ground floor which is open with green open areas to be able to see the 4 attributes for users.

Material connection with nature
Materials and elements derived from nature that mirror the indigenous ecology or geology, thereby engendering a unique sense of locale, are referred to as material connections with nature.This aspect can be applied to buildings with the following attributes, natural materials are preferred for use in various Courtyard in between building tower allows to see changes in weather and light.The landscape is potential for animal habitat.
The results of precedent studies based on the material connection with nature aspect shows that choice of material and color greatly influences this aspect.Wood material is dominantly used in all elements of space in this building to create a natural feel from a broad perspective.Most of the space in the building uses wood, either real wood, processed, or veneer.The natural colors that are used predominantly in buildings are gray for structures, white for ceilings, and black for iron frames.The lounges of each tower use natural materials such as wooden decks, rocks, slate tiles and merbau wood.Wooden decking is used as the floor for the lounge pebbles is used for the gutter area so that it is indirectly seen as a place for gutters, slate tiles as layers for corridor planters and merbau wood as a seat for permanent sitting planters.In the café area, use wood as a parquet floor in the outdoor café area and as a ceiling with a wooden grille ceiling.The planter box in the café uses multiplex wood and layers of wood in the café counter area.The gym room also uses wood as a parquet floor in the middle and as a ceiling with a wooden grille ceiling.The natural color used is gray on the carpet to differentiate circulation zones and do sports.The kids' indoor playroom also uses a wooden parquet floor on the middle floor and carpet with a grass texture around the room as seen on figure 14.Thus, the material's connection with nature can be achieved even when using artificial textures such as grass textures.The spa room uses wood paneling on the walls and ceiling, and stone cladding on the walls to make the spa room feel closer to nature as seen in figure 15.Finally, the apartment units are applied with parquet wood floors in the bedrooms, wooden decks on the balconies, wooden ceilings on the balconies, merbau wood as shading devices, granite floors in the living room area, and marble on the kitchen tabletop.Apart from the material, the color is the same where white is used as the color for the ceiling, gray for the structure, and black for the iron frame such as window frames and sills.Overall, wood is dominantly applied to floors, walls and ceilings.Apart from wood, slate tiles, marble and granite are also used as materials.In terms of color, gray is dominant because it is used as the color for the structure, white as the color for the ceiling, and black as the color for the iron framing of the building.

Prospect
Prospect is a seamless view from a distance for monitoring and planning.Prospect in space will feel open and free, and provide a sense of secure, especially when in unfamiliar surroundings.This aspect can be applied on buildings with the following attributes, visual access to outdoor views, activity centers or destinations, visual connections between spaces, and provides a focal length of ≥ 6 meters, preferably 30 meters [13].The results of precedent studies based on the prospect aspect shows that visual access, visual connections between spaces and focal lengths are interconnected in the application of buildings, especially in interior.This aspect is applied to apartment units where the functions of the family room, dining room and kitchen are combined as an open floor plan to create a visual connection between rooms as seen on figure 16.With an open floor plan, the visual distance from the entrance to the balcony can be designed with > 6 meters.And using full-length glass on the divider between the inner room and the balcony so that visual access to the outside view can be seen without any visual barriers as seen on figure 17.Overall, all apartment units apply this aspect whereby an open floor plan can support a visual distance of at least 6-meters for monitoring distance which is assisted by dividing the inside and outside with full-plane glass.

Risk/ peril
Risk/Peril is threat that can be identified with reliable protection and makes an individual feel that it may be harmful, but interesting, worth exploring and maybe even intolerable.The design attributes for this aspect are height, gravity, water, predator-prey.
The results of the precedent study based on the risk/peril aspect shows that only use of height attribute is significantly applied on apartment buildings.The height attribute is used as a source of anxiety and an impression of danger to the user.This aspect is applied to all apartment unit balconies by using a frameless glass railing as a balcony edge barrier as seen on figure 18. Frameless glass is used to increase the sense of danger from heights as seen in figure 19.
The application of the biophilic concept to apartments is known to have at most 10 aspects that are used through the results of precedent studies from three biophilic apartments.Thus, the method of implementation of the 10 aspects is known in the results of the analysis on residential buildings through examples of the implementation of each of the existing aspects.

Conclusion
The concept of biophilic architecture in buildings has three main principles in design, (1) nature in the space, (2) natural analogue, and (3) nature of space.The results of precedent studies from three vertical residential buildings show that the principle of nature in the space plays a large role in the application of biophilic architecture and has strong relationships between principles.Every application of biophilic aspects to buildings looks important and interconnected between aspects.Every aspect has an approach to nature in terms of sight, hearing, touch, or smell.Visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli were the dominant ones applied to precedents.All aspects also have a close relationship with the outdoor environment in terms of all sensory stimuli to feel closeness to real nature.
The form of application to buildings always uses vegetation, water features, natural light, natural materials/colors, and architectural designs.The application of significant biophilic concepts is applied to the main functions and supporting functions of apartment building.The application on apartment design significantly uses visual connection with nature and material connection with nature aspects in the majority of spaces.This is because the aspect of visual connection with nature needs to provide a place for placing vegetation that can support the layout to be seen without visual barriers.The material connection with nature aspect can be easily applied because it includes building materials, all space is needed.However, for other aspects it can only be applied to certain areas or spaces, due to several attributes needing to be followed so that each aspect is implemented well through design.Most of them are in the facilities and public spaces on the ground floor of the apartment.In apartment units, only 5 biophilic aspects can be implemented, namely visual connection with nature, dynamic and diffuse light, material connection with nature, prospects, and risk/peril.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Example of how data collected and analyzed for each biophilic aspect.

Full
sized window allows users to have direct visual with nature from inside café.Vegetation on the edge of balcony and with the help of full plane window supports visual connection with nature from living and dining area.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Visualization of lounge tower A.Figure 7. Visualization of lounge tower C.

Figure 7 .
Figure 6.Visualization of lounge tower A.Figure 7. Visualization of lounge tower C.
Flowering plants along the edge of lounge gives potential natural scent to users and natural movement of the plants itself.
Shadow from the lattice and vegetation gives shade in walkway.Holes on lattice allows airflow inside walkway.Hollow steel and concrete material used to support thermal variability.

Fountain
supports hearing sound of water and sight of water while passing through corridor.Overflowing water supports by hearing sound of water, sight and touch of water while passing through corridor.Light and shadow occurrence from the shadow of lattice arrangements on the edge of corridor.Filtered and diffused light from shadow of vegetation and light pass-through curtain.

Figure 15 .
Figure 15.Visualization of couple spa room.

Table 1 .
Result of Guidelines for Application of Biophilic Aspects.