The Analysis of Passenger’s Facilities Level of Service on Jakarta - Bogor Commuter Line’s Stations Using PTV Viswalk

To accommodate the increasing number of passengers of DKI Jakarta which is Indonesia’s economic center, largely relies on public transit, notably rail transportation. Data on volume, density, speed, annual passenger volume, and passenger growth projections for the following ten years are needed to evaluate passenger’s facilities level of service in platform area based on Ministerial Regulation No. 29/PRT/M/2011 concerning the Technical Construction of Railway Stations and the Highway Capacity Manual of 2006. The Level of Service (LOS) is then calculated from the data using PTV Viswalk software, which evaluates passenger traffic and density. The results of the PTV Viswalk software is validated by the Geoffrey E. Havers (GEH) test and the maximum passenger density to determine the Level of Service (LOS). All stations’ service levels lie between LOS C and LOS F with varying space modulus values. A solution for the rise in passengers over a decade is multi-story development.


Introduction
DKI Jakarta is the economic center of Indonesia.The Jakarta area has high mobility as a base for movement.Therefore, public transportation is required.Rapid population growth has also increased the need for public transportation.One public transportation choice is the train transportation mode.Jabodetabek Electric Railway users are recorded at 1.2 million per day with a fleet strength of 1,450 units [1].
On the Jabodetabek route, it was recorded that the KRL Commuter Line Bogor (Jakarta Kota -Bogor/Nambo) had the highest passenger density of the five other routes with a headway of five minutes with 384 train trips per weekday and 357 per holiday.This passenger density is caused by an increase in the number of passengers, inadequate tap gate and platform areas, inadequate number of train fleets, and other factors [2].Each Commuter Rail Train (KRL) route consists of several stations that can be categorized into three classes: large, medium, and small stations [3].
Manggarai Station was selected as a case study location representing a large class station because it is the main transit station for the entire Jabodetabek railway line with a passenger density of ±120,000 thousand per day.Citayam Station was selected as a medium-class station because it occupies the third position with the third highest passenger density with ±22,000 thousand passengers per day.Cawang Station was chosen to represent the small class station because it is the only small class station on the Jakarta -Bogor line with a significant increase in passengers every year with several passengers ± 14,000 thousand per day [2].
The density that occurs at a station requires an evaluation of the level of service of its facilities to ensure the safety, security, reliability, convenience, equality, and comfort of passengers at the station.Each station will experience an increase in the number of passengers each year so each Commuter Rail Station must be able to solve the problem of passenger growth in order to continue to meet the standard of level of service in the future [1].Therefore, the main objective of this study is to evaluate the existing station platform level of service and platform level of service in 10 years at Manggarai Station, Citayam Station, and Cawang Station.PTV Viswalk was used for modelling, simulate, and determine level of service in platform area.

Level of Service (LOS)
Passengers analysis follow the same principles as motor vehicle movement analysis, which is based on the relationship between flow, speed, density, and space modulus [4].Passengers characteristics are proportional to the associated traffic movements, especially the flow, speed, density, and space modulus.If the speed decreased the flow is increase.Furthermore, as the density increased, the flow increased.However, once maximum flow was reached, the flow decreased.As the density increases, the speed equals zero until maximum density is reached [5].
Level of Service (LOS) passengers are presented to determine the conditions of road facilities, road traffic, and to determine the passenger's facilities at the station.The level of service required by passengers to assess readiness for station development [6].The level of service in the passenger's area to assess the level of service at the platform and the level of service while queuing to assess the level of service at the tap gate based on the Highway Capacity Manual are sufficient to review the level of service of passenger's facilities [4].Figure 1 shows that each level of service is represented by images of people moving in different directions at passengers-occupied locations.To achieve high quality service, adequate space for passengers to walk and queue (LOS) is required.Table 1 illustrates the classification of passengers level of service on passengers paths based on passengers space and flow factors.The level of service of passengers on passengers paths can be determined based on passengers space or passengers flow [4].In the design of passenger's facilities, the effectiveness of the basic size of the passenger's walkway space (passengers' space) must be considered.In this case, the passenger's sidewalk is the platform at the train station.The size of the platform service level for each land use varies according to the location of the train line [3].The measures of level of service of the sidewalk in Table 2.

PTV Viswalk
PTV Viswalk was part of PTV Vissim, which was developed in Karlsruhe, Germany.It is by far one of the most widely used simulation software for programs to be simulating, comparing, and validating new transportation guidelines and transportation management structures [7].
Passengers traffic simulation was conducted using the PTV Viswalk software.PTV Viswalk been used by others to urban and traffic planners, fire safety officers, and managers of railway stations, airports, and event venues to effectively model and solve pedestrian interaction challenges.Among other things, it used to check passage widths, sizes of waiting areas, travel and waiting times, and ensure safety and comfort.The PTV Viswalk software can perform microscopic simulations of passengers, describe passengers, and interact with passengers with each other.The PTV Viswalk software will provides an in-depth analysis and visualization of passengers traffic [8].
The simulation results obtained from the PTV Viswalk program compared to with the observed results.In this study, validation was carried out by comparison based on the volume of passengers.The Geoffrey E. Havers (GEH) method was used for this purpose.GEH results < 5 indicate that the modelling conditions meet the data and are accepted.[8]

Passengers Density
Passenger density data are obtained from passengers waiting for the arrival of the train in a unit area.Data were collected at the platform area as an observation point in the direction of Jakarta in the morning peak hour and the platform in the direction of Bogor in the afternoon peak hour.The data were obtained taken by directly counting the number of passengers with a limited area between the two supporting poles.Density data density on the platform area calculated by divided number of passengers with the platform area.[8] The results of the calculation of passengers density at each station with the condition of the highest number of passengers at each observation point in the platform area.because the width of each platform is quite minimal.In particular, the Citayam station produces a minimal area as well, causing the density to be quite high.Observations time were carried out at 06:00 -09:00 AM and 16:00 -19:00 PM.The observation time was chosen on weekdays at peak hours.

Results and Discussion
After collecting data on passenger's volume by counting the number of incoming and outgoing passenger's density data were collected in the platform area.The data can be further analysed to determine the service level of each station.

Passengers Space Modulus
The modulus of the passenger's space can be obtained from the body depth and shoulder breadth set as the minimum standard.The modulus of space (M) of the platform at the peak hour time using the formulation M = 1/D, where D is the passenger density at that point.[8]

Figure 3. Passengers Space Modulus Each Station Platforms Area
Based on Figure 3, the space modulus at Cawang Station in the morning is quite high, meaning that the space between passengers or passengers still has a sufficiently large distance between them.This is because in the morning passengers at Cawang Station are still quite small whereas in the afternoon the space modulus decreases so that the distance between passengers is closer together and because passengers experience an increase in the afternoon.Meanwhile, for Citayam Station, it is the opposite of the condition of Cawang Station but has a low average space modulus because of the minimal platform area causing passenger accumulation so that the distance is very close.For Manggarai Station experiencing the same conditions as Cawang Station, the space modulus was quite high in the morning but low in the afternoon because to Manggarai Station experienced an increase in passengers in the afternoon.Observations time were carried out at 06:00 -09:00 AM and 16:00 -19:00 PM.The observation time was chosen on weekdays at peak hours.

Passengers Traffic Forecast Plan
In determining the prediction of passenger volume in the coming year, the number of passenger volumes in the following years is require to predict the increase that will occur in the coming year.The volume of people per hour over the next 10 years was calculated by comparing the current passengers traffic count with the expected passengers traffic count.Based on a conservative estimate of the increase in passengers before the Covid-19 occurs, namely from 2019 to 2021, the conservative estimate of the increase in passengers is based on the increase in passengers from 2015 to 2018 then determined a conservative estimate for the increase in passengers in 2023 and 10 years later which is 9%.Thus, the estimated volume for 2033 for each station can be found, as shown in Table 4.

PTV Viswalk Modelling and Simulation
After analysing all the data, modelling was performed on PTV Viswalk to illustrate the situation at the actual station.Modelling can be performed using all the required data and continued with simulation to obtain the output of the software.Figure 4 -6 show the modelling results of the three stations.The simulation was carried out three times, the first was to simulate the current conditions in 2023 where the design has not changed (existing design), and the second was to simulate the existing design conditions in 2023 by entering the predicted volume of passengers traffic in 2033.Figure 7 -9 show the simulation for the condition in 2023.

Validation
The model was validated by comparing the volume coming out of the program with that of direct observation.This stage aims to determine the accuracy of the simulation model.It is known that the number of passenger's volumes that emerge in program is less than that of direct observation.This is because PTV Viswalk has the capacity to remove passengers, if the passenger's capacity wants to come out in accordance with the field is required to buy an additional passengers' capacity for PTV Viswalk.Although some results do not agree with the number of passengers in the field, the GEH test or Geoffrey E. Havers (GEH) method to validate the model conditions are met and acceptable.The comparison results after the test states that all values are less than 5, such that the model meets the data and is acceptable.

Level of Service (LOS)
The passenger's level of service is presented to see the service conditions of road facilities, road traffic and also to find out the passenger's facilities at the station.The quality of service required by passengers to assess the readiness of the station development.The passengers service level for the minimum platform size shown in Table 5, is still adequate because the platform width exceeds the existing standards minimum.

b. Citayam Station
The level of service of the walkway area in the platform area in 2023 is still in LOS A represented in blue color to LOS C represented in green color in Figure 15.However, after simulating the next 10 years by replacing the predicted passenger volume for the next 10 years, Figure 16 shows that the LOS in the walkways looks like the entire platform area is red or in the LOS F category.The passengers' level of service for Citayam Station's minimum platform size, as indicated in Table 6, is inadequate since the platform width does not surpass the requirements minimum.

c. Manggarai Station
The level of service of the walkways in the platform area in 2023 is still in LOS A represented in blue as color shown in Figure 17.However, after simulating the next 10 years by replacing the predicted passenger volume for the next 10 years, Figure 18 shows that the LOS in the walkways looks like the entire area is red or in the LOS F category.At Manggarai station due to the large platform width, there are several areas that are still in the LOS A category in the next 10 years.The passengers service level for the minimum platform size that shown in Table 7, is still adequate because the platform width does exceed the standards minimum.From this investigation, it can be conclude that the level of service each station in 2023 and 10 years later as shown in Table 8 -9.

Conclusions
In this investigation, the main goal is to assess the level of service of platform area in Manggarai Station, Citayam Station, and Cawang Station based on class at this time and for ten years later according to Ministerial Regulation No. 29/PRT/M/2011 concerning the Technical Construction of Railway Stations and the Highway Capacity Manual of 2006.The findings reported here that the level of service of the three station this year it has reached LOS F and the passenger level of service for the minimum platform size only Manggarai Station platform that still adequate.
In order for pedestrian facilities to be adequate and effective at Cawang KRL Station & Citayam KRL Station, multi-storey construction can be carried out to handle the increase in passengers in the next 10 years, increase the number of tap gates for all stations, and increase train trips for Manggarai KRL Station.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Illustration of Each Level of Service on Passengers Walkways (Source: Highway Capacity Manual, (2006))

Figure 10 .Figure 11 .Figure 12 .
Figure 10.Cawang Station in 2033 From the results of the analysis, the level of service of each station in 2023 and 2033 can be determined using the standards set by the HCM and Ministerial Regulation No. 29/PRT/M/2011 concerning Technical Construction of Railway Stations for the adequate platform size.a. Cawang Station The level of service of the walkways area in the platform area in 2023 is still in the LOS A category, and it is still in LOS B represented in light blue colour to LOS C represented in orange color category shown in Figure 13.However, after simulating the next 10 years by replacing the predicted passenger volume for the next 10 years, Figures 14 show the LOS in the walkways and when queuing looks like the entire platform area is red or in the LOS F category.

Table 3 .
Passengers Density on Each Station Platform

Table 4 .
Estimated Passenger Volume in 2033

Table 5 .
Passengers Level of Service Minimum Platform Size in Cawang Station

Table 6 .
Passengers Level of Service Minimum Platform Size in Citayam Station

Station Class Station Station Platform Type (Based on The Height) Platform Width On The Edge of The Lane (Side Platform) Width Standard Level of Service
IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1324/1/0120049 Figure 17 LOS Walkway Density Max dan Average Manggarai Station in 2023 Figure 18 LOS Walkway Density Max dan Average Manggarai Station in 2033

Table 7 .
Passengers Level of Service Minimum Platform Size in Manggarai Station

Table 8
Level of Service of Passengers in Passengers Pathways

Table 7
illustrate shows a comparison of the level of service of passengers in passengers pathways in 2023 and 10 years later each station.It is indicate after 10 years later the only station that still adequate is Manggarai Station and the other station need multi-storey construction to handle the increase in passengers.

Table 9
Passengers Level of Service for Minimum Platform Size

Table 9
illustrate shows a comparison of the level of service for the minimum platform size in 2023 and 10 years later.It is indicate after 10 years later the only station that still adequate is Manggarai Station and the other station need multi-storey construction to handle the increase in passengers.