Evaluation of pedestrian paths in the trade area with water transport: Case study of Old Town Pekanbaru

Pekanbaru grew and developed starting from a pekan or market located on the banks of the Siak River. The development of Pekanbaru city is inseparable from the history that shaped it, where in the 16th century Pekanbaru was once the center of government of the kingdom of Siak Sri Indra Pura which then grew and developed with trade activities, and settlements to form a potential regional structure as a tourist destination, both shopping tourism, religious tourism, and tourism in the old residential area. Therefore, to accommodate and support the activities of the old city area of Pekanbaru, it is necessary to have adequate infrastructure such as pedestrian paths (Pedestrian Way). This study aims to evaluate the pedestrian path in the aspect of accessibility that connects the potential of the old city area of Pekanbaru such as the port area, trade area, and old residential area. The method used in this research is descriptive with a qualitative approach through mapping the potential conditions of each character area that is reinforced by using quantitative methods with descriptive and simulation research frameworks. The results of the analysis show that some corridors in the trade area show better integration, which means that it is possible that in the trade area, there is more movement of people because it is easily accessible from various directions (accessible) while in the port area shows moderate integration and in residential areas tends to be low.


Introduction
Water potential is one of the bases that form major cities in Indonesia.This can be seen through the development of cities along the seaside or the flow of large rivers.Rivers in human life can basically be a source of life and also a living container for humans to live and develop.In the past, river flows were commonly used for trade activities and community transport routes, these activities formed transit points on the riverbank where markets were held for residents to transact and settle [1].
One manifestation of a city whose early development was on the banks of a river is the city of Pekanbaru.Pekanbaru was originally known as bandar senapelan or kampung bandar.The name bandar was taken from one of the descendants of the king of Siak, sultan bandar.In the 16th century, kampong bandar used to be a stopover place for the Sultan of Siak Sri Indrapura, namely sultan Abdul Jalil Alamudin Syah, which later developed into a trading city, this was due to strategic and transportation considerations.At that time, water transport was the easiest transport system and was widely used by local people and migrants [2].
Geographically, Senapelan city is located on the banks of the Siak River, a river that is used as a connecting route between Riau and Malacca and also a means of transport for trade routes from one area to another such as Minangkabau, Kampar, Petapahan, Lima Koto and Teratak Buluh.With the potential for arrivals and stopovers in the senapelan city area, this area became a stop for Dutch ships and the accumulation of various trade commodities such as mining materials, handicrafts, and forest products [1].
The existence of kampong bandar area as the old city of Pekanbaru cannot be separated from the existence of the siak river and other potentials that form it such as trade activities, old settlements and historical and cultural values that reflect the local community.With the existence of these potentials, kampung bandar has historical value and economic potential that can be used as an identity and character that forms the image of the city.City image is an important point in the view of urban design that directs thoughts about the city to the people who live in it.Kevin Lynch, one of the city researchers, stated the importance of image in a city, namely as an orientation for people in the city to create a sense of comfort.
One aspect that greatly affects the formation of the image of an area is how the provision of infrastructure such as pedestrian paths (Pedestrian Way).Walking is a basic human activity that is able to connect and bring someone to be able to have different spatial experiences, so the efficiency of pedestrian paths is the most important thing that must be considered.Accessibility is closely related to the path of people moving to utilise and access the space and facilities available in a spatial configuration.Space with good accessibility can be seen through how easy it is for pedestrians to move in a space to be able to access the facilities available.So that the potential of integrated pedestrian greatly affects the movement of pedestrians in a particular area [3].
By looking at the potential of the old area of Pekanbaru city, the availability of pedestrian ways basically affects the circulation formed in the area [4], besides that mobility along pedestrian paths will contribute to the quality of life and the environment [5] so that in addition to aspects of ease of achievement, the element of safety is also important to note.Therefore, with the potential of the research area as a trade, port and heritage area, it is necessary to evaluate the pedestrian path (pedestrian way) on the accessibility aspect so that the most optimal access can be seen to achieve all functions in the trade, port and heritage area.

Tourism and Commercial Areas
Tourism is a general concept that has developed since 1811.Tourism is an activity or part of an activity that is carried out voluntarily and temporarily to enjoy tourist objects and attractions (Law No. 9 of 1990 article 1).During the process of tourism activities, apart from the economic aspect, tourism also has an impact on psychological, sociological, ecological and political development.With the tourist activities will trigger the growth of shopping places as one of the attractions of visitors in a development.
To create comfort for visitors, the shopping place is reviewed from the spatial form that can be divided into Shopping centre, Shopping strips, Shopping street and Pedestrian Shopping Mall.Shopping centre is a centralised shopping and commerce area, often called a shopping centre, Shopping strips is a shopping area that stands along the main road, Shopping street is a shopping area that includes buildings along the road where the road is still passed by motor vehicles, shopping centres are linear while Pedestrian Shopping Mall is a shopping place where all parts of the road and pedestrian into a single unit with shops lined up along the path and usually only passed by pedestrians [5].

Pedestrian
In general, the facilities and infrastructure of the pedestrian network must be able to fulfil aspects of the function to facilitate the movement of pedestrians from one place to another easily, smoothly, safely, comfortably and independently.Pedestrian paths not only function as a place for humans to move in an effort to fulfil their needs but can also function as a place for human activities to take place such as buying and selling activities, social interactions and visual guidelines [6].
Shirvani (1985) says that road users need a special path called pedestrian.Pedestrian is one of the elements of urban design that can determine the success of the urban design process [7].
Some typologies of pedestrian space can be divided into several categories, namely: (1) Side walk, is a pedestrian space on the side of the road that is part of the pedestrian path system from the edge of the highway to the outer edge (2) Promenade, is a pedestrian space on the side of the water where on one side borders the water body (3) Arcade, is a pedestrian space in commercial / office areas that adjoins the building on one or both sides (4) Green Pathway, is a pedestrian space located between green open spaces (5) Underground pedestrian space (underground), is a pedestrian space that is part of the building above it or a special pedestrian path that is below ground level (6) Elevated pedestrian space, is a pedestrian space that is above ground level [8].

Accessibility Review
Walking is a basic human activity that connects between functional areas.Space in an area that can accommodate pedestrians makes the area more humane.In the pedestrian network must pay attention to various aspects such as comfort in walking, including the distance travelled in walking.Efficiency is the most important thing that must be considered because the distance people walk will basically increase a person's adaptation to the environment [9].
Accessible pedestrian paths are pedestrian paths that are easy to access, comfortable to use, have a short distance to travel to transit and are barrier-free for all users.Accessible pedestrian paths mean the location of pedestrian paths that are easy to reach because they are located in strategic locations and the layout of pedestrian path attributes that do not interfere with the flow of pedestrians.Comfortable pedestrian paths are supported by the provision of shade and forms of protection from extreme climatic conditions such as protective trees and canopies [10].

Principles of Pedestrian Facility Planning
According to the technical planning guidelines for pedestrian facilities by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing in 2018, several general principles of pedestrian facility planning that must be fulfilled are aspects of system integration, aspects of continuity, aspects of safety, security and aspects of accessibility.
The continuity aspect is the continuity of interaction between the place of origin to the destination and vice versa while the accessibility aspect is reviewed through ease of access where the planned facilities must be accessible from various directions by all users including by users with various physical limitations that can be traversed by meeting aspects of safety, security and comfort.
While in terms of technical aspects, some of the principles that must be met in the planning of pedestrian facilities are to be able to meet the criteria for capacity requirements (demand), meet the provisions of continuity and meet the technical requirements of accessibility for all users including pedestrians with special needs that meet the safety requirements of the material aspects in use and easy to maintain [11].

Place Making
In placemaking, Dovey (1985) revealed that place shows the relationship between humans and meaning.Place does not only have a physical view but also emphasises the experience of space felt by its users.
According to PPS (Project for Public Space), several aspects are essential for creating a good place in design: 1. Access and Linkage (access): Factors to consider for access include ease of access, making it easily reachable, providing straightforward entry to the area, and facilitating recognition of the area through formed visual linkages.It should be pedestrian-friendly, accessible by public transportation, have adequate parking facilities, and include retail spaces on the outer edges to enhance pedestrians' comfort.2. Comfort and Image: Factors that determine creating comfort and a favorable impression include safety, cleanliness, the availability of resting places so that visitors can have various experiences while enjoying the area.3. Uses and Activities: Providing spaces for activities within the area can serve as a strategy to attract visitors to the planned area.4. Sociability: A good place is one that is comfortable and conducive to interaction.

Space Syntax Review
Space syntax is a type of research approach that focuses on analyzing space configurations, calculating and describing space configurations diagrammatically.The existing space configuration is closely related to the relationship of several elements in a space structure.It can be explained in more detail that the pattern of human activity and movement in a space is strongly influenced by the configuration of space or spatial structure.In this approach, space syntax uses a parameter better known as depth which can calculate a relationship between space and activity.This depth concept is the basis for consideration in the process of design recommendations or space engineering in a space setting that is considered not to have a good level of configuration.The space syntax approach can be used to simulate the possible impact of a space design on human activity and movement within it.The diagrammatic configuration using space syntax is based on three basic concepts of space namely isovist, convex space, and axial space that illustrate the connectivity and integration of spaces.The convex map in the axial map resulting from the simulation of a space mapping will be used to measure the three main indicators in space syntax, namely connectivity, integration and intelligence.The results of axial analysis with space syntax on space configuration can be taken into consideration in space evaluation and engineering.The connectivity value between spaces is the sum of all spaces connected to the observation space.In the connectivity value, it can be seen the level of relationship or interaction between spaces in a space configuration system.Indicators in an integration focus on assessing the general properties of the analysis space in the space syntax approach, this can produce a configuration analysis of a system.Measuring the level of connectivity and integration can be used as an indicator of intelligence.In this case, a high Intelligence value indicates connectivity at a local scale that can facilitate space users in accessing other space [9].

Research Methods
This research was conducted in Bandar Senapelan Urban Village, Pekanbaru City.The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative by performing several processes such as primary data processing such as mapping the research area by looking at the existing land use in the field, conducting direct reviews to the field by observing the typology of pedestrians in each potential block area, theoretical studies of pedestrian development, analysing the character of pedestrians developed in the area and drawing conclusions on research studies.
As for the application of the Space syntax approach with the type of analysis used is Spatial Analysis using quantitative methods using descriptive and simulation frameworks.Descriptive analysis aims to explain the findings of field data and numerical data accurately and systematically.The space syntax approach with the help of DepthmapX software in the simulation process will be analyzed descriptively.DepthmapX software can produce graphical and numerical data that can be used to analyze movement in a space (Conectivity, Integration).
Technically, the DepthmapX application will be used to test the accessibility quality of the evaluated and engineered pedestrian sections.Technical considerations related to the accessibility of space will have an impact on the value of connectivity, integration, and intelligence in the output of space configuration analysis with DepthmapX.Input data in the DepthmapX application is in the form of a base map with AutoCad format (.cad) which is converted to format (.dxf) with a research area of less than 1km, in the analysis of the type of map will be changed to the axial map type marked with color indicators on map lines such as red, orange, yellow-green and blue which indicate the level of integration and connectivity.The output is obtained from the axial map analysis of the built environment by focusing on the three main outputs of the spatial configuration analysis.The relationship between spaces is calculated based on the concept of distance called depth as the only measure in analyzing the three indicators [3].

Location of Research Area
The research area is the old town area of pekanbaru which is ± 1.7 km from the primary arterial road of pekanbaru city, namely jl.jendral sudirman which can be travelled about 20 minutes on foot.

Port area and pedestrian typology used
In the research area there are two port points, namely Pelindo port and Bunga Tanjung port.Pelindo port currently functions as an open space that can be accessed by foot and vehicle, but there are no pedestrian facilities to the port area, while Bunga Tanjung port currently functions as a port of goods that can be accessed only on foot and there are no pedestrian facilities available.

Residential areas and pedestrian typology used
Some pedestrian access points within the old settlements are dirt roads but others are sidewalks connected to the main road corridor and travelled by motorbikes.

Distribution of traditional Malay houses in residential areas
The location of the spread of traditional Malay houses that are still maintained which can be made as a tourist destination.

Corridor B trade area and pedestrian typology used
The trading area consists of several rows of 1st floor kiosks lined up along the new town road corridor which can be accessed on foot.Some types of merchandise are managed by the local community such as shipping equipment needs.The new town corridor is more likely to be accessed by motorised vehicles such as cars and motorbikes.

Corridor C trade area and pedestrian typology used
The trading area consists of several rows of 1 and 2-storey kiosks lined up along Senapelan Street which can be accessed on foot.Traditional Malay food and legendary eateries such as kimteng coffee shop, district coffee shop characterise this corridor.

Corridor D Trade Area and the pedestrian typology that is used
The Saleh abas road corridor is the centre of the trading area in kampung bandar, which is accessed by foot and motor vehicle.Some of the merchandise includes snacks, carpets, household appliances, ceramics, etc., most of which are imported from Malaysia..

Trading Area Corridor E and Used Pedestrian Typology
The Moh. Yamin road corridor, located adjacent to Saleh Abas road, is the centre of the trading area in kampung bandar, which is accessed by foot and motor vehicle.Some of the merchandise includes snacks, carpets, household appliances, ceramics, etc., most of which are imported from Malaysia.The research area can be accessed by public transport modes, online transport modes and private vehicles.For public transport modes such as Trans Metro Pekanbaru (TMP) that go directly to the area of pasar bawah-kelurahan kampung bandar does not yet exist, but the area can be accessed from the bus stop located at the RTH Tunjuk Ajar Integritas located at jl.Riau ujung and on Jalan Ahmad Yani with a walking distance of approximately 400m.The stop is the TMP route on corridor 8A which starts from Jalan General Sudirman to Jalan Yos Sudarso.

Space Syntax Analysis
The results of the analysis show that the new city road corridor and Senapelan road as a trade area have a high integration value indicated by a red line.In other words, the corridors of Jalan Kota Baru and Jalan Senapelan are corridors that are easily accessed through the surrounding roads or accessible routes that allow a lot of movement for pedestrians.While the value of moderate integration is shown in the corridors of saleh abbas and moh.yatim roads, which are trade corridors to the port area shown by orange and yellow lines.While the Senapelan road corridor as the main access to residential areas shows moderate integration value.
For Conectivity value which is quite high formed on the corridor of moh.yatim road (yellow), low value on the corridor of senapelan road, new city road and trade road (blue) while saleh abbas road has a medium conectivity value (green).

Conclusion
Based on the results of observations in the field and supported by the analysis of the space syntax approach using deptmapX software, conclusions can be drawn in each research area as follows: 1.On the Senapelan Road and the new city road as a trade corridor has the availability of pedestrian paths but in its implementation, the pedestrian path does not function optimally it is seen that there are not many users of the pedestrian, but based on the analysis of the space syntax approach shows that the road corridor has a relatively low connectivity value with a high integration value which can be interpreted as a path that has the potential for movement of many pedestrians.The existing analysis shows the inequality of the integration value of the use of existing pedestrian paths so that the need for structuring pedestrian paths to improve the function of the area.2. On Saleh Abas Street and Moh.Yatim Street as the centre of trade activities, based on observations in the field is a trade area that many visitors access on foot but the availability of pedestrians is not adequate based on space syntax analysis shows a high integration value which means this corridor has a high potential for movement.This shows that improvements are needed to the pedestrian path so that the accessibility aspects on Jalan Saleh Abas and Jalan Moh.Yatim can be fulfilled properly.3. The trade road which is the main access in the residential area shows the availability of infrastructure and shows a moderate integration value with a relatively small connectivity value so that the residential area shows that there is potential for better pedestrian development so that the residential area can be maximally accessed.4. Residential areas, based on observations in the field do not have good pedestrian path infrastructure so it is quite difficult to access with a sense of security and comfort for pedestrians, while based on space syntax analysis shows low integration and connectivity values.This can be interpreted that residential areas need special attention to improve pedestrian paths so that they can be accessed better. 5.The port area can be accessed by pedestrians and vehicles, but this area does not have adequate pedestrian paths with moderate integration value and low connectivity value.This can be interpreted that the port area needs to improve the infrastructure of the pedestrian path so that it can be accessed properly by pedestrian users.6.For the current mode of public transport to the research area still looks very little, this is shown through the existence of bus stops around the research area with a distance of 300-400 m.This results in the importance of developing pedestrian path infrastructure in the research area.

Acknowledgments
The author would like to thank the assistance and encouragement from the PUPR Office of Pekanbaru City and the Pekanbaru City Transportation Office in the process of providing data until this research can be completed.

Figure 3 .
(a) Location of Pelindo harbour and Tanjung Bunga harbour: (b) Access to Pelindo harbour with conditions closed to the publi; (c) Access to Tanjung Bunga harbour.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. (a) Location of the residential area; (b) Access to the residential area with dirt road conditions; (c) Access to the residential area with a sidewalk connected to the main road; (d) Access to the port of Tanjung Bunga and the residential area.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. (a) Map of the distribution of traditional Malay houses; (b), (c), (d) some traditional Malay houses in the old city of Pekanbaru that are still preserved which can be accessed to the location on foot.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.(a) Map of trade corridor; (b) Pedestrian development pattern in the form of sidewalks and sidewalks.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. (a) Map of trade corridor; b) Pedestrian development pattern in the form of sidewalks.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8.(a) Map of trade corridor; (b) Pedestrian development pattern in the form of sidewalks.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. (a) Map of trade corridor; (b) Pedestrian development pattern in the form of sidewalks.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.(a) Map of the trading corridor; (b) Pattern of pedestrian development in the form of sidewalks.

Figure 11 .Figure 12 .
Figure 11.(a) Map of the Riverside Park area; (b) Pattern of pedestrian development in the form of promenades and sidewalks.
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