Preferences of Tourists for the Comfort of the Semarang Old Town Area After Revitalization as a Heritage Tourism Destination in the City of Semarang

Semarang Old Town Area has been designated as a National Cultural Heritage Area based on the Decree of the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 682/P/2020. Revitalization of the Semarang Old Town Area abbreviated as KKLS is carried out with the aim of sustainable development and providing the benefit of increasing economic value for the local community by making minor changes to historic buildings, as much as possible to maintain authenticity, and if changes are needed, they must be carried out with careful consideration. After the revitalization, KKLS became one of the popular destinations by offering views of old buildings along with their historical value, being able to have a good influence on increasing economic activity and being able to become a strong tourist attraction for tourists. However, there are still problems related to the provision of public facilities such as toilets, parking, and lighting. Convenience is basically not only related to the availability of facilities but also regarding the psychology felt by tourists towards these facilities. The purpose of this research is to find out the comfort level of post-revitalization KKLS based on tourist preferences. The results of this research show that tourist feel comfortable, this is proven by six of the eight variables stating that they area comfortable.


Background
Urban growth has occurred so significantly that it requires special attention so that growth can be managed better and have an impact on improving community welfare, such as: entrusted by the 11th SDG's regarding the sustainability of cities and communities by building cities and settlements that are inclusive, quality, safe, resilient and sustainable [1].The old city area of Semarang or commonly called KKLS is part of the Old Semarang City which has been designated as a National Rank Cultural Heritage Area based on the Decree of the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 682/P/2020 [2].The old city of Semarang, known as Oudestad, has an area of 28.70 Hectares consisting of part of Tanjung Mas Village which is in North Semarang District and part of Purwodinatan Village which is in Central Semarang District.The location of KKLS is in the coastal area of Semarang City and adjacent to the Kali Semarang, which is an area where villages along the river are growing, such as Chinatown villages, Malay villages, Kauman villages and Kota Lama.Each village represents the characteristics of the people who live in it and at that time the Kali Semarang became an important transportation network for goods and people from inland areas to ports in coastal areas, and vice versa.1321 (2024) 012052 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1321/1/012052 2 KKLS represents the historical journey of Semarang City from the 19th century to the early 20th century which shows the remains of European residences or what is called Europeesche Buurt.This site is a former fort area built by the VOC in 1741 at the same time as the Chinatown commotion [3].The government has long sought to include KKLS in UNESCO's World Heritage City list by organizing and controlling slum buildings and infrastructure, repairing ancient buildings, and revitalizing KKLS by arranging public spaces and carrying out various activities.The revitalization or arrangement of KKLS (heritage) was carried out in 2 (two) stages from 2017 to 2021 with the aim of sustainable development and providing maximum benefits, especially increasing economic value for the local community and its surroundings, provided that as few changes as possible are made to historic buildings, as much as possible maintaining authenticity, and If change action is required, it must be carried out with great care [1].As time passed after revitalization, KKLS became one of the popular destinations visited by many tourists when visiting Semarang.Being a cultural heritage area, KKLS offers views of old and historic buildings with typical European architecture, including: Blenduk Church, Jiwasraya Insurance Building, Bank Mandiri Mpu Tantular Building, Oudetrap Building, De Spiegel Building, Marba, and many more others [4].Some of the buildings categorized as cultural heritage were not yet functioning optimally due to various problems.A total of 22 cultural heritage buildings, most of which are located on Jl.R. Suprapto (core area) is the first priority in handling, the concept is directed according to the problems in each building, so that the function/utilization of the building is directed as a museum, office, art gallery, cafe/restaurant, souvenir shop, meeting room, homestay/guest house, and place to sell antiques [5].
Revitalization means the process of reviving or giving life, growing or developing regional economic activity.With economic activity, efforts to empower, maintain and strengthen the character of the area can proceed well.Conceptually, revitalization is an effort to increase the vitality of a city area through improving environmental quality, taking into account socio-cultural aspects and regional characteristics.Judging from the scale of activities, revitalization can cover a large area of the city (macro) or can also occur at the micro scale of the city, for example at the scale of roads, corridors, groups of buildings [6].According to Ardiana in 2018 [7] said that before the revitalization was carried out, various problems at KKLS included: 1) the building was empty (not functioning), not well maintained, in a damaged condition and had collapsed; 2) vulnerable to flooding and inundation which disrupts activities and damages buildings and the environment; 3) social problems: homeless people, poultry markets, street vendors who are visually disturbing; and 4) KKLS management that is less careful.In the process, the KKLS revitalization has an impact on the condition of the road network, namely improving road conditions, widening pedestrian paths, adding additional roads and street furniture, as well as repair and rejuvenation of buildings, especially buildings that have historical value to the development of Semarang City.KKLS revitalization is basically carried out more on regional infrastructure, while for buildings it is carried out by individual building owners/managers.The condition of KKLS after revitalization has a more modern appearance but still maintains its historical and cultural characteristics [8].Satya Budi Nugraha in 2021 [9] said that the revitalization of KKLS had a good influence on increasing economic activity, and was able to become a strong tourist attraction for local and out-of-town and even international tourists.The change in the face of KKLS after revitalization has become an attraction for tourists to immortalize its presence in front of historic buildings/buildings which are equipped with beautiful and "instagrammable" public open spaces.However, there are still problems related to the provision of public facilities such as: public toilets, public parking, lighting which still need to be improved to create comfort and security in KKLS.Comfort is a factor related to things felt or sensations felt by visitors/tourists.Comfort is basically not only related to the physical availability of a facility but also regarding the psychology felt by visitors/tourists regarding the available facilities, for example physical comfort related to seating, which can include seating orientation, shape and number of seats for individual or group, seating that allows for reading, eating, chatting and resting, seating with a backrest; and for adults who bring children, namely seats near the play area [10].According to Bambang Suyono, 2017 [11] the presence of parks in KKLS will have the impact of reducing the microclimate in terms of humidity from 57% during the day to 76% at night, while the air temperature aspect from 34.8°C to 28°C.These microclimate conditions are significant with a sensation of comfort, 56% of visitors stated that they were comfortable and only 4% stated that they felt hot.
The aim of this research is to find the comfort level of KKLS as a popular tourist destination in Semarang City after revitalization based on tourist preferences.Tourist preferences regarding the comfort conditions of KKLS after revitalization are very important to know what tourists feel so that the results of this research can be used as recommendations for the Semarang City Government to improve services providing infrastructure for cultural and history-based tourist areas.

Traveler Preferences
Preferences are part of the decision-making component of an individual [12], namely: the tendency to choose something that is more preferred than another, so that an assessment of a person's desires for a planned object can provide input for forms of participation in the planning process.

Comfort
According to [13], several factors that influence comfort include: 1) Circulation.Circulation consists of human circulation and vehicle circulation.Human circulation includes pedestrian paths that are interconnected with the activities within them.Things that need to be considered are road width, crossing facilities, additional aesthetic value, etc. Vehicle circulation, including distribution lanes (fast lane) and access lanes (slow lane).Things that need to be considered about both are traffic signs and parking spaces that are adjusted to the site conditions.2) Climate and natural forces.Sunlight affects tropical areas, especially during the day, so there is a need for shade, so that direct sunlight can be reduced.This is important in planning open sports areas which need to be adjusted to the orientation of the field towards the sun.Wind in an area needs to be considered to create a comfortable and cool space.In open areas, it is necessary to have wind barriers in the form of trees so that wind speed can be reduced so that a comfortable atmosphere can be created.3) Noise.The noise in question is in densely populated and industrial areas, which is indicated to produce louder sounds that disturb the comfort of local residents.This can be reduced by planting certain trees as noise filtering elements.4) Aroma/odor.The aroma comfort factor in question is in the waste disposal area, so unpleasant odors can be smelled by people who are in or passing through the area.This can be reduced by planting sansevieria plants or shrubs that can reduce odors.5) Shape.The form comfort factor in question is in terms of construction planning, such as the shape of benches/chairs, garden lights, seating arrangements.Poor shape planning also affects user comfort, such as an uncomfortable sitting position.The choice of seating form needs to be considered to achieve user comfort in social interaction.6) Security.The security factor is an important issue because this problem can hinder the activities to be carried out.The security factor in question is not only crime but also other things, for example the safety of children playing and other space users.7) Cleanliness.The cleanliness factor is something that can add to the attractiveness of a place and increase the comfort value of the area, because it is free from rubbish and unpleasant odors.
To fulfill this, it is necessary to provide waste disposal sites in certain places.8) Beauty.The beauty factor is something that really needs to be considered in terms of creating comfort because beauty can include matters of inner satisfaction and the five senses so that a sense of comfort can be obtained.One way that beauty can be achieved is by using a variety of plant shapes.

Tourism and Urban Heritage
Damanik and Weber, 2006 in [14] stated that tourism products are basically different from tourism potential, tourism products are something that is ready to be consumed by tourists, while tourism potential is only objects (natural, cultural and artificial) that are still original and still need handling and processing so that it can become a product that can be consumed and provides high value to become an attraction for tourists, for example natural views, both sea and mountains and historical city landscapes, are potential opportunities as tourist attractions, and if equipped with accessibility, infrastructure and hospitality that are interrelated with these objects become a tourism product.The more complete and integrated the three elements of attractions, facilities and infrastructure, the stronger the position of the offer in the tourism system.[15] said that efforts to maintain urban heritage through tourism are applied to urban heritage tourism.Urban heritage tourism itself can be interpreted as a tourist activity to see something in the form of natural resources, original culture, archaeological, architectural, artistic, social and technological resources located in urban or urban areas.In this case, the urgency that arises in this meaning is the need to preserve historic buildings and culture from extinction, one of which is activity The inheritance of urban heritage is through tourism activities and urban heritage management itself.So it is hoped that urban heritage can be maintained, inherited and continued to future generations through tourism activities and can become the identity and character of a city.[16] emphasized that in urban heritage tourism there are strict restrictions on things that are contrary to the reduction of noble cultural values which must be prohibited.
According to [16], the planning principles in developing urban heritage tourism are: 1) Providing lodging locations close to attraction locations or providing easy and efficient transportation; 2) Providing marketing for hotel accommodation; 3) Providing a pedestrian area for visitors; 4) Using tools that can adjust the appearance of ancient historic buildings and open spaces; 5) If possible, use historical areas as necessary; 6) Displaying the attractions for visitors; 7) Prevent environmental quality degradation; 8) Dismantle tourist facilities if this disrupts tourist activities; and 9) Providing adequate infrastructure.

Methodology
The research method used is quantitative with a rationalistic approach.According to [17] quantitative research methods are research methods that are positivistic based (concrete data), research data in the form of numbers that will be measured using statistics as a calculation test tool to produce a conclusion.
The population is tourists (domestic and foreign) visiting Semarang City in 2022, namely 5,338,233 people.According to [17] random sampling is a technique for collecting data through a simple sample because the sampling of sample members from the population is carried out randomly without paying attention to the strata in the population.By using the Slovin formula, the number of samples is 270.
The data analysis technique in this research uses descriptive (univariate) analysis techniques with categorical distributions of frequency, percentage and proportion.This technique is used to explain or describe the characteristics of each variable studied through questions in a questionnaire that reflect the research variables, namely the preference aspect including 8 variables, namely: type of tourist, gender, age, education, occupation, income/income, and region.origin.Tourist travel patterns include 11 variables, namely: tourist destination, tourist motivation, tourist information, how to travel, travel companions, length of visit, frequency of visit, willingness to return, costs incurred during the visit, vehicle used and type of vehicle.The comfort aspect includes 8 variables, namely: circulation, climate, noise, aroma or odors, shape and dimensions of facilities, security, cleanliness and beauty.Each question that represents this variable has 3 (five) measurements/values, namely: comfortable (C) value 3, less comfortable (LC) value 2, and uncomfortable (UC) value 1.

Results and Discussion
KKLS is a cultural heritage area which also functions as a tourist attraction that attracts many tourists, both domestic and foreign.This area is an open area where the number of tourists cannot be calculated with certainty, because entry and exit can be done from all directions.However, the tourist gathering centers are in the Srigunting Park area, Blenduk Church, Marba, Spiegel, and along R. Suprapto street from the intersection of Cendrawasih street until the Mberok Bridge in block I.The Old City of Semarang is synonymous with ancient buildings that blend with its environment, including open spaces that form a typical spatial structure of an old city.One important authentic evidence of the existence of open space in the Semarang Old City area is the Srigunting Park which was previously called "paradeplein" and R. Suprapto street or known as Heerenstraat.Positionally, Srigunting Park is in the middle of the KKLS and is in the core area, this makes Srigunting Park the most strategic place for people and communities to gather.This indirectly makes Srigunting Park a landmark in KKLS [18].Most of the tourists are students and college students with income < IDR 1,000,000.00,but there are also those up to IDR. 3,000,000.00.Meanwhile, tourists who work as private employees and businessmen/entrepreneurs have an income of between Rp. 3,000,000.00 up to Rp. 5,000,000.00,and there are those who earn > Rp. 5,000,000.00.The amount of tourist income will influence the level of consumption of activities and facilities offered in the Old Town.The higher the tourist income, the more restaurant and sales facilities will grow and develop, as will other entertainment facilities.
Central area for tourist

Semarang City Government
Semarang City Regulation No. 2 Of 2020 Concerning Building And Environmental Plans For The Old Semarang City Site

B. Origin of Tourists and Tourist Information
Tourists visiting the Semarang Old Town srea are still dominated by domestic tourists from Central Java Province (48.15%) and local Semarang City (28.52%), followed by 10.74% from cities outside Java.Most of them got information about the Old Town from friends/relatives (50.74%) and from the internet, both websites and social media, 48.15%.This shows that the role of the internet in tourism promotion is quite influential, so it is necessary to develop further innovations and modifications in enriching attractions, especially those related to heritage tourism and its facilities.
The most visited times by tourists are in the afternoon and evening with a duration of between 1-2 hours.However, there are also those who spend up to 4 hours.These tourists usually not only travel but also do research and work.The time of visit in the afternoon and evening was due to the time respondents had to visit and consideration of the hot weather in the Old Town in the morning and afternoon.The longer tourists stay in the Old Town, the more economic turnover will increase and this will have a positive impact on the provision of various facilities in the Old Town.Innovation and creativity in providing facilities have big opportunities and challenges when the duration of visits increases so that tourists want to return to visit the Old Town.

C. Motivation for Visits and Desire to Visit Again
As many as 42.22% of tourists have visited the Old Town more than 5 times, and 29.26% have visited 2-3 times.This shows that the Old Town has had quite a big attraction for tourists to visit again in the last 6 years.During this period, the Old Town continued to make improvements, arrangements, and changes to its facilities and public spaces.Meanwhile, some of the ancient buildings have been repaired and renovated so that they can be used again and will indirectly become objects of observation for tourists to use as backgrounds for taking photos.And as many as 97.78% said they still wanted to return to visit the Old Town.
Most tourists' motivation for visiting the Old Town is to see the beauty of the landscape (71.48%) offered by ancient buildings that represent the style of the time they were built, the second motivation is to see cultural diversity (21.85%).

D. Type of Vehicle Used
Two-wheeled private vehicles are the main choice for tourists visiting the Old Town, namely 71.48%, while four-wheeled private vehicles are chosen by 25.56% of tourists.This is because most of them are local tourists who come from Semarang City and cities in Central Java Province, apart from that it is also due to the ease of accessibility and parking if using 2-wheeled vehicles.Semarang Old Town is an area where the traffic volume is quite high and traffic jams, apart from that, parking rates are relatively expensive with a progressive system.

Analysis of Tourist Preferences for KKLS Comfort
Preference is a tendency that someone chooses towards something.In this case, it is the tendency of tourists towards the condition, availability and quality of services from existing facilities in the research area.There are eight comfort indicators used to assess tourists, namely: circulation, climate, noise, aroma or odors, shape and dimensions of facilities, security, cleanliness and beauty.

A. Tourist preferences for circulation
From the four indicators of circulation comfort, it can be seen that tourists stated that they were comfortable with a total score of 3,673.This was supported by 1,007 answers agreeing, 618 answers disagreeing, and only 34 answers disagreeing.The results of this preference are strengthened by the fact in the field that the roads in the Semarang Old Town area very clearly connect nodes with a grid pattern and are in fairly good condition, apart from that they are also accompanied by the availability of pedestrian paths that are separated from vehicle lanes by width.enough to walk The existence of the KKLS which is close to Tawang Station and Tanjung Emas Harbor is one of the factors that strengthens the ease of circulation to get to the KKLS from outside the city and outside Java.Apart from that, KKLS is equipped with more and more parking areas, making it easily accessible for tourists, although large vehicles such as buses still require larger parking spaces and this is not yet well provided in KKLS.The transit points in this area are well connected by fairly comfortable pedestrian paths.

B. Tourist preferences for climate
KKLS is in a coastal area with an average air temperature of 29°C [19].This air temperature is included in the hot air temperature category.According to [20], in tropical areas humans feel relatively comfortable at a temperature of 24°C-26°C.The air temperature feels hot due to the reflection of sunlight by road pavement, pedestrian paths, buildings, etc. in the site area.
To measure human comfort in the thermal/hot climate, the method is used calculation THI (Thermal Humidity Index).This method is usually used in tropical areas such as the city of Semarang, where the level of thermal comfort is influenced by air temperature and humidity.The THI calculation formula [21] is as follows: Information: EXAM : Thermal Humidity Index (°C) T : Air temperature (°C) RH : Humidity (%) From the formula above, the THI in the research area in the last three weeks has been around 26.84°C, meaning that some are uncomfortable.
Tourists' preferences for climate are assessed based on perceived air temperature, humidity and wind.From the results of distributing the questionnaire, it can be seen that some tourists stated that they were less comfortable with a total score of 2,473.If we compare the THI calculations with the results of tourist preferences, it can be seen that the air temperature in this area is in the hot category and this is felt by most tourists, even when they visit in the afternoon and evening.[22] said that THI analysis can be used as a consideration for adding RTH and RTA, apart from that it can also be used as a consideration in the design and design of urban buildings that adapt to the comfort of people who live or use it.The hot air temperature in the KKLS can actually be overcome by utilizing and optimizing the existing open space by adding medium standing vegetation and shade along with optimizing the function of the Semarang River as a blue open space which is historically important for the existence of the KKLS.[18] said that there are still many open space locations that have not been utilized optimally to break up activities which are currently still centered around Srigunting Park and Blenduk Church, one of which is Mpu Tantuar street (around Kali Semarang).The concept of open space utilization that is aimed at optimizing the area of Mpu Tantular Street (south side) is directly adjacent IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1321/1/01205210 to the Kali Semarang so that a connection/linkage can be established between the buildings on Mpu Tantular street with the Kali Semarang.

C. Traveler preferences for noise
From the results of distributing the questionnaire, it can be seen that tourists are less comfortable with noise in this area.It can be seen that 134 answers disagree and 56 answers disagree, so the total score is 564 which falls into the less comfortable category.KKLS is crossed by a secondary collector road, namely R. Suprapto Street.R. Suprapto Street is the main access that connects the eastern area of Semarang City to the center of Semarang City (central part of Semarang) and passes through the center of tourist activity (Srigunting Park, Blenduk Church, Marba, Spiegel), so the traffic flow on this road section is very congested.Apart from that, there are no restrictions on the types of transportation that are allowed to pass through and there is no traffic management and engineering, causing the area to often experience traffic jams, especially on weekends.Noise at KKLS occurs on the main roads, namely R. Suprapto street, Mpu.Tantular street, Merak, street and Cendrawasih street.These four roads are the main access to and from the KKLS which connects the center of Semarang City with the transportation center (Tawang Train Station and Tanjung Emas Port), apart from that it also connects the center of Semarang City with the northeastern region up to Demak Regency.

D. Tourist preferences for aromas or odors
Tourists' preferences for aromas and odors showed comfortable results with a score of 2,170, as many as 579 answers to the three indicators stated that they agreed that there were no strong odors and there were sufficient trash cans available and the trash cans were placed far from seating so that they did not disturb tourists during their activities.However, there are still several rubbish bins close to the seats, but the rubbish is not scattered around, so it doesn't cause a smell.E. Tourist preferences for the shape and dimensions of facilities Tourist preferences for the shape and dimensions of facilities show comfortable results with a total score of 7,894, this is supported by the dimensions and size of trash cans, seats and ergonomic lighting so that they are easy to use and comfortable.However, hand washing facilities, electric charging power and internet facilities still need to be improved because availability is still lacking.F. Tourist preferences for security KKLS is said to be comfortable in terms of security by tourists, this is proven by the results of tourist preferences who agree that the Old Town is safe from crime, monitored by CCTV, and various facilities and buildings have sturdy and strong construction, so tourists feel safe being there.However, it is still necessary to increase the availability of security posts and security officers with the presence of tourist police so that tourists feel safer and it is easier to ask for help.

G. Tourist preferences for cleanliness
Tourists' preferences for cleanliness can be seen from two indicators, from these two indicators it shows that tourists agree that the Old Town area is comfortable in terms of cleanliness, this can be seen from 62% of tourists agreeing that there was no rubbish strewn outside the rubbish bins and the existing vegetation does not cause problems.Excessive leaf/flower shedding was reported by 71.5% of tourists.Apart from that, related agencies, through cleaning officers, play an important role in ensuring cleanliness in the Old Town area.

H. Tourist preferences for the beauty of landscape
The Semarang Old Town area has a beautiful landscape in the form of buildings and environments that form a unique and distinctive spatial structure.The buildings that fill the space have shapes that reflect old buildings with magnificent colonial architecture.The architectural style in each building represents its time.The open space (void) formed between buildings (solid) becomes a public space which is transformed into a social space that describes the life of the area at that time and now.The majority of tourists (88.89%) expressed their admiration for the buildings in the this area and the formation of a balanced and charming composition and proportion between the buildings and their environment (open spaces and their accessories).They feel comfortable seeing the balance of space formed, apart from that the paving patterns that color the roads and pedestrian paths differentiate between the Old Town area and other areas.

Conclusions and Recommendations
From the discussion above it can be concluded that tourists feel comfortable in this area, this is proven by six out of eight variable comfort, tourists stated that they were comfortable.Variable which are said to be comfortable by tourists include: circulation, aromas and odors, shape and dimensions of facilities, security, cleanliness and beauty, while variable What is said to be less comfortable are the microclimate and noise.Recommendations from the conclusions above are: a. Hot air temperatures in KKLS can be handled by adding vegetation or trees with tall stands that function as protection from the sun; b.High noise levels in KKLS can be handled in 3 (three) ways, namely: 1) limiting the types of vehicles passing through the Old Town, especially R. Suprapto Street; 2) carry out traffic management and engineering, so that the type and number of vehicles passing through the Old Town can be reduced; and 3) adding vegetation that can dampen the sound of motorized vehicles; c.Several facilities that still require increasing the number and quality of services include: charging electricity for cellphones and internet/wifi networks considering that the most information about the Old Town that tourists get is from the internet (websites and social media); d.Innovation and modification of tourist attractions need to be carried out, especially those containing educational values novelty and transfer of knowledge about the history and historical development of the city of Semarang starting from the old areas of Semarang, one of which is the Old Town of Semarang.

Figure 1 .Figure 2 .
Figure 1.Map of the Research Area.Source: Semarang City Regional Regulation No. 2 of 2020

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Gender, Age, Occupation and Income of Tourists.Source: Primary Survey and Analysis Results, 2023

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Origin of tourists and time of visit.Source: Primary Survey and Analysis Results, 2023

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Motivation for Visits and Desire to Visit Again.Source: Primary Survey and Analysis Results, 2023

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Vehicles Used.Source: Primary Survey and Analysis Results, 2023

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Conclusion on Comfort Level Based on Tourist Preferences.Source: Analysis Results, 2023

Table 1 .
Tourist Preferences for Circulation.

Table 2 .
Tourist Preferences for Climate.

Table 3 .
Tourist Preferences for Noise.

Table 4 .
Tourist Preferences for Aromas or odors.

Table 5 .
Tourist Preferences for the Shape and Dimensions of Facilities.

Table 6 .
Tourist Preferences for Security.

Table 7 .
Tourist Preferences for Cleanliness.

Table 8 .
Tourist Preferences for the Beauty of Landscape.