Development Of Paving Block Pave Structure Based On Type Of Pattern In Light Traffic For Traffic Safety And Comfort

Factors that cause accidents include traffic characteristics and road infrastructure, environmental conditions, vehicle design and specifications, and human factors. The object of this study is road infrastructure, namely the road structure at traffic light stops points because the accident hazard at crossroads is a determinant of traffic safety and driving comfort. In Coastal Area/Upstream Area, To overcome road infrastructure problems at traffic light points which are the cause of traffic safety and driving comfort, the design of Concrete block pavement is one of the solutions to overcome these problems. Concrete block pavement is often used for the construction of sidewalks, bicycle paths, residential driveways, parking lots, industrial areas as well as harbors and airports and other permeable areas. Concrete block pavement is used in Europe in extreme weather. Specially designed concrete block pavement innovations can withstand heavy static traffic loads such as rigid pavements, and these can be readjusted easily if a change in pavement layout is required. The method used in this study uses pure experimentation with the parameters of the variation of the pattern, the variation of the type, and the variation of the dimensions. This research uses the Autocad, PLAXIS and SAP2000 programs. This program finds moments and deformations that occur in the modeled paving blocks as well as soil deflections that occur due to deformation loads in various shapes (brick). The results obtained from the analysis of previous research show that there is the most optimum shape among the brick paving block shapes with a thickness of 6, 8 and 10 cm. The way to determine it is to make a paving block preparation simulation with the SketchUp, PLAXIS and SAP2000 programs. From the program calculations, the interlocking aspects, land subsidence and deformation aspects are produced.


Introduction
Traffic congestion is a problem in the world's largest cities, and it affects both private and public transportation travel times as well as air pollution and noise levels (Ostendorf & Retallack, 2019).Because traffic congestion lowers the wellbeing of both drivers and city dwellers, it is a serious concern (Schoeman, 2018).The sustainability of mobility in an urban environment is impacted by traffic congestion, which is closely linked to the frequency of traffic accidents (Hussain et al., 2021) (Malik & Shah Faisal Saleh Faisal Farooq Rather Malik Jasif Jabbar, 2017;Sambucci & Valente, 2021).This includes the high additional social costs associated with traffic accidents as well as public policies aimed at reducing congestion, which is fundamental to today's cities. (Albalate & Fageda, 2019).One significant factor that may have an impact on the likelihood of road accidents is congestion (U.N.I.L.O.C.K., 2019).Accidents are caused by a number of causes, including human factors, environmental factors, vehicle design and specifications, traffic dynamics, and road infrastructure (Malik & Shah Faisal Saleh Faisal Farooq Rather Malik Jasif Jabbar, 2017;Sánchez González et al., 2021).The quantity of automobiles on the road significantly affects traffic density, which raises the risk of accidents.
Driving comfort and traffic safety are significantly influenced by the design of the roads at traffic light stop locations (Mudiyono, 2007b).It appears that concrete block pavement has emerged as a substitute for traditional methods of addressing issues related to driving comfort and traffic safety at signal light stops(Girskas & Skripki, 2017).Thus far, sidewalks, bike lanes, residential road entrances, parking lots, industrial zones, ports, airports, and permeable areas have all been built using concrete block pavement (Mascio et  The concept that paving block pavement development at traffic light stop points can lower the number of traffic accidents and improve driving comfort is based on the use of various paving block innovations (Hengl et al., 2018;Mascio et al., 2019;Wang, 2018).In this piece, we present the idea of using concrete block pavement under specific guidelines.In order to ensure traffic comfort and safety, you can determine the proper paving block pavement pattern structure, such as a traffic light.

Autocad Analysis
Both analytical and numerical methods will be used in the analysis.For architectural planning and design, two-dimensional model simulations are produced using the Autocad application tool.To enhance the ambiance of two-dimensional photographs, the AutoCAD application has application tools for adding materials and supporting image elements like people, furniture, trees, and plants.In order to define the model of the research item, a research test tool and a pavement simulation were created in this study using the Autocad application.

Sap 2000 Analysis
Programs like SAP2000, PLAXIS, and AutoCAD provided funding for this study.This tool can help researchers detect moments and deformations in simulated paving stones as well as soil deflections brought on by various types of deformation stresses (brick, trihex, and unpaved).The following chart illustrates the several stages that the SAP2000 program goes through in order to present the desired results: There are multiple parameters to compute and examine in the SAP2000 software.Weight per unit volume, thickness, joint restraint, joint loads, area loads, modulus of elasticity (E), and specified concrete compressive strength (f'e) are some of these factors.A running program is used to analyze the data after it has been entered.Moments and deformations that happen during the preparation of paving block pavement designs are included in the analysis's results.
3 Following the receipt of the deformation results from the different types of paving, a comparison with the PLAXIS and Sketchup analysis results will be made.

Resultas and Discussion
The goal of this kind of paving block research is to identify the ideal thickness for Holland brick paving blocks, which have thicknesses of 6, 8, and 10 cm.Using the applications SketchUp, Plaxis, and SAP2000, create a simulation of paving block preparation to find out.The interlocking aspect, the land sinking aspect, and the deformation aspect are the results of the program's calculations.The categories of pavement types that were employed in this study are as follows: The present study employed horizontal shaft test apparatus to ascertain the impact of brake force, vibration force, traction force, and centrifugal force in the following manners: This tool was created by altering a jack, which is meant to deliver the highest pressure possible to create paving blocks with a high compressive strength.This test apparatus measures the pressure applied during the press test utilizing a manual hydraulic system and a data logger that is connected to a laptop.This tool was created by altering a jack, which is meant to deliver the highest pressure possible to create paving blocks with a high compressive strength.This test apparatus measures the pressure applied during the press test utilizing a manual hydraulic system and a data logger that is connected to a laptop.This tool was created by altering a jack, which is meant to deliver the highest pressure possible to create paving blocks with a high compressive strength.This test apparatus measures the pressure applied during the press test utilizing a manual hydraulic system and a data logger that is connected to a laptop.
Findings from studies on how CBP Concrete Block Paving affects centrifugal force, vibration force, traction force, and brake or friction force at stop point traffic signals.It took place in Sultan Agung Islamic University's Transportation Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Semarang.
based on the outcomes of testing brick-style paving blocks with manufactured test apparatus.Paving bricks of six, eight, and ten centimeters thick are tested against both vertical and horizontal forces.The results of testing brick-type paving blocks (Holland) with three designs, each 6 cm, 8 cm, and 10 cm thick, against the most optimal vertical force are displayed in the tables and graphs.Holland type, thickness of 6 cm, LVDT 1 distance of 10 cm, max load of 2893 kg, and settlement of 0.56 cm for pattern 1, With LVDT 1 distance of 10 cm, max load of 3062.4 kg, and settling of 0.74 cm for pattern 2, Moreover, pattern 3 has a settlement of 0.33 cm, a max load of 2011 kg, and an LVDT 5 distance of 18 cm.

Vertical Force
Holland type, thickness of 8 cm, LVDT 6 distance of 21 cm, max load of 3521.8 kg, and settlement of 0.44 cm for pattern 1, With LVDT 6 distance of 21 cm, max load of 3635.9 kg, and settling of 0.27 cm for pattern 2, Additionally, for pattern 3 using.The most ideal thickness is found in brick paving blocks (Holland) with a thickness of 10 cm, organized in a 2 LVDT 4 pattern with a max load of 3791 kg and a settlement of 0.59 cm, according to the results of testing the vertical load of paving blocks.The table and graph show the outcomes of horizontal testing of three patterns of brick-type (Holland) paving blocks, each measuring six, eight, and ten centimeters thick, in relation to the most advantageous vertical force.Holland type, 6cm thick, LVDT 5 distance 60cm, max load 2204.6 kg, shear 0.22 cm, for pattern 1.Both pattern 2 and pattern 3 have an LVDT 6 distance of 72 cm, a max load of 2819.9 kg and a shear of 0.21 cm, respectively.
Holland type, thickness of 8 cm, LVDT 6 distance of 72 cm, max load of 2008.6 kg, and shear of 0.4 cm for pattern 1, With LVDT 6 distance of 72 cm, max load of 2794 kg, and shear of 0.22 cm for pattern 2, In addition, pattern 3 using LVDT.The most ideal thickness is found in brick paving blocks (holland) with a thickness of 6 cm, organized in a 2 LVDT 6 pattern with a max load of 2819.9 kg and shear of 0.21 cm, according to the findings of the horizontal load testing of paving blocks.

Conclusion
The most ideal thickness, according to testing the vertical load of paving blocks, is found in brick paving blocks (holland), which have a thickness of 10 cm and are organized in a 2 LVDT 4 pattern with a maximum load capacity of 3791 kg and a settlement of 0.59 cm.By measuring the horizontal load of the paving blocks, it was found that the most ideal thickness was found in the form of 6 cm thick Holland brick paving blocks placed in a 2 LVDT 6 pattern with a maximum load of 2819.9 kg and shear of 0.21 cm.

Figure 2 Figure 3
Figure 2 Type Of Paving.

Figure 4
Figure 4 Horizontal Test Equipment.

Figure 5
Figure 5 Vertical Test Equipment.

Figure 7
Figure 7 Distance VS Decline Reading Chart.

Figure 9
Figure 9 Lvdt Reading Graph At Max Load.
al., 2019; Research et al., 2019).Concrete block paving roads have emerged as an intriguing and cost-effective substitute for stiff and flexible sidewalks (Gamage et al., 2022; Widayanto et al., 2019).Concrete block pavement is attractive for various residential, commercial, municipal, and industrial situations and sites such parking lots, pedestrian crossings, traffic intersections, and roadways because of its strength, durability, and surface aesthetics.(Grdić et al., 2022; Mudiyono, 2007a; Prevention Nouhy, 2013) Graph Of Displacement Figures At Maximum Vertical Test Load.