Analysis of Pavement Conditions and Handling of Road Damage at the Surface Layer

The Cukul - Buni Kasih road section at the Garut Regency Boundary in Pangalengan District, West Bandung Regency, West Java Province, is pivotal in facilitating economic growth and regional development. Spanning 3.493 km with a width of 3.12 m, this study aims to assess its condition and identify road damage types. Key indices, including SDI (Surface Distress Index), RCI (Road Condition Index), IRI (International Roughness Index), and PCI (Pavement Condition Index), were employed to evaluate road health. Visual analysis revealed an average SDI value of 112, indicating minor damage. The RCI method yielded an average value of 5, denoting slightly damaged conditions. IRI assessment resulted in an average value of 9, reflecting slight damage. The PCI method yielded an average of 46, signifying poor (bad) conditions. Predominant damage types include potholes, alongside alligator cracking, patching, edge cracking, weathering/raveling, and rutting. In summary, the Cukul – Buni Kasih road section (Garut Regency Boundary) is predominantly damaged, necessitating urgent attention. The assessment utilizing SDI, RCI, IRI, and PCI methods provides valuable insights for planning and executing necessary road maintenance measures.


Introduction
The road has a very important role in human life, both now and in the future.In the era of industrialization, public transportation, freight transport, and services require adequate infrastructure support, and one of them is the highway.However, the high number of vehicles passing on the road surface causes road damage [1].
In causing road damage, it is very important to know the condition of the road surface and other parts of the road in order to understand the extent of the damage that has occurred.The first step that is very necessary to identify damage to the road surface is to carry out a visual survey.A visual survey is carried out by viewing and analysing various types and levels of damage to the road surface.This information is an important basis for planning and carrying out road maintenance and repair activities to increase travel efficiency and comfort for road users.
There are several techniques or methods used to identify road surface conditions, types of road damage, and handling road damage.These methods include SDI (Surface Distress Index), RCI (Road Condition Index), IRI (International Roughness Index), and PCI (Pavement Condition Index).
The volume of both two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles continues to increase on the Cukul -Buni Kasih section (Garut Regency Boundary).This road section has a quite heavy traffic level, mainly due to the mobility of the local population which is often used to support economic activities from agricultural and plantation products in the area.However, due to changing weather conditions and a less than optimal drainage system, this has caused several points on the road to experience stagnant water which adversely affects the pavement layer and causes damage before the expected design life.
By looking at the condition of the Cukul -Buni Kasih road section (Boundaries of Garut Regency), a study was carried out to determine the condition of the road surface, the type of damage, and the handling of the damage through writing as well as this Final Project with the title "Pavement Condition Analysis and Damage Management on Layers Surface Case Study: Jalan Cukul -Buni Kasih (Boundaries of Garut Regency)."

Road Damage
Road pavements are designed with a planned lifespan.However, their functionality often deviates from the intended course due to various factors, reducing travel comfort for road users.These factors include the influence of vehicle loads, seasonal changes, subgrade soil-bearing capacity, water content, and temperature and weather.Road quality and functionality deterioration can manifest in various ways, with road damage falling into 19 distinct categories.These categories encompass issues such as alligator cracking, bleeding, block cracking, bumps and sags, corrugation, depression, edge cracking, joint reflective cracking, lane/shoulder drop-off, longitudinal/transverse cracking, patching, and utility cut patching, polished aggregate, potholes, railroad crossing damage, rutting, shoving, slippage cracking, swell, and weathering/raveling.Understanding and addressing these diverse forms of road damage is crucial for maintaining safe and efficient transportation infrastructure.

Pavement Condition Assessment
The pavement condition assessment system is used to predict the current condition of a road network's pavement.An identification assessment system must be employed to predict pavement conditions accurately.This system serves as a tool for assessors to evaluate pavement damage [3].There are several methods for pavement conditions assessment, including: a. Road Network Inventory (RNI) method The Road Inventory Survey (SIJ) or Road Network Inventory (RNI) is intended to inventory or record current and past road conditions as historical data on the development of these roads in the form of tables/textures.[4] b. Road Condition Surface (RCS) method Road condition data is part of a routine survey of the entire road network and should be carried out in summer.RCS is also commonly known as the Road Condition Survey (SKJ), which is part of a functional analysis of the road directly by recording the condition of the road parts that change easily both for asphalt roads and gravel/dirt roads.c.Surface Distress Index (SDI) method The road pavement condition level system is based on visual observations so that it can be used as a reference for determining maintenance efforts, one of which is the Surface Distress Index (SDI) method developed by the Directorate General of Highways.The Surface Distress Index (SDI) method is a visual check on data on the total area of cracks, the average width of cracks, the number of holes and the depth of the vehicle's ruts.[5] d.Road Condition Index (RCI) method The Road Condition Index (RCI) or road condition index is one of the functional pavement performances developed by the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) in 1960.RCI can be used as an indicator of the comfort level of a road section.RCI can be determined by direct visual observation in the field.e.International Roughness Index (IRI) method The International Roughness Index is a parameter used to determine the level of unevenness of a road surface.The roughness parameter is presented on a scale that describes the unevenness of the road pavement surface felt by the driver.f.Pavement Condition Index (PCI) Method Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is a road pavement condition assessment system based on the type and level of damage that occurs and can be used as a reference in maintenance efforts [6].

Methodology
The flowchart used in this research shown in the Figure 1.

Figure 1 Flowchart Diagram
The survey location covers the section of Cukul -Buni Kasih Road (Garut Regency Border) in the Pangalengan District, Bandung Regency, which spans a length of 3,493 meters.The data used in this research are primary data.The data used are: a.For the RNI method analysis is road inventory data.b.For the analysis of the RCS method, data on road surface conditions is used.c.For the SDI method analysis, road surface crack data is used, namely crack width and area, number of holes, and vehicle ruts.d.For the RCI method analysis, data on comfort level and evenness of conditions are used and correlated to obtain IRI method values.e.For the PCI method analysis, road damage data is based on 19 types of road damage according to the PCI method.

Road Network Inventory (RNI) Analysis Method
The results of the inventory or recording on the Cukul -Buni Kasih road section (Garut Regency) from STA 0+000 -0+100: a.The road type is code 2 (2/2UD).b.The median path is code 1 (none).c.The surface layer is code 9 (asphalt) and is 3.12 meters wide.d.The type of road shoulder for the right and left is code 1 (soft shoulder).e. Side channel for the right side with code 2 (concrete/open masonry) and for the left side with code 5 (none).f.The road terrain (ascending and descending) is code 1 (Flat (F) < 1.0 M). g.The vertical alignment is code 1 (Flat (F) (< 5.0 M / KM) and for the horizontal alignment is code 1 (Straight (< 0.25 Rad / KM).h.Land use for the right and left is code 1 (rice field/garden/forest).

Road Condition Surface (RCS) Analysis Method
The results of a condition survey on the Cukul -Buni Kasih road section (Garut Regency) from STA 0+000 -0+100: a. Pavement surface • Pavement arrangement with number 1 (good/tight).
• Pavement condition/state with a number 1 (good/no abnormalities).
c. Another damage • The number of holes with the number 2 (< 1 / 100 meters).
• The size of the hole with the number 2 (small -shallow).
• Edge damage on the left and right with the number 1 (none).
d. Shoulder, side channel and etc • Shoulder condition on the right and left with a score of 2 (good/average).
• Shoulder surface on the left with a number 3 (level with the ground) and on the right with a number 4 (below road level).• The condition of the side channel on the left and right with the number 1 (none).
• Slope damage on the left and right with the number 1 (none).
• Sidewalks on the left and right with the number 1 (none).

Surface Distress Index (SDI) Analysis Method
Surface Distress Index (SDI) data taken on the Cukul -Buni Kasih road section (Garut Regency Border) STA 0+000 -3+493 shows that most of the damage occurred was pothole damage.SDI (Surface Distress Index) is a value obtained from visual observations obtained from the results of RCS analysis, then calculated using the SDI formula.The following is the overall result of the SDI STA 0+000 -3+493 is shown in Table 1.The following is the road length data and the SDI method road condition values shown in Table 2.The following is a diagram for determining the percentage of road length based on the condition value, namely as follows:  For roads in good and fair condition, routine maintenance will be conducted.For roads with minor damage, periodic maintenance will be performed.Meanwhile, for roads experiencing severe damage, reconstruction will be undertaken.

Road Condition Index (RCI) Analysis Method
RCI can be determined by direct visual observation in the field using the values given by 2-3 surveyors who surveyed directly on the Cukul -Buni Kasih road section (Garut Regency) at STA 0+000 -STA 3+493 and recorded it in an observation form RCI visually.The results of calculating the average RCI value are as follows: The following table shows the results of the RCI assessment to determine road conditions: The following is the road length data and the RCI method road condition values: For roads in excellent condition, routine maintenance will be carried out.For roads in good and fair condition, periodic maintenance will be performed.For roads in poor condition, rehabilitation will be conducted.Meanwhile, for roads experiencing severe damage, reconstruction will be undertaken.

International Roughness Index (IRI) Analysis Method
The results of calculating the IRI values based on the correlation of RCI values are presented in Table 8.The following table provides data on road length and road condition values using the IRI method: For roads in excellent condition, routine maintenance will be carried out.For roads in good and fair condition, periodic maintenance will be performed.For roads in poor condition, rehabilitation will be conducted.Meanwhile, for roads experiencing severe damage, reconstruction will be undertaken.

Pavement Condition Index (PCI) Analysis Method
Here is the calculation of the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) for the road section from STA 0+100 to 0+200 on the Cukul -Buni Kasih road (Border of Garut Regency): a. Determination of Sample Quantity x The results of determining the road condition based on the Pavement Condition Index (PCI) calculation is shown in Table 13 and the data for road length and the road condition values using the PCI method is shown in Table 12.

Figure 2
Figure 2 Percentage Diagram of Road Condition Values SDI Method

Table 1
Road Condition Results using the SDI Method

Table 3
SDI Method Damage Handling

Table 4
Calculation Results with the RCI Method

Table 5
RCI Value of Road Conditions

Table 6
Length of Road Based on Road Conditions RCI method

Table 8 .
IRI Calculation Results Based on RCI Value CorrelationHere is the table of IRI assessment results to determine the road conditions:

Table 9 .
Overall Road Condition Results using the IRI Method

Table 10 .
Road Length Based on Road Conditions using the IRI Method

Table 12 .
Road Length Based on PCI Method Road Condition