Study of Compressive Strength of Concrete Using in the Form of 30% Ceramics and 70% Polymer Crushed Stone as Adhesive

This study was conducted to determine the influence of mechanical properties of polymer concrete by compressive test after the addition of ceramic materials and crushed stone, polymers as adhesives. Polymer paste mixture 1:2 (catalyst:resin). Tests on cube-shaped specimens with dimensions of 15 x 15 x 15 cm are 3 days old. From the test results, it was obtained that the highest compressive strength of concrete BPK30(1) 27.66 Mpa with a test specimen weight of 6,537 kg was found in a mixture of polymer paste with a content of 20% and the lowest compressive strength of polymer concrete was found in a mixture of polymer concrete BPK30(3) with a content of 50% polymer paste with a test specimen weight of 6,506 kg, which was 16.60 Mpa. While BPK30(2) with a resin content of 40% produces concrete compressive strength equal to test specimen 1 of 27.66 Mpa. With a specimen weight of 6,548 kg. From the test results, there was a decrease in the compressive strength value of concrete from BPK30(2) to BPK30(3) by 11.06 Mpa. All samples fall under the classification of heavy concrete of high quality (high strength concrete).


Introduction
The construction sector in Indonesia is presently undergoing a notable and swift expansion, as evidenced by the multitude of ongoing construction projects.The anticipated growth is sure to have a substantial influence on the need for concrete as a primary construction material, given its widespread usage and ease of production.
Polymers are chemical substances composed of large molecules, primarily carbon and hydrogen atoms.Polymer raw materials are obtained from recycled plastic waste mixed with other chemicals.
Epoxy resin, often referred to as epoxy material in the market, belongs to the thermoset polymer category.Thermoset resins are liquid polymers that undergo solidification via cross-linking polymerization and chemical reactions, creating a three-dimensional polymer chain structure.
In this study, polymer concrete will be combined with Ceramic Material in the concrete mix.The choice of Ceramic Material is based on its ready availability in the market, durability, resistance to deterioration, and cost-effectiveness.Ceramic Material also possesses a relatively high tensile strength, and as a result, it is anticipated to augment the mechanical strength of the concrete.The compressive strength test for polymer concrete was conducted to assess the impact of incorporating a blend of epoxy resin, fine aggregate catalyst (sourced from local Bandung sand), coarse aggregate (sourced from local Bandung gravel), and the inclusion of Ceramic Material at a rate of 30% alongside Crushed Stone at 70%.
This study aims to explore the potential of this combination, offering innovative solutions in response to the rapid growth of Indonesia's construction industry.

Literature Review
Concrete comprises cement, water, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and, optionally, additives.On the other hand, polymer is a chemical compound characterized by substantial molecules primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen.The raw materials for polymers are sourced from recycled plastic waste and combined with other chemicals.Epoxy resin, commonly referred to as epoxy material in the market, is a specific type of polymer originating from the thermoset category.Thermoset resins represent liquid polymers that transform solid substances through cross-link polymerization and chemical reactions, developing three-dimensional polymer chain structures.
Polymer concrete is a composite material, where the binder comes from organic synthetic polymers or known as resin concrete [1].
In resin concrete, polymer binders are used, such as: thermoplastic (thermosetting polymer), mineral fillers can be: aggregate, gravel and crushed stone [2], [3].The advantages of polymer concrete compared to conventional concrete include: higher strength, resistance to chemicals and corrosion, low water absorption and high compaction stability [2].
In the case of conventional concrete, the ideal conditions typically require an aging period of around 28 days.In contrast, this time frame can be significantly reduced to just a few hours when incorporating polymers into concrete.The introduction of polymers into concrete, independent of cement, enhances concrete's characteristics, reduces production time, minimizes operational expenses, and facilitates specialized applications.Polymer concrete products, among others, can be used as: stairs, sanitary ware, floors, panels, commercial buildings, piping, skid-resistant overlays in highways and others [4].
Polymer-modified concrete, or polymer-modified concrete, is a material engineering technique that involves using long-chain organic materials or polymers in concrete [5].There are two types of polymer-modified concrete, namely: 1. Polymer Impregnated Concrete (PIC): Polymer-impregnated concrete is created by injecting polymer materials into fully hardened concrete.This impregnation seals the surface pores of the concrete, making it more resistant to moisture or water absorption.2. Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC): Polymer cement concrete is a concrete material produced by replacing some of the cement binder with polymer materials.These two variations of polymer-modified concrete offer unique properties and applications, enhancing the performance and durability of concrete structures in various ways.
Several factors influence the compressive strength of polymer concrete [6].These factors include: 1. Type of Resin and its Quality: The type of resin used in polymer concrete and its quality significantly impact compressive strength.The resin's purity and chemical characteristics can affect the concrete's performance.

Composition of Resin and Hardener:
The ratio of resin to hardener in the polymer concrete mixture affects the curing process and, consequently, the compressive strength of the concrete.The proper composition must be adjusted to achieve the desired properties.3. Type and Shape of Aggregate Surfaces: The selection of aggregate in polymer concrete, along with the aggregate's form and surface texture, has the potential to influence the interplay between the aggregate and the polymer matrix, thereby impacting the compressive strength.4. Efficiency of Equipment: The equipment used in polymer concrete's mixing, casting, and curing processes should be efficient and by specifications to ensure consistent results and the desired compressive strength.5. Age Factor: The curing time and age of polymer concrete can impact its compressive strength.The curing process and mechanical properties of the concrete may continue to develop over time after casting.
6. Aggregate Quality: The quality and physical attributes of the aggregates utilized are of paramount importance.Substandard aggregates or aggregates containing impurities can have an adverse impact on the compressive strength of polymer concrete.
The standard testing procedure for measuring compressive strength in polymer concrete follows ASTM C 39 [7] standards or as required by local standards such as PBI 1989 [8].These standards provide guidelines and procedures for conducting compressive strength tests on concrete specimens, ensuring accurate and consistent results for assessing the material's performance.

Methodology
The research was conducted through experimental procedures in the Concrete Laboratory, located within the Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sangga Buana University -YPKP.The primary focus of this study centers on polymer concrete incorporating ceramics and crushed stone.The steps and processes involved in this research are visually depicted in Figure 1's flowchart.The test procedure that is commonly used is the ASTM C 39 standard or according to the 1989 PBI requirements.
The specimens employed in this test are cubic in shape, measuring 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm.A total of three concrete cube samples were fabricated for this experiment, with three individual specimens designated for conducting the compressive strength tests.
The research variable pertains to the characterization of polymer concrete involving the incorporation of ceramics and epoxy resin.The mixing ratio for the polymer paste is 1:2 (Catalyst: Resin).Variations in the composition of the materials used are shown in Table 1.The created test samples are immersed in water for approximately three days during curing.Curing stands out as a crucial factor for anticipating and assessing the strength and excellence of manufactured polymer concrete.High-quality polymer concrete exhibits minimal water absorption, characterized by a scarcity of pores on the surface that are both small and compact.Greater surface density corresponds to reduced water absorption capacity.

Results and Discussion
The examination conducted on polymer concrete specimens involves the evaluation of their compressive strength.Compressive strength, in the context of concrete, represents the amount of force per unit area that leads to the failure of a concrete specimen when subjected to a specific compressive force administered by a compression testing apparatus.Concrete compressive strength test results are shown in the Table 2. Several graphs were obtained from the results of the conducted compression testing on the test specimens.Figure 2 illustrates a comparative analysis of compressive strength among various polymer pastes, showcasing the differences in their performance.Figure 3 presents a graph that compares the compressive strength of polymer pastes with varying ceramic content, providing insights into ceramic materials' influence on the composites' strength properties.

Conclusion
Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, the following conclusions are 1.BPK30(1) with a composition of 20% polymer paste and the addition of ceramic with a content of 30% has a compressive strength value of 27.66 MPa. 2. BPK30(2) with a composition of 40% polymer paste and the addition of ceramic with a content of 30% has a compressive strength value of 27.66 MPa. 3. BPK30(3) with a composition of 50% polymer paste and the addition of ceramic with a content of 30% has a compressive strength value of 16.60 MPa. 4. BPK30(1), BPK30(2), and BPK30(3) are included in the classification of high strength concrete.5. From the tests carried out, the lowest compressive strength value was 16.60 MPa, namely BPK30(3) polymer concrete and the highest compressive strength value was 27.66 MPa, namely BPK30(1) polymer concrete.6.From the graphical data, the compressive strength value of the BPK30(1) specimen is above the average concrete compressive strength value of the other specimens.7. The adhesion of the aggregate to the polymer is good, with no concrete cracks or corrosion due to the mixing process.8.The composition of the epoxy resin and hardener mixture is appropriate, namely 2: 1, 9.This is proven by the fact that epoxy resin can harden perfectly and get good compressive strength values.Based on the test data for polymer concrete, specifically the compressive strength test, it became evident that the inclusion of ceramics as an additional component in the polymer concrete mixture has a substantial impact on the compressive strength of the tested polymer concrete.

Figure 1
Figure 1 Flowchart Research

Figure 4 ,
similarly, offers a comparison of compressive strength, but this time, it examines the effect of different ceramic content within various polymer pastes.These graphs serve as valuable visual representations of the experimental data, aiding 1321 (2024) 012029 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1321/1/0120295 in assessing the materials' compressive strength under different conditions and compositions, which is crucial for understanding the suitability of these materials for specific applications.

Figure 2
Figure 2 Compressive strength comparison with different polymer paste

Figure 3 6 Figure 4 .
Figure 3 Combined graph of compressive strength comparison with different ceramic content and different polymer paste

Table 1
Variations in the composition of polymer concrete materials

Table 2
Concrete compressive strength test results